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UNITED NATIONS
Convention to Combat Desertification
Distr. GENERAL ICCD/COP(8)/11* 24 August 2007 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH
CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES Eighth session Madrid, 3–14 September 2007 Item 14 of the provisional agenda Outcome of the International Year of Deserts and Desertification
Outcome of the International Year of Deserts and Desertification
Note by the secretariat**
Summary The General Assembly of the United Nations, at its fifty-eighth ordinary session, being concerned at the exacerbation of desertification, particularly in Africa, and its far-reaching implications for the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), declared the year 2006 as the International Year of Deserts and Desertification (IYDD) as a means of raising public awareness on the issue of desertification and in order to protect the biological diversity and the knowledge and the traditions of communities affected by desertification. This report provides an assessment of the results and outcomes of the wide range of events and activities that took place in celebration of the IYDD. It concludes that the IYDD offered an important opportunity to increase awareness and disseminate information about desertification at the global level, while fostering the development and consolidation of stakeholder networks and contributing to the long-term implementation of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification and the achievement of the MDGs. Combating desertification remains, nevertheless, an important challenge, and in order to perpetuate the momentum generated through the IYDD, it is imperative that appropriate follow-up action takes place.
* Reissued for technical reasons. ** The submission of this document was delayed due to the short time available between the fifth session of the Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention and the eighth session of the Conference of the Parties.
GE.07-63363 (E)
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CONTENTS
Paragraphs Page I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 1–4 4 II. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF THE INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF DESERTS AND DESERTIFICATION ............................. 5–7 4 III. CELEBRATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF DESERTS AND DESERTIFICATION.................................................................. 8–16 5
A. International events ................................................................... 9–12 5 B. National celebrations and events............................................... 13–16 5
IV. KEY OUTPUTS AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF DESERTS AND DESERTIFICATION ........................................................................... 17–41 7
A. Recommendations to strengthen existing aspects of the Convention implementation process ................................... 22–29 8 B. Outcomes focusing on cross-cutting themes which are already considered within the Convention but which need to continue to be mainstreamed..................................................... 30–36 12 C. Outputs from International Year of Deserts and Desertification events identifying new emerging cross-sectoral issues in need of attention within the Convention process........ 37–41 15 V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................. 42–50 17 A. Attain commitment to the management and restoration of degraded drylands from all stakeholders................................... 44 17 B. Formulate and implement supportive policies and appropriate legal frameworks ....................................................................... 45 17 C. Empower local people and marginalized groups – particularly women and young people – and ensure the equitable sharing of costs and benefits, giving due consideration to the costs of inaction. 46 18 D. Employ integrated approaches to resource assessment, planning and management, taking into consideration the links between desertification and other emerging cross-sectoral issues, including migration, environmental security, health, water, renewable energies and food insecurity ......................... 47 18 E. Take an adaptive and holistic approach to dryland management, emphasizing environmental, social and cultural values, as well as traditional knowledge ................................... 48 19 F. Promote economic efficiency and financial viability................ 49 19
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G. Assure participatory monitoring and evaluation as a basis for adaptive management .......................................................... 50 19
Annex Synthesis of outcomes, objectives, ways forward and stakeholders/ institutions to whom recommendations addressed ............................... 21
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I. Introduction 1. In 2003, the General Assembly of the United Nations, at its fifty-eighth session, adopted resolution 58/211, deciding that the International Year of Deserts and Desertification (IYDD) would be formally launched on 1 January 2006. The IYDD was designated with a view to raising global public awareness of the increasing challenges posed by desertification, safeguarding the biological diversity of arid lands and protecting the knowledge and traditions of affected communities. 2. The same General Assembly resolution 58/211 designated the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as the focal point for the IYDD, in conjunction with an inter-agency committee bringing together the principal institutional partners of the United Nations active in the UNCCD implementation process. 3. At its sixtieth session, the General Assembly adopted resolution 60/200, requesting the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-second session on the celebration of the IYDD. And the Conference of the Parties (COP), by its decision 28/COP.7, requested the Convention secretariat to report to the COP at its eighth session on the outcomes of the IYDD.
4. The present document complements the interim report on the status of celebration of IYDD events (ICCD/CRIC(5)/10), which was prepared by the Convention secretariat for the fifth session of the Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention (CRIC 5). It focuses on the added value brought by the IYDD and presents possible options to maintain and build upon the momentum generated by the celebration of the IYDD, by outlining the recommendations emerging from IYDD events at all levels.
II. Background and objectives of the International Year of Deserts and Desertification
5. The decision of the General Assembly to observe an international year dedicated to deserts and desertification provided an important communication platform to strongly and effectively underline the fact that desertification is a global problem. The IYDD also provided an impulse to strengthen the visibility and importance of desertification as an issue on the international environmental agenda, while also providing a timely reminder to the international community of the immense challenges that still lie ahead, particularly in relation to its far-reaching implications in the achievements of the Millennium Development Goals. 6. The IYDD was also intended to address the issue of deserts, which, with their unique habitats, fragile beauty and incredibly diverse fauna, have been home to some of the world’s oldest civilizations. 7. With a view to fully capitalizing on the expected momentum to be generated by the IYDD, its conception, launch and celebration were organized around the promotion of the UNCCD process and the complementary advantages of its multilateral and bilateral partners. In this context, it was expected that the IYDD would lead to the achievement of a set of concrete and measurable objectives, assembled under the abbreviation LAND:
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(a) Long-term oriented implementation of the UNCCD;
(b) Awareness of the implications of desertification;
(c) Networking with all stakeholders;
(d) Dissemination of information relating to the UNCCD.
III. Celebrations of the International Year of Deserts and Desertification 8. On several occasions the General Assembly and the COP encouraged country Parties and observers, including intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and United Nations agencies, to celebrate the IYDD worldwide. The UNCCD secretariat, in cooperation with its bilateral and institutional partners, organized major events in celebration of the IYDD. At national and regional levels IYDD celebrations were marked by numerous initiatives that highlighted the commitment of Parties and other stakeholders to the effective implementation of the UNCCD. Further details of the nature and content of these events may be found in document ICCD/CRIC(5)/10.
