Control of Emissions from Power PlantsLarge Scale Industries.ppt

Control of Emissions from Power Control of Emissions from Power Plants/Large Scale Industries – Plants/Large Scale Industries – Present and Future ApproachPresent and Future Approach

By: Lalit Kapur, Senior Environmental Senior Environmental EngineerEngineer

Central Pollution Control BoardCentral Pollution Control Board

1. Power Plants, Cement, Aluminium and Integrated Iron & Steel are the major sectors from infrastructure development of the country. However, these are one of the major polluting in nature.

2. Besides Green House Gas Emission, SO2, NOx, Fluoride & CO are the critical pollutants emitted from these industries.

3. To contain emissions of these pollutants, environmental standards have been developed.

4. Implementation of environmental standards has been taken up at National & State Level. To give impetus in implementation of environmental standards National Task Force for each industrial section have been constituted.

5. Specific measure such as use of clean fuel, clean process technologies/alternate control systems have been suggested for each individual industrial section separately to tackle the serious issues related to air pollution, water pollution and solid waste disposal. Guidelines have also been evolved to deal with problem of flyash, (spent pot lining) and coke oven emissions.

Control Strategies forControl Strategies for::

Development of Environmental StandardsDevelopment of Environmental Standards

Development of Environmental standards is based on the premise that the standards so developed are :• Technically feasible; Best practicable • Economically viable; and

Technology(BPT)• Socially acceptable

Technical Feasibility : Representative industry Raw material use Processes of manufacture Water balance and mass balance Waste water characteristics

Economic Viability : Various treatment alternatives & their

economics(Annual burden: annual turn-over >3%)

Evolve environmental standards & prescribe monitoring procedure

Social Acceptability : The industry should provide to its

effluent/emission, the minimal (at least) treatment out of social obligation & health consideration)

Power PlantsPower PlantsPower PlantsPower Plants

Power Sector : A ProfilePower Sector : A Profile Seventy one per cent of total installed capacity

of electricity production is based on coal and gas in the country.

81 coal based thermal power plants comprising of 57799 MW electricity generating capacity as on March 2002

More than 200 million tonnes of coal with ash contents 35-45% is consumed in Thermal Power Plants

Nearly 90 million tonnes per annum coal ash is generated.


Environmental IssuesEnvironmental Issues

Use of high ash content coal in power generation leads to the following environmental issues :

Air Pollution• Emission of particulate matter (dust)• Emission of sulphur dioxide and Oxides of

Nitrogen• Green House Gas Emissions

Water Pollution• Cooling water discharge• Ash pond effluent

Solid Waste• Large volume of coal ash generation


Emission Standards For Emission Standards For Thermal Power Plant Thermal Power Plant

Depending upon the requirement of local situations, which may warrant stricter standards as in case of protected areas the State Pollution Control Boards and other implementing agencies within the provisions of the EPA, 1986 may prescribe limit of 150 mg/Nm3 irrespective of the generation capacity of the plant.

Power generation Capacity (MW)

Particulate matter emission

Less than 210 MW 350 mg/Nm3

210 MW or more 150 mg/Nm3


Stack Height RequirementStack Height Requirement

In order to proper dispersion of SO2 emissions from thermal power plants, stack height criteria is adopted in the country. However, for larger capacities of boilers (500 MW and above), space provision for installing FGD system has been recommended.

Power generation Capacity Stack height (metre)

Less than 200/210 MW

200/210 MW or less than

500 MW

500 MW and above

H= 14(Q)0.3 where Q is emission rate of SO2 in kg/hr

and H is stack height in metre

220

275


Conventional Practices for Control of Conventional Practices for Control of Pollution Pollution

Air Pollution:• Particulates: High efficiency Electrostatic

precipitator• Gaseous emission: Dispersion through tall

stacks

Water Pollution Cooling Water Discharge: Once through with long

channels/cooling tower Ash Pond effluent: Settling ponds

Solid Waste Coal ash: Dumped into ash ponds.

Emphasis is being given to utilize ash for the manufacture of builder products, cement, construction of highways, filling of 100

lying area and minefill etc.


