Control of the Hazardous Materials

7/29/2019 Control of the Hazardous Materials

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CHLORINE


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Atomic Symbol ........... Cl

Atomic Weight ............ 35.453

Atomic Number .......... 17

Molecular Weight ....... 70.906


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Chlorine is an element used in industry and found insome household products.

Chlorine is sometimes in the form of a poisonous gas.Chlorine gas can be pressurized and cooled to change

it into a liquid so that it can be shipped and stored.When liquid chlorine is released, it quickly turns intoa gas that stays close to the ground and spreads rapidly.

Chlorine gas can be recognized by its pungent,

irritating odor, which is like the odor of bleach. Thestrong smell may provide an adequate warning topeople that they have been exposed.


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Chlorine gas appears to be yellow-green in color.

Chlorine itself is not flammable, but it can reactexplosively or form explosive compounds with other

chemicals such as turpentine and ammonia.


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Disinfection

Water treatment

Bleaching

Metal recovery Neutralising agent

Oxidant.


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Chlorine, gas or liquid, is non-explosive and non-flammable. It is an oxidizer and is capable of supporting

combustion. Many organic chemicals react readily withchlorine, sometimes violently.


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Chemical Reactions

Reactions With Water : Chlorine is only slightly solublein water.

Reactions With Metals : At ordinary temperatures drychlorine, gas or liquid, reacts with aluminum,arsenic, gold, mercury, selenium, tellurium, tin,and titanium. Carbon steel ignites near 251C.

Reactions With Organic Compounds : Chlorine reactswith many organic compounds. Somereactions can be extremely violent or explosive.


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Color : Greenish - yellow Boiling Point (Liquefying Point) : -33.97C Density :

Gas at Standard Conditions : 3.213 kg/m3

Saturated Gas : 12.23 Kg/m3 at OCSaturated Liquid : 1467 kg/m3 at 0C

Melting Point - Freezing Point : -100.98C Vapor Pressure : 368.9 kPa at 0C Viscosity :

Saturated Gas : 0.0125 mPas at 0CLiquid : 0.3863 mPas at 0C


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Inhalation LC50 (rat): 293 ppm/1hr.

Inhalation LC50 (mice): 137 ppm/1hr.

SKIN: Corrosive (rabbit).

EYES: Severe irritant (rabbit).


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Ecotoxicity :Avoid contaminating waterways. Persistence/degradability and mobility : Does

not accumulate in organisms. The material isnot expected to bioconcentrate.

Aquatic toxicity :Very toxic to aquatic organisms

96hr LC50 (fish): 0.014 mg/L

Terrestrial toxicity : Very ecotoxic in the soil

environment


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Hazard Category :T : Toxic

Xi: Irritant

N: Dangerous for the Environment


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Risk Phrases :R23: Toxic by inhalation.

R36/37/38: Irritating to eyes, respiratory

system and skin.R50: Very toxic to aquatic organisms.


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Safety Phrases :S7/9: Keep container tightly closed and in a well

ventilated place.S23: Do not breathe vapour/mist/aerosol.

S24/25: Avoid contact with skin and eyes.S26: In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately

with plenty of water and seek medical advice.S45: In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek

medical advice immediately (show the label wheneverpossible).S61: Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special

instructions Safety Data Sheets.


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Effects of chlorine on human health depend on how the amountof chlorine that is present, and the length and frequency ofexposure. Effects also depend on the health of a person orcondition of the environment when exposure occurs.

Breathing small amounts of chlorine for short periods of time

adversely affects the human respiratory system. Effects differfrom coughing and chest pain, to water retention in the lungs.Chlorine irritates the skin, the eyes, and the respiratory system.These effects are not likely to occur at levels of chlorine that arenormally found in the environment.

Human health effects associated with breathing or otherwise

consuming small amounts of chlorine over long periods of timeare not known. Some studies show that workers develop adverseeffects from repeat inhalation exposure to chlorine, but others

will not.


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Ingestion : Not a likely route of exposure, however,swallowing liquid will result in freeze burns ofthe mouth, throat and stomach. Swallowing canresult in chemical burns to the mouth, throat and

abdomen; perforation of the gastrointestinal tractand vomiting of blood and eroded tissue. Skin contact : Liquid chlorine is corrosive to skin.