A. International events 9. Several international events were organized by the IYDD inter-agency committee, which included the UNCCD and major United Nations and NGO partners. These events were held in various regions of the world with the support of affected and developed country Parties, including: Algeria, Belgium, Canada, China, Cuba, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Israel, Italy, Mali, Morocco, Niger, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia and the United Republic of Tanzania. The key events are described in the annex. 10. In addition to activities jointly planned and scheduled by the inter-agency committee, international partner organizations also organized specific initiatives that were identified and devised on the basis of their respective fields of expertise and mandates. 11. Further global communication initiatives were undertaken to raise awareness of desertification and the UNCCD. These include broadcasts by media organizations, including the BBC, Voice of America and Deutsche Welle. In addition, Scidev.net commissioned scientific experts to prepare a Desert Science Dossier, which was subsequently made available on its website: <www.scidev.net>. 12. These initiatives contributed extensively towards raising the visibility of desertification within the media during the IYDD, particularly during the commemorations of World Environment Day (5 June) and the World Day to Combat Desertification (17 June).
B. National celebrations and events 13. Prior to the start of 2006, the Executive Secretary contacted all Parties to inform them of the General Assembly’s decision and requested information on national level activities that
ICCD/COP(8)/11* Page 6 Parties intended to organize to celebrate the IYDD. Fifty-four Parties confirmed that they would be holding celebrations to mark the IYDD. 14. At the end of 2006, the secretariat invited Parties and observers to report on the activities they had carried out to celebrate the IYYD. By the end of May 2007 information had been received on activities and events that took place in 32 countries: Algeria, Argentina, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Canada, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Malawi, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Portugal, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Spain, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Togo and Turkey. These reports were useful in identifying, at the national level, the status of stakeholders’ involvement and the priorities addressed. For example, one report outlined a number of special events, publications, resources and media coverage, civil society and networking events and contributions to international conferences and events. The same report highlighted how the IYDD celebrations helped to promote knowledge and increase information exchange in relation to the UNCCD and its implementation, and raise awareness of the challenges of desertification to human security and well-being in drylands. 15. The IYDD initiatives reported from other parts of the world were varied in nature and content and involved many different stakeholders. Some of these were organized specifically in the framework of IYDD, whereas others capitalized on the IYDD celebrations. 16. National events were grouped into three categories:
(a) Conferences/workshops/seminars/symposiums, including academic lectures, scientific meetings, round-table discussions, forums and press conferences. Celebrations under this category were held in the following countries: Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Germany, Guinea, Guyana, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Malawi, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Portugal, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Spain, Togo and Turkey. These activities helped to achieve the objectives of disseminating information, networking and raising awareness, particularly in relation to the importance of addressing desertification in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
(b) Public information and awareness-raising events, including exhibition stands, postcards, posters, booklets, literature, maps, “This Land is Your Land” information pack, civil society networking events, media coverage, study tours, teaching kits, training for teachers on desertification, e-learning programmes, World Days, and tree plantings. IYDD events in this category were held in the following countries: Argentina, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Germany, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Morocco, Portugal, Sao Tome and Principe, Spain and Turkey. These activities provided a valuable contribution towards the long-term implementation of the UNCCD, as well as helping to meet the objectives of information dissemination, networking and raising awareness. They also contributed towards raising awareness of the importance of protecting the biological diversity, knowledge and traditions of communities affected by desertification.
(c) Cultural events including museum/gallery/photographic exhibitions, musical events, plays, film festivals, commemorative stamps, calendars, websites, desertification themed lottery tickets, and photographic/writing contests and competitions. Cultural events were held in
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the following countries: Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Germany, Guinea, Italy, Morocco, Senegal, Spain, Togo and Turkey. Many of the exhibitions attracted large audiences. For example, a special exhibition on deserts organized in Rosenheim, Germany, received more than 200,000 visitors. Similarly, another country reported the success of an IYDD-related photographic exhibition which was seen by more than one million people. These types of cultural events made a major contribution towards the goals of raising awareness and networking, as well as celebrating the cultural and biological heritage of the world’s deserts.
IV. Key outputs and achievements of the International Year of Deserts and Desertification
17. Many of the IYDD events requested the COP, the secretariat and other stakeholders to give due consideration to follow-up initiatives. Outputs from the workshops organized in Bamako (4–6 September 2006) and Beijing (May 29 to 1 June 2006) specifically requested the COP to consider the statements, recommendations and declarations with a view to implementing the recommendations therein. At the end of the Algiers conference (17–19 December 2006) an agreement was signed by the Ministry of Environment of Algeria, the United Nations University (UNU), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the secretariats of the UNCCD and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in order to strengthen the collaboration of these institutions in the fight against desertification. The agreement also referred to a proposed Decade of Deserts and Desertification (2010–2020), promoted by the conference and subsequently discussed at the UNEP Governing Council session in Nairobi, Kenya, from 5 to 9 February 2007. 18. In addition to the momentum and enthusiasm for follow-up initiatives, IYDD events also yielded outputs which, if acted upon, could capitalize on and enhance the multiplier effect of the IYDD at the national and international level. The nature of outputs is summarized in the annex. Many outputs are addressed to specific stakeholder groups and UNCCD bodies, including the CRIC, the COP, the secretariat, the Committee on Science and Technology (CST), and the Intergovernmental Intersessional Working Group (IIWG), as well as to country Parties, the scientific community and international partner agencies (see annex). 19. If timely responses are deployed by relevant stakeholders, these outputs could yield multiple benefits, contributing further to raising public awareness, protecting the biological diversity and knowledge and traditions of affected communities, implementing the MDGs, and playing a key role in the implementation of the UNCCD over the long term. 20. Several outputs provide suggestions to strengthen existing, often well-established aspects of the UNCCD implementation process and address the Convention’s long-term goals by focusing on a variety of core themes. Some of these themes were addressed during the IYDD events: some of them were in cross-cutting thematic areas such as women and young people, whereas others pointed to new, emerging cross-sectoral issues, such as food insecurity and migration due to desertification. 21. Each recommendation has been considered and evaluated under the categories outlined below. Where appropriate and relevant, attention has been drawn to those groups to which appeals/calls are being made. It should also be noted that many of the recommendations could be
ICCD/COP(8)/11* Page 8 placed under several of the headings but to avoid repetition, each recommendation has been only detailed once.