Future Technologies for Pollution Future Technologies for Pollution Prevention & Control in Power SectionPrevention & Control in Power Section

• Adoption of Clean Coal Technologies (CCTs)To meet increasing demand of power with minimal environmental impact for sustainable development, adoption of clean coal technologies with enhanced power plant efficiency, use of washed coal, efficient pollution control systems and proper by-product and waste handling & utilization, is necessary

.

• Clean Coal TechnologiesPre-combustion Technologies: Ash sulphur and other impurities can be reduced (coal benefaction) from the coal before it is burned.

Combustion technologies Generation of emissions of SO2, NOx & CO2 can be FBC(CBFC, AFBC & PFBC) and IGCC minimised by adopting improved combustion

technologies.

Post combustion technologies End of pipe treatment (installation pollution control equipments such as ESP, DENOx & De SOx systems


Use of Beneficiated CoalUse of Beneficiated Coal

Ministry of Environment & Forests, vide notification no. GSR 560(E) & 378(E) dated September 19, 1997 and June 30,1998 respectively made mandatory use of beneficiated/blended coal containing ash not more than 34 per cent on annual average basis w.e.f. June 2001 (extended to June, 2002) in following category of power plants

Power plants located beyond 1000 km from pit head Power plants located in critically pollutied areas,

urban areas and ecologically sensitive areas.

The Power Plants using FBC (CFBC, PFBC & AFBC) & IGCC CCTs are exempted to use beneficiated coal irrespective of their locations.


Requirements Of Requirements Of Beneficiated/blended CoalBeneficiated/blended Coal

• Out of 81 coal based Thermal Power Plants, 39 plants are required to use beneficiated coal not containing ash more than 34 per cent w.e.f. June 2002

• As per Central Electricity Authority (CEA) estimation, the requirement of coal for existing and the plants to be installed under Ninth Plan would be 85.46 million tonnes per annum.

• Coal India Ltd. would able be meet the requirement of 68.48 million tonnes per annum coal from their sources (by existing washeries and blending of domestic coals). The remaining quantity could be met by blending imported and domestic coal at coastal Thermal Power Plants and changing the linkages suitably.


Thermal Power Plants Required to use Beneficiated CoalThermal Power Plants Required to use Beneficiated Coal

S. No.

Name of Thermal Power Station

Capacity (MW)

Category Estimated Annual beneficiated Coal Requirement (MTPA)

1. Badarpur 705 UA 2.75

2. Indraprastha 278 UA 0.67

3. Rajghat 135 UA 0.58

4. Faridabad 165 UA 0.80*

5. Panipat (Units 1-5) 650 >1000 km 3.60*

6. Bhatinda (Units 1-4) 440 >1000 km 1.98

7. Ropar (Units 1-6) 1260 >1000 km 5.08

8. NCR Dadri 840 >1000 km 4.00

9. Harduaganj 425 >1000 km 1.06

10. Panki 274 U.A. 0.79

11. Paricha 220 >1000 km 0.89

12. Kota (Units 1-5) 850 U.A. 3.65

13. Sabarmati 410 U.A. 1.32*

14. Wanakbori (Units 1-6) 1260 >1000 km 6.06

15. Gandhi Nagar 660 U.A. 3.00*

16. Ukai 850 >1000 km 3.36*

17. Sikka (Units 1-2) 240 >1000 km 1.00*

18. Bhusawal 478 >1000 km 2.24

19. Koradi 1080 U.A. 5.50*

20. Nasik 910 >1000 km 3.60


Thermal Power Plants Required to use Beneficiated CoalThermal Power Plants Required to use Beneficiated Coal S. No.

