Controlling the Quantum World : Controlling the Quantum World : The Science of Atoms, Molecules and PhotonsThe Science of Atoms, Molecules and Photons

Lessons LearnedLessons Learned

AMO2010 AMO2010 –– A Decadal Assessment and Outlook Report on Atomic,A Decadal Assessment and Outlook Report on Atomic,Molecular and Optical ScienceMolecular and Optical Science

(Part of Physics 2010)(Part of Physics 2010)

Philip Bucksbaum, CoPhilip Bucksbaum, Co--ChairChair

BPA BPA –– Irvine Irvine –– November 4November 4thth 20062006

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amo2010:amo2010:

Ø There is an explosion of interest in AMO science:

• Quantum-degenerate gases • High-field physics

• Quantum information science • X-ray lasers

• Attosecond pulses • Quantum control

• Nobel prizes in ’97, ’99, ’01, and ’05

Ø A decade has passed since the last comprehensive assessments of the field and related areas – the “FAMOS” report in 1994 and the “COSE” report in 1998.

Ø Scope of this study and proposal developed by CAMOS through a series of meetings, including mini-symposia on key forefront areas.

Ø CAMOS suggested a forward-looking study framed in terms of compelling questions that express in simple ways the intellectual drivers for the field.

Ø DOE and NSF agreed to fund the study as part of the Physics 2010 series.

Entangled photonsfrom parametric conversion

Motivation for our Report

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Ø Review the field of AMO science, emphasize recent accomplishments, and identify new opportunities and compelling scientific questions.[Hit the high points, don’t try to be comprehensive.]

Ø Identify the impact of AMO science on other scientific fields, emerging technologies, and national needs. [Remember the Physics 2010 Context]

Ø Identify future workforce, societal and educational needs for AMO science.

Ø Make recommendations on how the US research enterprise might realize the full potential of AMO science. [Don’t forget that this costs money.]

Ø Prepare an interim report for BPA and the sponsors.

Atom laserQuantum degenerate gases

Charge to the Committee

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amo2010amo2010Committee Membership:

Breadth and DiversityWolfgang Ketterle, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Kate Kirby, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Pierre Meystre, University of Arizona

Christopher Monroe, University of Michigan

Margaret M. Murnane, University of Colorado / JILA

William D. Phillips, National Institute of Standards and Technology

Stephen T. Pratt, Argonne National Laboratory

K. Birgitta Whaley, University of California, Berkeley

Consultants: Neal F. Lane, Rice UniversityNeil Calder, SLAC

Philip H. Bucksbaum, Co-chair University of Michigan/Stanford University

Robert Eisenstein, Co-chair

Gordon A. Baym, University of Illinois

C. Lewis Cocke, Kansas State University

Eric A. Cornell, University of Colorado / JILA

E. Norval Fortson, University of Washington

Keith Hodgson, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory

Anthony M. Johnson, University of Maryland Baltimore County

Steven Kahn, Stanford University

Mark A. Kasevich, Stanford University

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ØWhat is the nature of physical law?

ØWhat happens at the lowest temperatures in the Universe?

ØWhat happens at the highest temperatures in the Universe?

Ø Can we control the inner workings of a molecule?

Ø How will we control and exploit the nanoworld?

ØWhat is the future of quantum information science?

Cavity-enhancedatom-photon interactions

Six Compelling Research Questions For AMO Science

[Lead with Science]

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Ø Committee formed beginning of 2005

Ø First meeting – Washington DC – April 4/5, 2005

Ø Data requested from Federal agencies – August, 2005

Ø Interim Report – November, 2005

Ø Report finalized and review begun – March, 2005

Ø Briefing in Washington – July 10, 2006

Ø Report (prepublication) release – July 24, 2006

Ø Print version release – Early 2007

Medical imagingvia optical pumping and spin-exchange

Project Timeline [Short!]

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amo2010amo2010Ø First meeting:

Ø Find out what Big Brother Wants: talks from the sponsors, agencies, OSTP, Congress

Ø Blackboard exercise to find the science boundaries and major accomplishments for our field.

Ø Divide into data gathering and draft writing subgroups, with definite length and breadth assignments, and a responsible leader

Ø Community input requested right away:Ø WebsiteØ Town meetings at APS and OSA conferencesØ Agency data requested (grant sizes, history, demographics)

Ø Teleconferences with substanceØ Each writing subgroup held frequent teleconferences.Ø Leaders were responsible for turning in a draft

Ø Interim ReportØ Like a preliminary executive summary.Ø Discussed in excruciating minute detail by the committee.Ø Distribute it widely, listen to feedback, tweak the message to make it more

clear and powerful

Make the timeline work:

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amo2010amo2010Ø Structure of the main report

Ø Central chapters organized around our Science conclusionsØ Funding and human resources in a separate chapter at the endØ Three tiers (see below)

Ø Re-align writing groups into chapters for a “three-tier” documentØ Changes based on who can write, who has time, expertiseØ Very tight requirements on styleØ Chapter 1 becomes extended Exec Summary, a condensation of the doc,

or “Micropedia.”Ø Conclusions, Findings, and Recommendations

Ø In science prioritization, picking winners is far more important than identifying losers.