A. Recommendations to strengthen existing aspects of the
Convention implementation process 22. An important spectrum of recommendations have been identified in the following thematic areas: participation and empowerment, civil society/NGOs and networking, scientific research, training and consensus, long-term UNCCD implementation, indicators and targets, national action programmes (NAPs), and resources and financing.
1. Enhancing participation and empowerment 23. Outcomes from the deliberations at the IYDD events include the following:
(a) The need for recognition that successful research and knowledge sharing must
involve cross-disciplinary partnerships that engage the participation of land users, governments, regional and international bodies, NGOs, civil society, communities and the private sector (Niamey);1
(b) Acknowledgement that desertification-affected dryland dwellers must be at the centre of any remediation and engagement, and enabling of communities leading to effective stewardship should remain at the heart of policy formulation (Algiers);
(c) Recognition that poverty, desertification and migration impact strongly on women and youth which, in turn, calls for formulating strategies that will strengthen these social groups and make them less vulnerable (Almeria);
(d) The need to facilitate the effective participation of farmers, as well as populations of arid zones to the formulation of public policies which have a direct impact on them and their livelihoods (Montpellier).
2. Enhancing the role of civil society/NGOs and networking 24. Outcomes from the deliberations at the IYDD events include the following:
(a) The need for the establishment of a trust fund for the benefit of civil society during IYDD (Rome);
(b) Calls to civil society, national authorities and the international community to place the development of drylands and combating desertification at the centre of efforts aimed at the successful implementation of the multilateral environmental agreements and to achieve the MDGs (Tunis);
1 In order to facilitate cross-referencing, each of the recommendations in section A to C will include in parenthesis the name of the city where the event took place. For a full and comprehensive list of events please refer to the annex.
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(c) The need to set up a viable system in order to increase and reinforce the active
contribution of civil society in reducing the impacts of desertification (Montpellier);
(d) Support and encouragement to national focal points to seek synergies, partnerships and networking opportunities to incorporate the gender dimension into civil society, grassroots, academic, economic and business organizations (Beijing);
(e) An invitation to governments and cooperation agencies to support existing youth networks involved in environmental and sustainable development issues by providing funds and building capacity (Bamako);
(f) Acknowledgement that the establishment and strengthening of local women’s organizations should be promoted in order to enhance women’s capacity in decision-making and participatory processes and to further develop networks (Beijing, Montpellier, Bamako);
(g) Recognition that for research and knowledge-sharing to be successful, it must address the priority needs expressed by the poor and must take a holistic approach through cross-disciplinary partnerships that engage the participation of land users, governments, regional and international bodies, NGOs, civil society, communities and the private sector (Niamey).
3. Scientific research, training and consensus 25. Outcomes from the deliberations at the IYDD events include the following:
(a) Multidisciplinary research is needed on dryland policy options and consequences, the risk of drought, the hunger/thirst nexus and water scarcity, land tenure issues, farmer decision-making and incentives, interactions between agricultural and natural ecosystems, drought preparedness and mitigation, soil and water resource management, the potential of indigenous and introduced agrobiodiversity, the value of ecosystem services and on the interrelation between desertification and migration (Niamey, Almeria, Algiers);
(b) There is a need for improved communication and sharing of scientific knowledge across the spectrum of stakeholders, from grassroots land users to national and international policymakers, ensuring scientific findings are available and understandable to all stakeholders (Niamey, Sede Boqer, Tunis, Montpellier):
(c) There is a need for governments and multilateral environmental agreements to integrate science into policymaking at all levels, from policy formulation to implementation (Algiers, Tunis);
(d) There is a need to associate end-users in the definition of research programmes. Procedures should also be set up allowing consideration of the needs of local actors and their involvement in the creation and validation of knowledge and its diffusion (Montpellier);
(e) Fighting against desertification and the effects of drought through the improvement of systematic scientific assessment of land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry
ICCD/COP(8)/11* Page 10 sub-humid areas. Such assessment should also include a link to the efforts needed to adapt to the adverse effects of climate variability and/or climate change (New York);
4. Concerns and requests for long-term UNCCD implementation 26. Outcomes from the deliberations at the IYDD events include the following:
(a) Recognition of the need for a mechanism of peer review in the implementation of the Convention, to ensure compliance and facilitate the availability and accessibility of technology and funding to those who need them and for alternative livelihoods of dryland communities (New York);
(b) Recognition that improvements in the interaction of the UNCCD with other development partners and national governments would enable the Convention to champion better policies at the international level (Algiers);
(c) Requests to the Convention secretariat to establish a focal point for youth and a Convention youth partnership network (Bamako);
(d) Requests to the governments of country Parties to introduce more substance to COPs and CRICs (Montpellier);
(e) Encouragement of the IIWG to take fully into consideration the recommendations of the Beijing International Conference on Women and Desertification and the Bamako Statement and to establish clear targets towards the equal participation of women in UNCCD implementation (Beijing, Bamako);
(f) Calls to Parties and national bodies responsible for the implementation of the UNCCD to design, implement and support project activities and programmes relating to women’s empowerment in areas affected by drought and desertification, with particular regard to projects in rural areas (Beijing).
5. Indicators and targets 27. Outcomes from the deliberations at the IYDD events include the following:
(a) Identification of a limited number of clear, legally binding targets for UNCCD implementation based, inter alia, on past work of the CST and a review of selected successful stories/failures of campaigns against desertification and the effects of droughts. The Conference of the Parties at its eighth session should consider relevant background information with a view to initiating a consultation process among Parties (New York);
(b) Recognition of the need to fix clear, quantifiable and time-bound objectives to the UNCCD (Montpellier);
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(c) Recognition of the need for better harmonization of information at various levels,
together with standardization of definitions, indicators, monitoring procedures, impact studies and evaluation techniques (Algiers);
(d) The need for preparation and application of methodologies/guidelines with a view to incorporating the gender dimension into reporting activities and revising the existing set of benchmarks and indicators in order to include it appropriately (Beijing).