Name of Thermal Power Station

Capacity (MW)

Category Estimated Annual beneficiated Coal Requirement (MTPA)

21. Trombay 1150 U.A. Oil/Coal

22. Dahanu 500 S.A. 2.01

23. DPL 390 CPA 0.49

24. Muddanur (Rayalaseema) 420 >1000 km 2.37

25. North Chennai-I 630 U.A. 2.97

26. Ennore 450 >1000 km 1.92*

27. Raichur (1-4) 840 >1000 km 4.38

28. Mettur 840 >1000 km 4.39

29. Tuticorin (1-5) 1050 >1000 km 4.08*

30. Bokaro 820 CPA 1.84

31. Durgapur 350 CPA 1.00

32. Bhatinda-5&6 420 >1000 km 1.88*

33. Wanakbori-7 210 >1000 km 1.00*

34. Gandhinagar-7 210 >1000 km 0.95

35. Raichur (5-6) 420 >1000 km 2.14

36. North Chennai II 1050 U.A. IC

37. Mangalore 1000 >1000 km (Imported

Coal)

IC

38. Tranagallu 260 >1000 km IC

39. Suratgarh-I 500 >1000 km IC

TotalTotal coal consumption based on 2002-2003 data upto ix plan 85.46 MTPA * Revised based on data provided by SEBs/utilities UA : Urban Area, CPA : Critically Polluted Area, SA: Sensitive Area and IC: Imported Coal


Coal Beneficiation StatusCoal Beneficiation Status Coal Beneficiation Plants under operation

• Piparwar Washery Orissa 6.5 Mt/y of raw coal

• Bina Deshaling plant MP 4.5 Mt/y of raw coal

• Bilaspur washery MP 2.5 Mt/y of raw coal• Girdih washery Bihar 2.5 Mt/y of raw

coal• Kargali washery Bihar 1.5 Mt/y of raw

coal• Dipika washery Orissa 8.0 Mt/y

of raw coal

Coal Beneficiation Plants under Planning

• Talcher• Ib Valley• North Karanpura


Setting up of Coal Washeries Setting up of Coal Washeries “Suggestions”“Suggestions”

To find the options/mechanism for setting up of coalwasheries for non coking coals :

Coal India will set up its own washery

State Electricity Board to set up its own washery

Coal India to ask private entrepreneurs to set up washeries for CIL and taking washing charges

State Electricity Board to select a private entrepreneur to set lup a washery near pit-head


Clean Coal Combustion Clean Coal Combustion TechnologiesTechnologies

1. Super Critical Technology

Larger unit size (more than 500 MW) Higher thermal efficiency (of 5% and above) Low gaseous & soots emissions

2. Fluidised Bed Combustion (CFBC/PFBC/AFBC)

Can burn wide range of coals and other fuels such as pet coke, lignite etc.

Higher thermal efficiency (>40%) Lower NOx emissions Low CO2 emissions Insitu SO2 control Sizes upto 250 MW commercially available

indigenous Cont’d



3. Integrated Gassification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Through ash developing stage Limitation on availability of larger unit size High thermal efficiency (>45%) Sulphur dioxide removal upto 99% NOx reduction by 90% Low CO2 emission

4. Post Combustion Technologies High efficiency electrostatic precipitator Replacement of ESP with Bag filter De SOx and DeNOx systems Recycling of ash pond effluents

Switching over to medium concentration slurry disposal system (MCSD) with ash concentration in slurry 40-45% for high concentration slurry disposal systems (HCSD) with ash concentration in slurry 65-72%

Utilization of Flyash (at present about 19% coash ash is utilized for manufacture of cement, bricks, construction of road, bulk filling of mines etc.

India Ranks World's 2nd largest cement producing country

No. of Large Cement Plants in the country - 113

Total Annual Installed Capacity - 110.10 Million Tonnes

(As on March 2000)

Annual Cement Production - 94.21

Million Tonnes (As on

March 2000)

Cement Sector: ProfileCement Sector: Profile

Per Capita Consumption of Cement (1999)

India India World World AverageAverage

97 kg/annum 256 kg/annum

Cement IndustriesCement IndustriesCement IndustriesCement Industries

Environmental Issues in Cement Environmental Issues in Cement SectorSector

Uncontrolled fugitive emission• Raw Material Storage• Loading/Unloading Operation • Material Transfer Point