Contact with skin will result in irritation. Liquid

splashes or spray may cause freeze burns. Eye contact : A severe eye irritant. Corrosive to eyes;contact can cause corneal burns.


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There is tanker which is carrying 90 tones of chlorine.It is driven to a textile factory in Kocaeli.

Because of a traffic accident, the chlorine gas which isinside of tanker, disperse to the environment .


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RAR = (E + T) x Qi / (E + T)max x Qmax x 100

RAR: A Model for Assessment of Environmental Risk

E :Ecosystem properties

T: HM properties

Qi: Amount of HM


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T = (BT + FKsp)

BT: Biological or life hazards and properties

FKsp

:Physical and chemical properties andhazards


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T = (BT + FKsp)

FKsp =S+D+F+C+PR+Tox

S: solubilityD: densityF: flammability

C: corrosivityRP: reactivity and peroxidesTox: toxicity


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FKsp= S +D+F+C+PR+Tox

material/ gases

Solubility is ignored for gases!


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FKsp=S+D+F+C+PR+Tox

Chlorine Vapour Density: 2.49

For gases

va. D. < 1.29 1 points

va. D. > 1.29 2 points

D = 2


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FKsp=S+D+F+C+PR+Tox

F = (f)n

Flash point : None

f values

Flash point < 60 C 4 points60 90 3 points90 120 2points

> 120 1 points

n = 1 for gasesn = 0.75 for liquidsn = 0.50 for solids F = (1)^1 = 1


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FKsp=S+D+F+C+PR+Tox

C = (c)n

No Corrosivity data

C values

> 6.35 mm/year 4 points6.35 3.17 mm/year 3 points3.17 2 mm/year 2 points

< 2 mm/year 1 points

n = 1 for gasesn = 0.75 for liquids C = (4)^1= 4n = 0.50 for solids


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FKsp=S+D+F+C+PR+Tox

PR = (pr)n n = 1 for liquids and gasesn= 0.5 for solids

Instable-highly reactive 4 pointsReactive with water 3 points

At pH=2.0, pH=12.52 2 pointsproduces cyanide and

sulphide gasExplosive contact with water 1 points

PR = (4)^1 = 4


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FKsp=S+D+F+C+PR+Tox

Tox= (ECOT + ht) k

k = 1 if carcinogenick = 2 if non carcinogenic

ECOT: Ecotoxicity

Ht: human health toxicity.LD50


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ECOT = (LC50)n

LC50 = 5.3 mg/L

< 0.1 mg/l 4 points0.1-10 mg/l 3 points10-100 mg/l 2 points

>100 mg/l 1pointsn= 0.5 for gasesECOT= (3)^0.5= 1.7


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1. degree 1 point2. 2

3. 3

4 . 45. 5

6. 6

If it is known cancer risk for a material , ECOT andht values are multipled by 2.

Tox = (ECOT + ht) k = (1,7 + 6)*2*1= 15


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RAR = (E + T) x Qi / (E + T)max x Qmax x 100T = (BT + FKsp)

FKsp=S+D+F+C+PR+Tox

FKsp= 0 + 2 + 1 + 4 + 4 + 15

FKsp= 26


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RAR = (E + T) x Qi / (E + T)max x Qmax x 100T = (BT + FKsp)

BT = MKM + Tt + K

MKM: Mode of exposure to HM

Tt: Transportation of HM

K :HM accidents


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BT = MKM + Tt + K

MKM modes of exposure Point

Skin Contact 1Oral Intake 2

Inhalation 3

MKM= 3


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BT = MKM + Tt + K

Transportation Modes Point

Sea water way 4Highway 3

Railway 2

Pipeline 1

Tt = 3 points


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BT = MKM + Tt + K

K = Tt x US

US = 3 factor of social usage

US = 2 factor of industrial usage

US = 1 factor of storage

K= 3*2 = 6 points


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BT = MKM + Tt + K

BT = 3 + 3 + 6 = 12 points


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BT= 12 FKsp = 26

T = (12 + 26) = 38


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Q > 1000 tons 4 pointsQ = 1000 500 tons 3.5 points