6. National action programmes 28. Outcomes from the deliberations at the IYDD events include the following:
(a) Recommendation that the priorities of NAPs need to be fully mainstreamed in the
production sector and national frameworks, and to be linked to agriculture, livestock rearing, land use planning, water use, forestry and rural development (Agenda 21) (New York);
(b) Calls upon Parties to incorporate the gender dimension in the implementation of NAPs and in other relevant frameworks or environmental strategies (Beijing);
(c) The expression of concern for the serious delays in implementing NAPs to combat desertification, and calls to those countries who have not yet finished formulating their NAPs to do so (Rome);
(d) A request to governments to raise NAPs to the strategic framework level and mainstream advanced efforts to combat desertification (Montpellier);
(e) Recognition that in view of current concerns with recurrent droughts and their impacts on local communities, it is important to develop and implement a national drought policy (NDP) that supports effective implementation of the NAPs (Arusha);
(f) A request to country Parties to identify specific measures for defining areas of participation for young people and the mechanisms that need to be in place to enhance their participation in the implementation of NAPs so as to promote the ownership of the activities by young people (Bamako).
7. Resources and financing 29. Outcomes from the deliberations at the IYDD events include the following:
(a) Public–private and community partnerships should be developed with a view to creating new funding opportunities and financial instruments (Algiers);
(b) Donor countries are invited to support initiatives using micro-credit tools (Beijing);
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(c) Innovative approaches to maximize the efficiency of bilateral and multilateral development cooperation instruments and their funding mechanisms, including debt swaps, in combating desertification, should be explored (New York);
(d) Consideration should be given to new innovative funding options for combating desertification, including solidarity contributions to development (New York);
(e) Donor countries and international agencies, particularly the Global Environment Facility (GEF), should be called upon to provide additional funds on a regular basis as a way of improving participation (particularly of women) in the decision-making process within the implementation of the Convention, as well as increasing budgets for small projects (Beijing, Bamako, Montpellier);
(f) The private sector must be provided with economic incentives to better invest in efforts to combat desertification (Algiers).
B. Outcomes focusing on cross-cutting themes which are already considered within the Convention but which need to continue to be mainstreamed
30. In particular these include: synergy and interlinkages, traditional knowledge, water, renewable energy, culture and education, alternative employment opportunities, access to markets and sustainable livelihoods. As the priority cross-cutting areas of gender (women) and youth formed the specific focus of international IYDD events and have provided multiple, valuable outputs with both thematic and new cross-sectoral recommendations, these have been integrated into the other thematic areas in this section. For further details, please refer to the Beijing Declaration and the Bamako Statement, available at <www.unccd.int>.
1. Synergy and interlinkages 31. Outcomes from the deliberations at the IYDD events include the following:
(a) Recognition of the need for scientific studies examining the linkages between
desertification, biodiversity loss and climate change (Sede Boqer);
(b) More attention needs to be given to the integration of climate change, biodiversity and freshwater programmes (New York);
(c) Recognition that innovative and adaptive land management responses to inherent climatic variability and natural hazards (droughts, floods, landslides, sand and dust storms, wildfires, etc.) must be identified and implemented for sustainable land management (Arusha);
(d) Cross-cutting programmes across sectors and ministries could help improve coordination at the national level (Algiers);
(e) Recognition of the need to identify the interdependence and conservation of cultural and biological diversity as priority issues in efforts to define future paths of dryland research for sustainable development (Tunis).
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2. Traditional knowledge
32. Outcomes from the deliberations at the IYDD events include the following:
(a) The documentation and dissemination of traditional knowledge (Beijing) as a
heritage of practical, common and effective experience (New York);
(b) A greater appreciation of the role of traditional knowledge and complementarities with appropriate technologies in food production, conservation and value addition (Beijing, Sede Boqer, Tunis);
(c) Recognition that combining traditional knowledge with scientific knowledge and new tools provides policymakers with crucial information (Algiers);
(d) Studies of the complementarities of local traditional knowledge and of innovative transferred technologies for effectively addressing local needs (Sede Boqer);
(e) A request to the UNCCD and country Parties to strengthen the effective integration of local traditional knowledge with modern scientific approaches to combat desertification (Montpellier).
3. Culture and education 33. Outcomes from the deliberations at the IYDD events include the following:
(a) The promotion of education and dissemination of information in areas affected by
drought and desertification (Beijing), as well as the inclusion of environmental and sustainable development as subjects in the curricula of schools, including the creation of specialized education facilities on combating desertification (Bamako);
(b) The creation of an international system of fellowships and/or internships on issues relating to desertification, supported by the private sector (Bamako).
4. Water 34. Outcomes from the deliberations at the IYDD events include the following:
(a) The management of water, forest and land resources to be based on an integrated, gender-oriented and ecosystem approach (Beijing, New York);
(b) Recognition that managing water scarcity will not only contribute towards reducing land degradation and desertification in fragile ecosystems characterized by structural water shortages, but also helps to attain the MDGs (New York);
(c) Acknowledgement that knowledge of water management approaches is crucial to formulating policies for dryland development (Algiers);
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(d) Recognition that desert drylands provide opportunities for sustainable livelihoods which do not depend on the land's primary productivity but exploit desert attributes such as winter warmth, brackish geothermal water and high solar irradiation (Sede Boqer).
5. Renewable energy 35. Outcomes from the deliberations at the IYDD events include the following:
(a) Renewable energy technologies and efficiencies to be improved according to local conditions (Beijing, Geneva) and connected to sustainable development and water access (New York);
(b) Information on alternative energy sources to be disseminated by NGOs (Beijing);
(c) Exploration of the potential of the drylands to take place in order to provide alternative energy sources (solar, wind and biofuels) (Sede Boqer, Almeria);
(d) The European Union should stress the importance of renewable energies as a means to eradicate the cause of anthropogenic climatic change (Almeria).