Continuous dust monitoring

system & its calibration Industrial solid waste utilisation

in cement manufacturing • Flyash • Blast Furnace Slag • Lime Sludge • Phospho Gypsum


Cont’d


Use of Hazardous Waste in Cement Kiln

Reduction of Green House Gases

• Reduction in power consumption

• Reduction in coal consumption

• Promotion of Energy Efficient Technology

Waste heat recovery from kiln & clinker cooler exit gases

Energy Conservation

Use of petroleum coke as fuel in kiln – Environmental implication (emission of SO2, V, Ni, PM10)

Sources of Dust EmissionsSources of Dust EmissionsPoint Sources

Stack attached with kiln, Stack attached with Raw Mill, Stack attached with Clinker Cooler, Stack attached with Coal Mill, Stack attached with Cement Mill,

Fugitive Sources

Open air handling & storage of raw materials & clinker

Transfer Points Leaking Joints Loading & unloading operation Vehicular movement on unpaved roads


Dust Generation at various sections Dust Generation at various sections in Cement Plantin Cement Plant

S. No.

Source of Pollution

Normal dust range

(g/Nm3)1. Crusher 5-15

2. Raw Mill: Gravity Discharge Air Swept (e.g. Roller Mill)

25-60300-500

3. Coal Mill: Gravity Discharge Drying Grinding

25-60100-120

4. Kiln:Dry Semi-Dry Wet

50-7510-1530-40

5. Clinker Cooler 5-10

6. Cement Mill 60-150

7. Packing Plant 20-30


Emissions of PollutantsEmissions of PollutantsSO2 Emission from kiln

Formation Mechanism *Oxidation of sulphur compounds present in

raw material & fuel (300-600C) Emission Range: 300-2300 mg/Nm3 (Coal

based kiln) Emission of SO2 may be very high in case of

Pet Coke based kiln NOx Emission From Kiln

90% of NOx is in the form of NO Formation Mechanism: Thermal NO & Fuel NO Emission Range 200-2500 mg/Nm3 Literature indicates wide variation in emission

range NOx is less in Modern Pre-calcinater Kilns


Size of dust particles

Flue gas characteristics

Collection efficiency

Emission standard

Techno-economic Feasibility of Air

Pollution Control Equipment

Selection of Air Pollution Control Selection of Air Pollution Control EquipmentEquipment


S. No. Section Dust Collector

1. Crusher Bag Filter

2. Raw Mill Bag Filter/ESP

3. Kiln Bag Filter/ESP with GCT

4. Clinker Cooler ESP/Bag Filter with heat exchanger

5. Coal Mill Bag Filter/ESP

6. Cement Mill Bag Filter/ESP

7. Packing Plant Bag Filter

Recommended Air Pollution Control Equipment Recommended Air Pollution Control Equipment

for different Sectionsfor different Sections


Fugitive dust is 10-30% of total

emission

Local exhaust ventilation system

Water spray

Proper House Keeping

Enclosed storage facilities (silo, dome-

shaped building) to store raw materials,

additives, coal, clinker, flyash

Fugitive Emission ControlFugitive Emission Control


Plant capacity in tonnes per day

Particulate matter Emission nor to exceed mg/Nm3

Protected Area Other Area

<200 250 400

>200 150 250

CPCB/SPCB may fix stringent standards, if required

Emission Standards in IndiaEmission Standards in India


Emission Standards in other Emission Standards in other CountriesCountries

Country Particulate Matter Emission Limit

(mg/Nm3)

Australia 50

Germany 50

South Africa 120

Switzerland 50

Japan 100

USA 100 / 50

Portugal 100 / 50


Flyash (solid waste from TPP)

Blast Furnace Slag (Solid Waste from

Iron & Steel Plant)

Phospho-gypsum (Solid Waste from

Fertilizer Plant)

Lime sludge (Solid Waste from Pulp &

Paper Industry)

Utilisation of Industrial Solid Utilisation of Industrial Solid Waste in Cement ManufacturingWaste in Cement Manufacturing


Constitution of National & Zonal Task

Forces (1986)