Ø Tell the government what the field needs, rather than how the agencies should do their jobs.

Ø Final pushØ Create a “gang of 4,” the best writers.Ø Meet together for a marathon week of final rewrites

Structuring the main report

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• Three conclusions praise the balance, breadth, variety, and payoffs of the AMO programs.

• Two conclusions tie AMO research and education to national economy and security.

• Three conclusions point to budget shortfalls: Science costs are rising but budgets are flat; Theory, astro, and plasma AMO in particular are inadequately funded.

• Two conclusions concern manpower: We need more US students to chose science careeers, and training and retaining the best foreign students is vital.

Short summary of Conclusions

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• Improve education in the physical sciences.• Support AMO across multiple disciplines

and agencies.• Reverse declines in 6.1 funding at DOD.• Review and rebalance budgets to strenghten

theory and instrumentation (2 recs).• Implement incentives for US students to

study physical science and take up careers in the field. Attract the best foreign students to study in the US, and encourage them to stay.

Short summary of Recommendations

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amo2010amo2010Ø Pre-publication briefingØ Go to Washington two weeks before release of the docØ Pull out your big guns. (Nobelists and similar types on the

committee have special credibility)Ø Speak to everyone you can: NSF, DOE, DOD, NIST, NASA,

OSTP, OMB, Congressional committee staffs.

Ø Press releaseØ Have one. This is not automatic for NRC reports.Ø Write the draft yourself, and review the NRC rewrite carefully

well in advance. Trust me on this one.

Making a big splash:

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ØWe’ve had lots of good feedback from the physics community (cheers from a friendly crowd, of course.)ØFYI articleØMentions in The Economist, PT, Physics World,

and so on.ØSome favorable comments from agenciesØamo2010 figured prominently in a recent BESAC

“grand challenges” presentation.ØAffect on science policy?ØToo early to tell…

So, how did it go?

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That’s the end of my presentation on “lessons learned.” The rest of the viewgraphs are excerpts from our Washington pre-release briefings.

--Phil BucksbaumCo-Chair, AMO 2010

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• Given the budget and programmatic constraints, generally the federal agencies questioned in this study have managed the research profile of their programs well in response to the opportunities in AMO science. In doing so the agencies have developed a combination of modalities (large groups; centers and facilities; and expanded single-investigator programs). Much of the funding increase that has taken place at DOE, NIST, and NSF has been to benefit activities at research centers. The overall balance of the modalities for support of the field has led to outstanding scientific payoffs.

• The breadth of AMO science and of the agencies that support it is very important to future progress in the field and has been a key factor in its success so far

• Since all of the agencies report that they receive many more proposals of excellent quality than they are able to fund, it is clear that AMO science remains rich with promise for outstanding future progress. AMO science will continue to make exceptional advances in science and in technology for many years to come.

• In view of its tremendous importance to the national well being, broadly defined—that is to our nation’s economic strength, health care, defense, education, and domestic security—an investment program in research and education in physical science is critical and such a program will improve America’s ability to capture the benefits of AMO science.

AMO Science and National Policy: Conclusions – I

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• Historically, support for basic research has been a vital component of the nation’s defense strategy. Therefore, the recent decline in funding for research, particularly in basic research, at the defense-related agencies is troubling.

• The extremely rapid increase in technical capabilities and the associated increase in the cost of scientific instrumentation have led to very significant added pressures (over and above the usual Consumer Price Index inflationary pressures) on research group budgets. In addition, not only has the cost of instrumentation increased, but also the complexity and challenge of the science makes investigation much more expensive. This “science inflator” effect means that while it is now possible to imagine research that was unimaginable in the past, finding the resources to pursue that research is becoming increasingly difficult.

• In any scientific field where progress is extremely rapid, it is important not to lose sight of the essential role played by theoretical research. Programs at the federal agencies that support AMO theory have been and remain of critical importance. NSF plays a critical and leading role in this area, but its support of AMO theoretical physics is not nearly enough.

AMO Science and National Policy: Conclusions – II

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• AMO science is an enabling component of astrophysics and plasma physics but is not adequately supported by the funding agencies charged with responsibility for those areas .

• The number of American students choosing physical science as a career is dangerously low. Without remediation, this problem is likely to create an unacceptable expertise gap between the United States and other countries .