6. Alternative employment opportunities, access to markets and sustainable livelihoods 36. Outcomes from the deliberations at the IYDD events include the following:
(a) The comparative advantages of the drylands should be highlighted in overcoming poverty and insecurity (Niamey);
(b) Opportunities for income-generating activities should be encouraged based on the development of renewable energies (Beijing);
(c) Developing countries and countries with economies in transition should promote activities such as ecotourism to improve the livelihoods of affected communities (Bamako);
(d) Alternative employment opportunities and sustainable livelihoods for pastoralists and other land users in the drylands need to be created to diminish pressure on natural resource (Algiers, Geneva);
(e) Governments should be requested to set up coherent policies on international trade in the context of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and regional trade agreements, in order to allow equitable access of dryland products to the markets (Montpellier).
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C. Outputs from International Year of Deserts and Desertification events
identifying new emerging cross-sectoral issues in need of attention within the Convention process
37. These include the thematic areas of health, food security, migration and environmental refugees, ecosystem goods and services, their valuation and the costs of inaction, and environmental security.
1. Health 38. Outcomes from the deliberations at the IYDD events include the following:
(a) Consideration of health indicators, such as maternal diseases, child nutrition,
family planning, etc., in the UNCCD reporting process (Beijing, Geneva);
(b) Recognition of the negative effects of HIV/AIDS on communities living in areas affected by desertification and drought, and particularly on women, leading also to further land degradation and poverty, and of the need to explore effective strategies to diminish this negative impact through joint efforts promoting women’s active involvement (Beijing);
(c) Prevention and anticipation of health risks by strengthening capacity for resistance both of the population and the food sector, through immunization, palm production and planting drought-tolerant crops with higher nutritional qualities (Geneva);
(d) The provision of adequate reproductive health facilities for women in areas affected by drought and desertification in order to reduce maternal and child mortality (Beijing).
2. Food security 39. Outcomes from the deliberations at the IYDD events include the following:
(a) Recognition of the concept of food sovereignty in development paradigms for the
world’s arid zones. This advocates local agricultural production to feed the local population (Geneva);
(b) Greater consideration of the increasing convergence between human rights, the right to food and sustainable environmental management with emphasis on the prevention and anticipation of food insecurity in the drylands (Geneva);
(c) Promotion of the use, based on traditional knowledge, of multi-purpose trees and crops for the production of medicines and food of high nutritive value (Beijing);
(d) Promotion of a specific study on the nutritional capacity of areas affected by drought and desertification products and ways and means of improving the nutritional status of the younger generation, taking into consideration existing research in this field (Beijing).
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3. Environmental security, migration and environmental refugees 40. Outcomes from the deliberations at the IYDD events include the following:
(a) Comprehensive policies should be adopted to ensure full involvement, particularly
of young people, in natural resource management to encourage them to remain on their land (Bamako);
(b) Activities in areas affected by desertification should be supported as a way to prevent forced migration (Bamako);
(c) More in-depth analysis of the definition of environmental migration is needed (Algiers), as well as analysis of the causes and consequences of migration (Almeria), and recognition of environmental refugees under international law and the right to food (Geneva);
(d) A conceptual framework for desertification and migration and establishment of an international expert panel to gather existing global knowledge, measures and good practice to lessen the effects of desertification and migration is required (Almeria);
(e) A request to country Parties to undertake political measures to peacefully solve conflicts caused by desertification (Bamako).
4. Ecosystem goods and services, their valuation and the costs of inaction 41. Outcomes from the deliberations at the IYDD events include the following:
(a) Recognition that those people involved in the conservation and protection of
resources should benefit from payment for environmental services (Beijing);
(b) A call to the CST and the CRIC to act with urgency in order to contribute to reaching a scientific consensus – in time for COP 8 – on the causes and symptoms of desertification, future outlooks and the likely consequences of inaction (Rome, January);
(c) Recognition of the need for evaluation of costs and benefits of combating desertification, including ecosystem services, based on quantifiable targets and estimates of the cost of non-action, with the view to better defining/fine-tuning strategies for intervention at local, regional and global levels (New York);
(d) Emphasis of the need for research and methods to better document the full costs of dryland degradation, particularly the losses of ecological goods and services, and of human and social capital (Rome, December) and different development paths (Sede Boqer), and to quantify the substantial benefits that could accrue from the sustainable rehabilitation and development of these lands (Niamey);
(e) Recognition that investment in drylands is economic, socially and environmentally profitable and judicious (Geneva, Montpellier), and should be underpinned by
ICCD/COP(8)/11* Page 17
appropriate legislation, land tenure security, price stability, education, health care and civil peace (Rome, December);
V. Conclusion and recommendations 42. Despite the extensive progress made towards meeting the IYDD objectives, desertification remains an important global problem, notably in Africa, especially in relation to its far-reaching implications for the implementation of the MDGs, in particular Goal 1 on poverty eradication and Goal 7 on ensuring environmental sustainability. If undertaken appropriately, such follow-up action could have beneficial collateral effects in contributing to Goals 3, 4 and 8. It is therefore paramount that appropriate follow-up action takes place at all levels in order to build on the momentum generated through the IYDD, through the promotion of further political engagement, advocacy and awareness-raising in the context of the Convention. 43. The COP at its eighth session may wish to consider the following recommendations, identified in the relevant events organized during the celebration of the IYDD around seven main core priority areas.
A. Attain commitment to the management and restoration of degraded drylands from all stakeholders
44. The COP may wish to consider the following recommendations:
(a) UNCCD partner organizations (including the organizations of the United Nations
system), financial institutions (including the GEF), resource mobilizers (including the Global Mechanism) and Parties, to increase the level and diversity of funding available to combat desertification and implement the UNCCD, through the timely and predictable provision of sufficient resources;
(b) The scientific community to make research findings relevant to end-users, as well as easily accessible, understandable and useable, so that they may be used by all stakeholders;
(c) Civil society and NGOs to give priority to drylands and combating desertification in their efforts to implement multilateral environmental agreements.