Prosecution of Recalcitrant units

Notification No. 66, dated 12.02.92,

Establishment before 1981 : Comply by

31.12.93

Establishment after May 1981 : Comply

by 31.12.92

CPCB issued direction under Section 5

of EPA, 1986

Pollution Control Implementation Pollution Control Implementation StatusStatus

Cont’d


Complying units : 58 58

Non complying units : 16 Closed units : 14 Status Awaited : 25

Kiln + Raw Mill : Bag Houses (emission

50 mg/Nm3) Multicyclone with clinker cooler : Replace

by ESP

Kiln ESP Tripping : High CO (Fluctuation in coal quality)

Bed blending system : Reduces variation in coal quality

: Reduces Problem of high CO

: ESP operation more stable


Constitution of National Task Force

Effective implementation of standards through Task Force

Engineering Design parameters of A.P.C.E.

Fugitive Emission control – new regulation and standard

for fugitive emission and monitoring protocol being

finalized

Pollution load standards for cement mill, kiln and clinker

cooler instead of concentration limit

Emission standard for SO2, Ni and V for petroleum coke

based cement kiln

Proper calibration of Opacity Monitor

New Initiatives taken/Proposed by New Initiatives taken/Proposed by CPCB for Cement IndustryCPCB for Cement Industry


Proper record keeping of ESP / Bag filter

Regular interaction meeting of National Cement

Task Force (NCTF) with cement industries and

SPCB to discuss & sort out technical issues

Common consent (Air, Water) for cement

industries

Incentive for using flyash in cement making

Effective noise pollution control from cement

industries

Material balance and Environmental Audit in

cement industry

Defaulter list in CPCB web site


Aluminium Sector: Present Capacity and Future Expansion* Aluminium Sector: Present Capacity and Future Expansion*

S. No.

Name of Smelter

Installed capacity (TPA) Future Expansion Proposed (TPA)

Alumina

Aluminium Metal

Aluminium

Products

Alumina

Aluminium Metal

Aluminium

Products

1. NALCO, Angul, Orissa

8,00,000

2,18,000 2,43,000

15,75,000#

3,45,000 -

2. BALCO Korba, Orissa

2,00,000

1,00,000 - - - -

3. INDALCO Alupuram, Kerala

- 13,500 8,000 - - -

4. INDALCO Belgaum, Karnataka

2,70,000

- - - - -

5. INDALCO Hirakud, Orissa

- 30,000 30,000 - 57,200 57,200

6. HINDALCO Renukoot, UP

4,50,000

2,42,000 1,33,700

6,60,000

3,56,200 -

7. MALCO Metturedam, TN

60,000

30,000 69,500 - - -

Total Capacity

17,80,000

7,06,500 5,16,800

- - -

*Based on information of 1999-2000

# Expansion complete

Aluminium IndustriesAluminium IndustriesAluminium IndustriesAluminium Industries

Environmental IssuesEnvironmental Issues

Ambient Fluoride levels around Smelter

Fluoride emissions from Smelters

HC/PAH emissions from Smelters and Anode

plant

Disposal of Spent Pot Lining

Presence of leachable cyanide and

fluoride

Disposal of Red Mud

Presence of alkalinity

Mercury discharge from Gallium plant


National Emission StandardsNational Emission Standards

Source EPA Standards

Fluoride

(kg/t)

Particulates

(mg/Nm3)

Stack Height (m)

CO

a) Smelter Plant

(i) Potline 150

VSS 4.7

HSS 6.0

PBSW 2.5

PBCW 1.0

(ii) Green Anode Shop

150

(iii) Anode Bake oven

0.3 150

b) Alumina Plant

H = 14 (Q)0.3

(i) Primary and Secondary Crusher

150

(ii) Calcination

250 H = 14 (Q)0.3 1% max

NoteNote: Q-Emission of SO: Q-Emission of SO22 in kg/hr, H-Stack Height in m in kg/hr, H-Stack Height in mSource:Source: MoEF notification GSR 742 (E), dated MoEF notification GSR 742 (E), dated 30.08.199030.08.1990


Fluoride EmissionsFluoride EmissionsS. No.

