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SUMMIT WHITE PAPER RESPONSIBILITY, CONTROL AND THE INSTITUTIONAL INVESTOR When the world’s largest car manufacturer falls on hard times, analysts, commentators and public alike tend to sit up and take notice. Long regarded as the epitome of Japanese innovation and industrial strength, the Toyota Motor Corporation has been forced into a humiliating recall of 8.5 million vehicles, and seen its share price fall by 20 points in less than a month. Unsurprisingly, the calls for culpability and action have been both swift and vociferous. Like Toyota, our industry has suffered repeated shocks of late, and many institutional funds have yet to recover from the unprecedented financial impairments of 2008 and 2009. With global pension funds alone collectively holding many trillion pounds in assets, this puts even the travails of Japan’s industrial champion in perspective. But to whom can ordinary investors turn for answers and accountability? And are those bearing this responsibility sufficiently equipped to live up to it? The buck stops at the top The faulty brakes and sticky accelerator peddles that triggered the recalls can be fixed. The financial damage to Toyota’s balance sheet and competitiveness may, too, be relatively short lived. The real damage, however, has yet to be fully accounted for; the effect on consumer confidence will impact future sales by a far greater factor than shortterm drops in stock value or vehicle recalls. But who should shoulder the responsibility for Toyota’s woes? Was the sourcing department that procured the parts at fault? Were the factory employees who fitted the defective components culpable, or should we ask questions of the R&D department? The truth undoubtedly lies in a combination of the above and many more. Yet it was the company President, Mr Akio Toyoda, who – in a stark contrast to the handling of the banking crisis – stood in front of the world’s press on 13 February and, after a deep apologetic bow, announced that he was fully accountable. He did this because he was supposed to be in control of his company. An example to institutional investors? No matter which band wagon the press and politicians choose to jump on, the simple fact remains that trustees are the Mr Toyoda of the institutional investor community. They have been entrusted with responsibility for their members’ interests, and have the ultimate authority to make investment decisions. It is imperative, therefore, that they have the control mechanisms in place to know if their investment consultants (R&D departments), fund managers (factories), and custodian (sourcing department) are inadvertently contriving to lose hundreds of thousands, or in some cases millions, a day. Global events have again emphasised the importance of control, and the consequences when it is not exercised. In learning the lessons of this recession, institutional investors are reappraising the extent of the control they have over their investments, and how this can be improved in the future. Why is control so important? Responsibility Trustees have either been elected or appointed to represent their members. They have been entrusted with control over other people’s life savings and future wellbeing, and are accountable for every single action that affects those investments. Such responsibility demands full transparency of investment activity, and sufficient due diligence checks to keep a finger on the pulse. Return For any investor, maximising return is the number one objective. An investor in control receives accurate information in a timely fashion, and is able to react to, or even preempt, market movements and other events. They should have access to a wide range of indicators that can be called upon before making decisions. Such information should go much deeper than traditional monthly or quarterly performance measurement encompassing factors such as risk, attribution and cost control on both the micro and macro level. Regulation Like it or not, more stringent regulation is both inevitable and imminent. For a prelude of what is coming down the pipeline for institutional investors, look no further than President Obama’s

Control and the institutional investor

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Trustees hold responsibility for the pension scheme but do they lack control mechanisms to fulfil their duties.

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Page 1: Control and the institutional investor

SUMMIT WHITE PAPER RESPONSIBILITY, CONTROL AND THE INSTITUTIONAL INVESTOR

When  the  world’s  largest  car manufacturer  falls  on  hard  times, analysts,  commentators  and  public alike tend to sit up and take notice. Long  regarded  as  the  epitome  of Japanese  innovation  and  industrial strength,  the  Toyota  Motor Corporation has been  forced  into a humiliating  recall  of  8.5  million vehicles, and seen its share price fall by  20 points  in  less  than  a month. Unsurprisingly,  the  calls  for culpability  and  action  have  been both swift and vociferous.  Like  Toyota,  our  industry  has suffered  repeated  shocks  of  late, and many  institutional  funds  have yet  to  recover  from  the unprecedented  financial impairments  of  2008  and  2009. With  global  pension  funds  alone collectively  holding  many  trillion pounds in assets, this puts even the travails  of  Japan’s  industrial champion  in  perspective.  But  to whom  can  ordinary  investors  turn for  answers  and  accountability? And  are  those  bearing  this responsibility  sufficiently  equipped to live up to it? 

The buck stops at the top 

The  faulty  brakes  and  sticky accelerator  peddles  that  triggered the recalls can be fixed. The financial damage  to  Toyota’s  balance  sheet and  competitiveness  may,  too,  be relatively  short  lived.  The  real damage, however, has yet to be fully accounted  for;  the  effect  on consumer  confidence  will  impact future  sales  by  a  far  greater  factor than short‐term drops in stock value or vehicle recalls.  But  who  should  shoulder  the responsibility  for  Toyota’s  woes? Was  the  sourcing  department  that procured  the  parts  at  fault?  Were the  factory  employees  who  fitted 

the  defective  components  culpable, or  should  we  ask  questions  of  the R&D  department?  The  truth undoubtedly lies in a combination of the above and many more. Yet it was the  company  President,  Mr  Akio Toyoda, who –  in a stark contrast to the handling of  the banking  crisis  – stood in front of the world’s press on 13  February  and,  after  a  deep apologetic  bow,  announced  that  he was  fully  accountable.  He  did  this because  he was  supposed  to  be  in control of his company.  