• Scientists and students in the United States benefit greatly from close contact with the scientists and students of other nations. Vital interactions include the training of foreign graduate students, international collaborations, exchange visits, and meetings and conferences. These interactions promote excellent science, and improve international understanding, and support the economic, educational, and national security needs of the United States .

AMO Science and National Policy: Conclusions – III

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• In view of the critical importance of a substantially increased investment program in the physical sciences to national security broadly defined (that is, in terms of economic strength, health care, defense, and domestic security), the federal government should embark on such a program that improves education in the physical sciences and mathematics at all levels and significantly strengthens the research effort.

• AMO science will continue to make exceptional contributions to many areas of science and technology. The federal government should therefore support programs in AMO science across disciplinary boundaries and through a multiplicity of agencies.

• Basic research is a vital component of the nation’s defense strategy. The Department of Defense, therefore, should reverse recent declines in support for 6.1 research at its agencies.

AMO Science and National Policy: Recommendations – I

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• The extremely rapid increase in the technical capability of scientific instrumentation and its cost has significantly increased pressures (over and above the usual Consumer Price Index inflationary pressures) on research budgets. The federal government should recognize this fact and rebudgetaccordingly.

• The funding agencies should reexamine their portfolios in theoretical AMO science to ensure that this effort is at proper strength, in both workforce numbers and in funding level, given the critical role of theoretical research in AMO science.

• The federal government should implement incentives to encourage more American students, and especially women and minorities, to study the physical sciences and take up careers in the field. It should continue to attract foreign students to study physical sciences and strongly encourage them to continue their scientific careers in the United States.

AMO Science and National Policy: Recommendations – II

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amo2010amo2010A Decade of Excitement, Opportunity, and Responsibility

New ideas and new tools promise a spectacular decade of discovery and innovation in AMO science.

Six grand challenges described in AMO 2010 are a bridge betweenfundamental science and 21st century national needs.

The exciting opportunities in AMO science are attracting a new generation of young researchers, providing an opportunity for our nation to invest in our young people and in our future.

Ultracold atomic gasesLaser fusion

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Atomic ClocksFrom military navigation in trackless deserts to unlocking the most

fundamental secrets of Nature, atomic clocks are central.

Atomic clock in a 1 mm3 volume

U.S. primary frequency standard: Cs atomic fountain clock, accurate to

5 X 10-16 or1 second in 60 million years

Optical frequency standards (Nobel ’05) are the future of atomic clocks

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Atomic ClocksFrom military navigation in trackless deserts to unlocking the most

fundamental secrets of Nature, atomic clocks are central.

Atomic clock in a 1 mm3 volume

US primary frequency standard: Cs atomic fountain clock, accurate to

5 X 10-16 or1 second in 60 million years

Optical frequency standards (Nobel ‘05) are the future of atomic clocks

Recent results:

Stability (Hg+/Al+):σy(τ = 8 hr) ≅ 4x10-17

Systematic uncertainty:∆f/f0(Hg+) ≅ 3x10-17

∆f/f0(Al+) ≅ 3x10-17

This uncertainty is equivalent to the Einstein gravitational “red shift” difference for ONE FOOT of altitude change.

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21st Century

QuantumMechanics

InformationScience

Quantum Information Science

20th Century

Quantum Information: A New Science

semiconductor devices

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Single Atoms, Ions, and Photons Are Qubits

• Quantum cryptography• Quantum computing:

code breakingphysics simulation

• Better measurement: the quantum limit

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A New State of Matter

Vortex formation is a hallmark of superfluidity in solid and liquid materials like superconducting metals and superfluid helium .

Supercold quantum gases give us a new set of tools for exploring these and other important problems in materials.

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LCLS, planned to start operations in 2009, showing the underground labs and the path of the x-ray FEL beam.

Extreme Light

X-ray lasers Megajoule lasers

NIF Target Chamber

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Key:

• NSLS: National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven

• ALS: Advanced Light Source at LBNL

• APS: Advanced Photon Source at Argonne

• ESRF: European Synchrotron Research Facility

• SPPS: Sub-Picosecond Pulse Source SLAC

• LCLS: The Linac Coherent Light Source at SLAC

Current and Future x-ray Sources

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Laser Power Beyond A Petawatt

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Single Molecule Imaging Via Diffraction by an X-ray Laser.

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Nanolocalized light fields to control atomic motion

Controlling the Nanoworld

Single photons on demandfrom quantum dots

Nanostructuredoptical fibers

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Controlling the Inner Workings of a Molecule

tools for control

Total field control-Ultrafast studies (1999 Nobel)-Carrier envelope phase control (2005 Nobel)-Pulse shapers

Learning feedback

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A snapshot image of a molecule obtained from field ionization and electron-molecule recollision

Controlling the Inner Workings of a Molecule