B. Formulate and implement supportive policies and appropriate legal frameworks
45. The COP may wish to consider the following recommendations
(a) Improvement in the interaction of the UNCCD with development partners and the other Rio conventions, and the forging of new relationships with organizations addressing emerging cross-cutting issues such as food security, health, migration and human rights, in order to capitalize on synergy and develop a mutually supportive context for UNCCD implementation;
(b) Mainstreaming of the priorities of NAPs in the production sector and national development frameworks, in conjunction with the creation of clear targets and indicators to
ICCD/COP(8)/11* Page 18 monitor progress. Countries who have not yet finished formulating their NAPs should do so with urgency;
(c) Guaranteeing rights to land and resources, access to markets and the establishment of appropriate legal frameworks to support these rights.
C. Empower local people and marginalized groups – particularly women and young people – and ensure the equitable sharing of costs and benefits,
giving due consideration to the costs of inaction 46. The COP may wish to consider the following recommendations:
(a) Strengthening the role of women, youth and farmers and populations of arid zones in decision-making, participatory processes and efforts to implement the UNCCD;
(b) The consolidation of multi-stakeholder networks developed during the IYDD, particularly among NGOs, women, young people, farmers and scientists, together with the provision of appropriate resources to ensure their sustainability, including the formation of constituencies depending on the interests of the different stakeholders;
(c) Further research on the full environmental, social and economic costs of dryland degradation and their distribution among different stakeholder groups, including the costs of inaction, with a view to informing strategies for intervention at local, regional and global levels.
D. Employ integrated approaches to resource assessment, planning and management, taking into consideration the links between desertification and other emerging
cross-sectoral issues, including migration, environmental security, health, water, renewable energies and food insecurity
47. The COP may wish to consider the following recommendations:
(a) A focus on rights-based approaches to emerging cross-sectoral issues such as food security, access to water and migration, with emphasis on the prevention and anticipation of humanitarian challenges in planning and management strategies with regard to drylands;
(b) Further exploration of, and investment in, the less well-known opportunities provided by the drylands, in particular in their capacity for renewable energies and alternative livelihoods and income sources;
(c) Improved communication between stakeholders and harmonization of information at various levels across different sectors in order to enhance integration within planning and management and reduce the duplication of efforts.
ICCD/COP(8)/11* Page 19
E. Take an adaptive and holistic approach to dryland management, emphasizing
environmental, social and cultural values, as well as traditional knowledge 48. The COP may wish to consider the following recommendations:
(a) Commitment to integrated water, forest and land resource management based on a gender-oriented and ecosystem approach, capitalizing on the information in the Millennium Assessment and fostering synergy with other multilateral environmental agreements;
(b) Further promotion of education and dissemination of information in dryland areas affected by desertification, building on the progress made during the IYDD and incorporating different social and cultural values and traditional knowledge into dryland education efforts;
(c) Innovative and adaptive responses to natural dryland hazards, e.g. droughts, floods, sandstorms, etc., engaging all stakeholders through participatory processes, capitalizing on the complementarities of traditional coping strategies and scientific knowledge, and ensuring the timely review and revision of management goals, indicators and progress in order to maximize the effectiveness and efficiency of responses.
F. Promote economic efficiency and financial viability 49. The COP may wish to consider the following recommendations:
(a) Agreement of a limited number of clear targets for UNCCD implementation, including quantifiable objectives, time frames and appropriate indicators, in order to monitor progress and evaluate the “value for money” from investment in efforts to combat desertification;
(b) Exploration of innovative approaches to enhance resources and maximize the efficiency of bilateral and multilateral development instruments. Attention should be paid to, inter alia, debt swaps, solidarity contributions to development, public–private and community partnerships, and the provision of economic incentives to the private sector to enhance their investment in combating desertification;
(c) Documentation of the full costs of degradation and inaction (including losses of ecological goods and services, human and social capital) at national, regional and international levels, together with quantification of the economic benefits and profits that could accrue from the sustainable rehabilitation and development of the drylands.
G. Assure participatory monitoring and evaluation as a basis for adaptive management 50. The COP may wish to consider the following recommendations:
(a) Greater involvement and participation of those stakeholders affected by
desertification (particularly indigenous groups, women, young people and the poor) in problem definition, intervention design and project and policy implementation, through the establishment
ICCD/COP(8)/11* Page 20 of multi-stakeholder partnerships and communication platforms, building on and consolidating the networking progress made during the IYDD;
(b) Engagement of multiple stakeholders in the design and evaluation of future scenarios, allowing iterative testing and refinement of the impact of policies on target populations and end users, thus permitting meaningful local-level involvement in the creation and validation of strategies and actions to combat desertification;
(c) Further recognition to be given to the added value achieved in combining traditional and scientific knowledge in order to effectively address local needs and guide the participatory development of novel, appropriate strategies and technologies in combating desertification.
Ann
exA
nnex
[EN
GL
ISH
ON
LY
]
Synt
hesi
s of
out
com
es, o
bjec
tive
s, w
ays
forw
ard
and
stak
ehol
ders
/inst
itut
ions
to
who
m r
ecom
men
dati
ons
are
addr
esse
d D
ate
and
loca
tion
Eve
ntK
ey o
utco
mes
, inc
ludi
ng s
take
hold
ers
and
inst
itut
ions
to
who
m r
ecom
men
dati
ons
are
addr
esse
d (w
here
app
ropr
iate
)
Con
trib
utio
ns to
re
com
men
dati
ons
in c
hapt
er V
19
–20
Janu
ary,
R
ome,
Ita
ly
Wor
ksho
p on
co
mba
ting
de
sert
ific
atio
n an
d po
vert
y in
dry
land
s
Cal
l fo
r co
nsen
sus
on
caus
es
and
sym
ptom
s of
de
sert
ific
atio
n,
futu
re
outlo
oks
and
cons
eque
nces
of
inac
tion;
hig
hlig
ht c
once
rn f
or l
ack
of m
etho
dolo
gica
l ri
gor
in e
xam
inin
g U
NC
CD
im
plem
enta
tion
and
cons
ider
de
lays
in
N
AP
prod
uctio
n pr
oble
mat
ic.