Name of Smelter

Type of

Anode

Consumption

(kg/t)*

Actual Emissions

(kg/t)*

Control System

Stack

Roof

Total

1. NALCO, Angul,Orissa

PBCW 17.28 0.235

0.52

0.755

Dry Scrubbing

System

2. BALCOKorba, Orissa

VSS 36.513 10.17

mg/Nm3

932 µg/N

m3

- Wet Scrubbing

3. INDALCO Alupuram, Kerala

HSS 26.22 1.82 2.55

4.37 Wet Scrubbing

4. INDALCO# Hirakud, Orissa

HSS 10.726 1.43 -

2.53

1.40 - 2.23

2.83 -4.76

Wet Scrubbing(Proposing to convert

to Dry Scrubbing by 2005)


PBSW 29.0 0.03 -

0.39

0.441

0.471-

0.831

Dry Scrubbing

System

6. MALCO Metturdam, TN

VSS Not Available

Wet Scrubber

*kg/t of aluminum# MoEF condition – 2.5 kg F/t after expansion


Spent Pot Lining (1999-2000)Spent Pot Lining (1999-2000)

S. No.

Name of Smelter

Quantity Generated

(Million Tonne per Annum)

Method of disposal

1. NALCO, Angul, Orissa

3,300 Secured landfill

2. BALCO, Korba, Orissa

3,961 Carbon - in covered storage shed Refractory -in

unsecured landfill

3. INDALCO, Alupuram, Kerala

484 Carbon-stored under cover

Refractory -Either land filled or stored

under cover

4. INDALCO, Hirakud, Orissa

500 Secured Landfill

5. HINDALCO, Renukoot, UP

2,382.5 Carbon-used for recovery of cryolite followed by use of

black mud in boilers as a fuel

Refractory - landfill

6. MALCO, Metturdam, TN

1,650 Secured landfill


Red Mud (1999-2000)Red Mud (1999-2000)

S.No

Name of Refinery Quantity Generated

(000Tonne/Annum)

Method of disposal

1. NALCODamanjodi, Orissa

1,620 Wet(50-60%

solid)

2. BALCO Korba, Orissa

280.5 Wet

3. INDALCO Belgaum, Karnataka

321.0 Dry (70% solid)

4. INDALCO Muri, Jharkhand

- -


632.5 Dry(70% solid)

6. MALCO Meturdam,Tamilnadu

59.0 Dry(62-65%

solid)


Proposed Future PolicyProposed Future Policy Phasing out of the Soderberg Technology Revising fluoride emission standards and

converting to Dry Scrubber Setting up a limit for fluoride

consumption per tonne of aluminium Prescribing standards for ambient

fluoride/forage fluoride Developing emission standards for

HC/PAH Setting up a centralised SPL treatment

and disposal facility Converting to Dry methods for disposal of

Red Mud


Integrated Iron & Steel Sector

Major Sources of Pollution:Major Sources of Pollution:

Coke Oven and By-product Plant

Steel Melting Shop

Sintering Plant

Blast Furnace

Refractory Material Plant

Captive Thermal Power Plant

Iron & Steel IndustriesIron & Steel IndustriesIron & Steel IndustriesIron & Steel Industries

Emission Standards Emission Standards

Plants Particulate Matter Emission (mg/Nm3)

Sintering Plant 150

Steel Melting Shop

150 (during normal operation)

400 (during oxygen lancing)

Refractory Material Plant/ Dolomite Plant

150

Stack Emissions


S. No.

Industry Parameter Standards New

Batteries Existing

Batteries

1. Coke oven plants (by product recovery type)

Fugitive Visible Emissions

(a) Leakage from door

5 (PLD)* 10 (PLD)*

(b) Leakage from charging lids

1 (PLL)* 1 (PLL)*

(c) Leakage from AP Covers

4 (PLO)* 4 (PLO)*

(d) Charging emission (second/charge)

16(with

HPLA)*

50(with HPLA)*

2. Stack Emission of Coke Oven

(a) SO2(mg/Nm3) 800 800

(b) NOx, (mg/Nm3)