 An example to institutional investors? 

No  matter  which  band  wagon  the press and politicians choose to jump on,  the  simple  fact  remains  that trustees  are  the Mr  Toyoda  of  the institutional  investor  community. They  have  been  entrusted  with responsibility  for  their  members’ interests,  and  have  the  ultimate authority  to  make  investment decisions. It is imperative, therefore, that  they  have  the  control mechanisms in place to know if their investment  consultants  (R&D departments),  fund  managers (factories),  and  custodian  (sourcing department)  are  inadvertently contriving  to  lose  hundreds  of thousands, or in some cases  millions, a day. 

Global  events  have  again emphasised  the  importance  of control, and the consequences when it  is  not  exercised.  In  learning  the lessons  of  this  recession, institutional  investors  are  re‐appraising  the extent of  the  control they  have  over  their  investments, and  how  this  can  be  improved in the future. 

Why is control so important? 

Responsibility Trustees have either been elected or appointed  to  represent  their members. They have been entrusted with control over other people’s  life savings  and  future  wellbeing,  and are  accountable  for  every  single action  that  affects  those investments.  Such  responsibility demands  full  transparency  of investment  activity,  and  sufficient due diligence checks to keep a finger on the pulse.  Return For  any  investor, maximising  return is  the  number  one  objective.  An investor  in control receives accurate information  in a  timely  fashion, and is able to react to, or even pre‐empt, market  movements  and  other events. They should have access to a wide range of  indicators that can be called upon before making decisions. Such  information  should  go  much deeper  than  traditional monthly  or quarterly  performance measurement  –  encompassing factors  such  as  risk,  attribution  and cost  control on both  the micro  and macro level.  Regulation Like  it  or  not,  more  stringent regulation  is  both  inevitable  and imminent.  For  a  prelude  of what  is coming  down  the  pipeline  for institutional  investors,  look  no further  than  President  Obama’s 

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comments  of  21  January  regarding the breaking up of the big banks. Summit’s  prediction  is  that forthcoming  regulation  for institutional  investors  will  be  two‐fold. The  first element will  focus on the basis  for decision making. Much as  outlined  in  the  Markets  in Financial  Instruments  Directive (MiFID)  –  regulations  implemented in  2007  governing  the  investment 

services  community  in  Europe  – institutional  investors  will  be required  to  justify  why  they  made key decisions by documenting all the factors  taken  into  consideration  at the  time.  This  means  that institutional  investors  will  require access  to  a  full  history  of  the  asset and  risk  modelling,  costing  and performance  scenarios  considered for  the  chosen  portfolio,  as well  as all the alternative solutions.  The  second  element  will  focus  on clearly  demonstrating  the  extent  of the  control  institutional  investors exercise over their  investments. The new regime  is also  likely to demand much  improved  processes  for monitoring  risks  and  compliance. And  again,  these  will  need  to  be transparent  to  regulators,  and therefore  investors are simply going to  have  to  change  their  internal procedures and  systems  in order  to comply. It does not require a  leap of faith to imagine a scenario in which a trustee board is hauled in front of a tribunal and,  together  with  their  appointed pensions  manager  and  investment committee,  is  required  to  justify their  choices  and  decision‐making 

processes.  Over  the  last  four  years we have seen a large increase in the number  of  investors  taking  legal action  against  companies  when significant  slumps  in  share  prices could  have  been  avoided. We  have to  assume  that  it  will  not  be  long before members of pension schemes will  demand  similar  compensation for  damages  when  trustees  are proven negligent or incompetent. 

Control in the future 

As with the Toyota Motor Company, the  institutional  investment community  is  now  under  great scrutiny,  and  its  next  steps  the source of both  interest and debate. Mr  Toyoda  has  responded  by personally  leading  a  task  force  to review where mistakes were made, and  how  to  avoid  a  repeat  of  the current  damaging  scenario.  His acceptance  of  personal responsibility,  and  commitment  to resolving  his  firm’s  problems, included  a  promise  to  the  US congress  that  he  would  fly  to Washington  to  represent  the company.  With  that  kind  of accountability  emanating  from  the top, we wouldn’t bet against Toyota digging  themselves  out  of  this  hole in time; albeit not in the short‐term.  Our  industry has  to  accept  at  some level  that  the wheel  is  broken.  For quite  some  time  there  have  been insufficient  control  mechanisms available to investors. So, while they have retained total responsibility for ever  more  complicated  investment strategies and an increasing roster of external  managers,  their  control 

over  the  investments  undertaken has if anything diminished. If  pension  schemes  and  charities around  the  world  are  to  avoid repeating  the  mistakes  of  the  last decades, then pro‐activity  is needed at  their  end  of  the  investment spectrum. We must shift the control of  investments  to  where  the responsibility  for  the  consequences resides.  This clearly requires urgent action at the  investor  level.  Change  is  never easy,  but  the  alternative  doesn’t bear  thinking  about.  Our  industry simply  cannot  afford  another setback  on  the  scale  of  the  last recession.  Should  there  be  more reports  of  30  percent  falls  in  value within  the  next  5‐8  years,  then we predict that member confidence will be  lost  for good. And more than DB schemes would suffer – our industry would  be  irrevocably  changed  for the worse. 

For more information aboutinvestors in control, visitwww.summit‐gis.com.

ANDREW CAIRD is ManagingDirector of Summit Global

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