STA
KE
HO
LD
ER
S: I
nter
nati
onal
com
mun
ity
can
and
shou
ld d
o m
ore;
Civ
il s
ocie
ty h
as a
ro
le to
pla
y in
aw
aren
ess-
rais
ing
A(c
), B
(b),
C(b
)
27 F
ebru
ary,
W
ashi
ngto
n D
C, U
nite
d St
ates
of
Am
eric
a
Wor
ld B
ank
Rur
al
Day
: Tac
klin
g de
grad
ed la
nd to
en
sure
fut
ure
food
pr
oduc
tion
Key
con
cern
s fo
r su
stai
nabl
e la
nd m
anag
emen
t (S
LM
): l
and
tenu
re a
nd p
rope
rty
righ
ts,
conf
usio
n ov
er
inst
ituti
onal
co
llabo
ratio
n,
wat
ersh
ed
man
agem
ent,
paym
ents
fo
r en
viro
nmen
tal
serv
ices
, co
sts
asso
ciat
ed w
ith
land
deg
rada
tion,
eff
ects
of
clim
ate
chan
ge
on S
LM
; an
alyt
ical
wor
k is
nee
ded
to d
eepe
n in
terv
enti
ons
to i
ncor
pora
te S
LM
int
o co
mm
unity
dri
ven
proj
ects
. ST
AK
EH
OL
DE
RS:
Lan
d ad
min
istr
atio
n an
d m
anag
emen
t ne
ed to
coo
pera
te e
ffec
tivel
y to
dev
elop
mor
e ho
listic
app
roac
hes
to S
LM
.
B(a
),
B(c
),
C(c
),
F(c)
11–1
2 A
pril,
G
enev
a,
Swit
zerl
and
Inte
rnat
iona
l co
nfer
ence
: co
mba
ting
de
sert
ific
atio
n,
hung
er a
nd p
over
ty
Cal
ls f
or a
foc
us o
n th
e li
nks
betw
een
dese
rtif
icat
ion,
pov
erty
and
foo
d se
curi
ty a
nd
high
ligh
ts t
he n
eed
for
grea
ter
polit
ical
aw
aren
ess
and
will
. St
ress
es t
he i
mpo
rtan
ce o
f ap
plyi
ng a
rig
hts-
base
d ap
proa
ch, f
ocus
ing
on th
e ri
ght t
o fo
od a
s w
ell a
s th
e im
port
ance
of
righ
ts to
land
and
res
ourc
es, a
nd a
cces
s to
mar
kets
.
B(a
), B
(c),
D(a
)
13–1
6 A
pril,
M
arra
kesh
, M
oroc
co
Wor
ksho
p:
Dec
entr
aliz
atio
n an
d lo
cal
deve
lopm
ent
Prom
otio
n of
env
iron
men
tal
educ
atio
n an
d in
form
atio
n sh
arin
g; f
acili
tati
on o
f ac
cess
of
loca
l gr
oups
to
fi
nanc
ial
faci
litie
s;
need
fo
r co
oper
atio
n ne
twor
ks
in
the
area
s of
de
cent
raliz
atio
n, lo
cal d
evel
opm
ent,
the
figh
t aga
inst
des
ertif
icat
ion
and
pove
rty
redu
ctio
n;
deve
lopm
ent
of o
asis
zon
es.
STA
KE
HO
LD
ER
S: C
all
for
tech
nica
l co
oper
atio
n be
twee
n su
breg
ions
to
faci
litat
e co
mm
unit
y ac
cess
to
fina
ncia
l fa
cilit
ies;
cal
l fo
r re
flec
tion
by
expe
rt s
cien
tist
s fr
om N
orth
Afr
ica
and
Sahe
lian
coun
trie
s on
lin
ks b
etw
een
pove
rty,
de
sert
ific
atio
n an
d m
igra
tion;
en
cour
age
dece
ntra
lized
co
oper
atio
n be
twee
n th
e co
mm
unit
ies
of c
ount
ries
of t
he S
outh
.
C(b
),
C(c
),
E(b
),
F(c)
ICCD/COP(8)/11)/11Page 21Page 21
Dat
e an
d lo
cati
on
Eve
nt
Key
out
com
es, i
nclu
ding
sta
keho
lder
s an
d in
stit
utio
ns t
o w
hom
rec
omm
enda
tion
s ar
e ad
dres
sed
(whe
re a
ppro
pria
te)
Con
trib
utio
ns to
re
com
men
dati
ons
in c
hapt
er V
D
ate
and
loca
tion
E
vent
K
ey o
utco
mes
, inc
ludi
ng s
take
hold
ers
and
inst
itut
ions
to
who
m r
ecom
men
dati
ons
are
addr
esse
d (w
here
app
ropr
iate
)
Con
trib
utio
ns to
re
com
men
dati
ons
in c
hapt
er V
ICCD/COP(8)/11 Page 22 Page 22
8–10
May
, H
avan
a,
Cub
a
IYD
D a
nd th
e C
arib
bean
C
all
to
esta
blis
h a
netw
ork
of
yout
h en
viro
nmen
tal
grou
ps
(YE
G)
in
part
icip
atin
g C
arib
bean
Sta
tes
in o
rder
to r
ehab
ilita
te d
egra
ded
land
; gen
erat
e em
ploy
men
t for
the
yout
h se
ctor
and
red
uce
pove
rty;
inc
reas
e w
ater
use
eff
icie
ncy;
and
im
prov
e yo
uth
acce
ss t
o cr
edit
and
mar
kets
.