500 500

(c) SPM, (mg/Nm3)

50 50

(i) SPM emission during charging (stack emission) mg/Nm3

25 25

(ii) SPM emission during coke pushing (stack emission) gm/ton of coke

5 5


Cont’d

S. No.

Industry Parameter Standards New

Batteries Existing

Batteries

Sulphur in Coke Oven gas used for heating (mg/Nm3)

Sulphur in Coke Oven gas used for heating (mg/Nm3

800 800

Emission for quenching operation Particulate matter gm?MT of coke produced

Benzo-Pyerine (BOP) concentration in work zone air (ug/m3)

Battery area (top of the battery)

5 5

Other units in coke oven plant

2 2

Ambient standards (ng/m3)

10 10


Technologies / Current Practices

Further Requirement

Raw material Handling Raw material Handling UnitsUnits

Enclosures and water sprinkling system

Improvements in the systems for controlling fugitive emissions.

Coke Oven PlantCoke Oven Plant HPLA system Hydraulic door and

door frame cleaner Air cooled Self Sealing

doors Water sealed AP caps

Screw feeder Land based pushing emission

control system Self sealing air cooled doors Possibility of coke dry quenching

needs to be tried out Effluent treatment plant to treat

cyanide, phenol ammonia, COD etc.

Hazardous waste (tar sludge and ETP sludge) handling and disposal following Hazardous Waste Handling, Rules; or, tar sludge / ETP sludge charging alongwith the coal fines in the coke ovens.

Computerized combustion control system

Current Practices and Future Current Practices and Future Requirement for Control of PollutionRequirement for Control of Pollution


Cont’d

Technologies / Current Practices

Further Requirements

Sintering PlantSintering Plant ESP / bag filter / wet scrubber

for process emissions ESP / bag filter / wet scrubber

for work zone environment

ESP / bag filters with higher efficiency of removal for process emissions.

Thermal Power PlantThermal Power Plant ESP for the emissions Proper management and

utilisation of flyash

Steel Melting Shop Steel Melting Shop ESP / bag filter wet scrubber

for the process emissions Effluent treatment comprising

settling unit and re-circulation system for the treated effluent

Proper operation and maintenance of air emission control and effluent treatment systems.

Secondary emission control system.

Blast Furnace Blast Furnace ESP / bag filter / wet scrubber

for air emissions

Proper operation and maintenance of ESP / bag filter / wet scrubber for air emissions

BF slag utilisation

Lime / dolomite plant Lime / dolomite plant ESP bag filter / multicolones

for process and work zone dust emissions

Effective operation and maintenance of ESP / bag filter / multiclones for process and work zone dust emissions.


Problems in Achieving the Standards Problems in Achieving the Standards

Air-cooled self-sealing doors. The hydrojet cleaning system shall be provided for the door and

door frame cleaning with a facility of hydrojet pressure of 600 kg/cm2.

Provision of water sealed AP covers should be provided. To provide aspiration through high pressure ammonia liquor

(HPLA) injection in goose neck and emissions should be transferred directly to gas collecting mains.

To reduce generation of emissions during coal charging, the charging should be accomplished with hermetically sealed charging sleeves and screw feeders in charging car.

Provision of new charging car with magnetic lid lifter in the charging car alongwith lid and frame cleaning should be made.

The coke pushing emission should be treated in stationary land-based system with collection hood and wet scrubbing unit for gas cleaning. The height of chimney discharging the cleaned gases must ensure proper dispersion of gaseous pollutants.

Computerized combustion control and computerized moisture control system to be provided.

SAIL coke oven batteries are old batteries, most of which have SAIL coke oven batteries are old batteries, most of which have been installed alongwith the installation of Steel Plants. been installed alongwith the installation of Steel Plants. 22 22 batteriesbatteries are in operation at present. The main problems faced by are in operation at present. The main problems faced by the industry is due to non installation of the the industry is due to non installation of the following pollution following pollution control units:control units:


Documents

Control of Emissions from Power PlantsLarge Scale Industries.ppt