Q = 500 100 tons 3 points

Q = 100 1 tons 2.5 pointsQ < 1 ton 2 points

Q = 2.5 points


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RAR = (E + T) x Qi/ (E + T)max x Qmax x 100

E = BS + K + YFK

BS : boundry of regionYFK :life, activities and usage modes

K :environmental sources


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E = BS + K + YFK

Area > 100 km 10 pointsArea = 100 10 km 5 points

Area = 10 1 km 3 pointsArea < 1 km 2 points

BS = 3 points


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Human population densityScoring was based on an average populationdensity within the designated area. Accordingly;

2000 kii/km2 10 points


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Urbanization

Country sides on main transfer lines 2 pointsCities 4 points

Small industrial cities 6 pointsBig or organized industrial cities 8 pointsMetropolles 10 points

YFK = 8 point


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E = BS + K + YFKHuman population densityScoring was based on an average populationdensity within the designated area. Accordingly;

2000 kii/km2 10 points

K: 6 points


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RAR = (E + T) x Qi/ (E + T)max x Qmax x 100

E = BS + K + YFK

E= 3 + 6 + 8 = 17 points


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RAR =(E + T) x Qi / (E + T)max x Qmax x 100

T = (BT + FKsp) = 38 T:HM properties

FKsp = 26 FKsp:Physical andchemical properties and hazards

BT=12 BT: Biological or lifehazardous properties

Qi= 2.5 Qi:Quantity, amount

E= 17 E:Ecosystem properties


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(E + T)max x Qmax = 328

(E + T) x Qi = 145

RAR= [141/328]*100 = %42


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DP = 0.5 x S x Dmax

= 0.5 x 2.3 x 1000= 1150 people


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Chlorine: Peak Limitation = 3 mg/m3 (1 ppm)

Peak Limitation : A ceiling concentration which shouldnot be exceeded over a measurement period which

should be as short as possible but not exceeding 15minutes.

This standard is guides to be used in the control of

occupational health hazards. All atmosphericcontamination should be kept to as low a level as isworkable.


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Conditions for safe storage:-Store in a cool, dry, well ventilated place and out ofdirect sunlight.-Store away from foodstuffs.

-Store away from combustible materials.-Keep dry - reacts with water. Keep container standingupright.

Precautions for safe handling:-Avoid skin and eye contact and breathing in vapour.


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Inhalation:Remove victim from area of exposure - avoid becoming acasualty. Skin Contact:If skin or hair contact occurs, immediately remove anycontaminated clothing and wash skin and hair thoroughly

with running water. Eye Contact:If in eyes, hold eyelids apart and f lush the eye continuously

with running water. Ingestion:Immediately rinse mouth with water. If swallowed, do NOTinduce vomiting. Seek immediate medical assistance.


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Hazards from combustion products:Non combustible, but will support combustion of othermaterials. Oxidizing substance.

Precautions for fire fighters and special protective

equipment:Not combustible, however will support the combustion ofother materials. Keep containers cool with water spray.

Suitable Extinguishing Media:

Not combustible, however, if material is involved in a fire use:Fine water spray, normal foam, dry agent (carbon dioxide, drychemical powder).


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Emergency procedures:In the event of a spill or leak involving chlorine, personsnot wearing protective equipment and fully-encapsulating, vapor-protective clothing should berestricted from contaminated areas until cleanup hasbeen completed.

The following steps should be undertaken following aspill or leak:


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Clear area of all unprotected personel. Evacuate personel from downwind areas.

Wear protective equipment to prevent skin and eyecontact and inhalation of vapours/dusts.

Prevailing wind direction is important

Notify safety personnel.

Remove all sources of heat and ignition


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Keep all combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from theleak. Ventilate potentially explosive atmospheres. Evacuate the spill area for at least 50 feet in all directions. Find and stop the leak if this can be done without risk; if

not, move the leaking container to an isolated area untilgas has dispersed. The cylinder may be allowed to emptythrough a reducing agent such as sodium bisulfide andsodium bicarbonate.

Use water spray to reduce vapors; do not put water directly

on the leak or spill area. Use fire hoses equipped with fog nozzles to disperse gas

downwind.


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Control of the Hazardous Materials