C(a
), C
(b),
G(a
)
14–1
9 M
ay,
Mar
rake
sh,
Mor
occo
Four
teen
th
Con
fere
nce
of th
e In
tern
atio
nal S
oil
Con
serv
atio
n O
rgan
izat
ion
Stre
ss i
mpo
rtan
ce o
f in
corr
ect
poli
cies
as
a ca
use
of l
and
degr
adat
ion;
the
im
port
ance
of
soils
in w
ater
pro
tect
ion
and
regu
latio
n an
d tr
eatin
g so
il a
nd w
ater
at
the
sam
e le
vel;
stre
ss
the
need
for
mor
e ac
cept
able
and
mea
sura
ble
crite
ria
of d
egra
datio
n; c
onsi
der
a la
ck o
f go
od
loca
l in
form
atio
n ab
out
soils
an
d w
ater
pr
even
ts
prop
er
plan
ning
an
d di
sast
er
redu
ctio
n. S
TA
KE
HO
LD
ER
S: r
ecom
men
dati
ons
mos
t app
ropr
iate
for
con
side
ratio
n by
the
CST
.
E(a
), E
(c)
29 M
ay –
1
June
, B
eiji
ng,
Chi
na
Inte
rnat
iona
l C
onfe
renc
e:
Wom
en a
nd
dese
rtif
icat
ion
Hig
hlig
ht t
he i
mpo
rtan
ce o
f ed
ucat
ion,
hea
lth,
tech
nolo
gy,
ener
gy,
wat
er a
nd w
omen
’s
empo
wer
men
t to
par
ticip
ate
in d
ecis
ion-
mak
ing,
cap
acit
y-bu
ildi
ng a
nd t
he m
anag
emen
t of
na
tura
l re
sour
ces
(lan
d w
ater
etc
); s
tres
s th
e im
port
ance
of
com
mun
ity
paym
ent
for
envi
ronm
enta
l se
rvic
es;
note
the
nee
d fo
r pu
blic
/pri
vate
and
com
mun
ity
part
ners
hips
to
crea
te n
ew f
inan
cial
ins
trum
ents
for
the
pro
mot
ion
of g
ende
r-se
nsiti
ve u
se o
f re
new
able
en
ergy
; ca
ll fo
r fa
cilit
atio
n of
w
omen
’s
acce
ss
to
mar
ket
info
rmat
ion,
ag
ricu
ltura
l te
chno
logi
es,
tran
spor
t fa
cilit
ies
and
mic
ro-f
inan
ce
oppo
rtun
ities
. ST
AK
EH
OL
DE
RS:
U
NC
CD
rep
orti
ng p
roce
ss s
houl
d co
nsid
er i
nclu
ding
hea
lth
indi
cato
rs;
spec
ial
valu
e of
cl
ean
deve
lopm
ent m
echa
nism
pro
ject
s in
dro
ught
and
des
ertif
icat
ion-
affe
cted
are
as s
houl
d be
pro
mot
ed;
Add
ition
al f
unds
for
cap
acit
y-bu
ildi
ng t
o im
prov
e w
omen
’s p
artic
ipat
ion
in
deci
sion
-mak
ing
to c
omba
t de
sert
ific
atio
n ar
e re
ques
ted
from
don
ors
and
inte
rnat
iona
l ag
enci
es.
C(a
),
C(b
),
D(b
),
E(a
), E
(b),
G(a
)
19–2
1 Ju
ne,
Tun
is,
Tun
isia
Inte
rnat
iona
l sc
ient
ific
co
nfer
ence
: The
fu
ture
of
dryl
ands
Not
es t
he i
mpo
rtan
ce o
f: t
he i
nter
depe
nden
ce a
nd c
onse
rvat
ion
of c
ultu
ral
and
biol
ogic
al
dive
rsity
; in
tegr
ated
man
agem
ent
of w
ater
res
ourc
es;
asse
ssin
g an
d fo
reca
stin
g dr
ylan
d ec
osys
tem
dyn
amic
s in
ord
er t
o fo
rmul
ate
adap
tati
on s
trat
egie
s in
the
con
text
of
glob
al
chan
ge a
nd t
o al
levi
ate
pove
rty
so a
s to
ach
ieve
the
MD
Gs;
agr
icul
ture
and
pas
tora
lism
as
oppo
rtun
ities
for
sus
tain
able
lan
d us
e; f
orm
ulat
ing
and
impl
emen
ting
sce
nari
os a
nd p
olic
y op
tions
for
goo
d go
vern
ance
in
the
cont
ext
of g
loba
l ch
ange
; id
entif
ying
via
ble
dryl
and
live
lihoo
ds a
nd p
olic
y op
tions
for
the
ben
efit
of d
ryla
nd d
wel
lers
(su
ch a
s ec
otou
rism
);
educ
atin
g fo
r su
stai
nabl
e de
velo
pmen
t an
d kn
owle
dge
shar
ing;
cos
ts r
elat
ing
to in
actio
n in
th
e fi
eld
of l
and
degr
adat
ion;
ren
ewab
le e
nerg
ies
for
dryl
and
deve
lopm
ent;
and
the
nee
d fo
r ev
alua
tion
of
dryl
and
ecos
yste
m s
ervi
ces
and
thei
r tr
ade-
offs
.
A(a
),
A(b
),
A(c
),
D(c
),
E(a
),
E(b
),
E(c
), G
(b),
G(c
)
Dat
e an
d lo
cati
on
Eve
nt
Key
out
com
es, i
nclu
ding
sta
keho
lder
s an
d in
stit
utio
ns t
o w
hom
rec
omm
enda
tion
s ar
e ad
dres
sed
(whe
re a
ppro
pria
te)
Con
trib
utio
ns to
re
com
men
dati
ons
in c
hapt
er V
D
ate
and
loca
tion
E
vent
K
ey o
utco
mes
, inc
ludi
ng s
take
hold
ers
and
inst
itut
ions
to
who
m r
ecom
men
dati
ons
are
addr
esse
d (w
here
app
ropr
iate
)
Con
trib
utio
ns to
re
com
men
dati
ons
in c
hapt
er V
28
Aug
ust,
C
ape
Tow
n,
Sout
h A
fric
a
GE
F Fo
rum
on
sust
aina
ble
land
m
anag
emen
t
Futu
re d
irec
tions
and
app
roac
hes
for
GE
F ac
tiviti
es i
n su
stai
nabl
e la
nd m
anag
emen
t su
gges
t th
at
the
inte
grat
ion
of
land
, w
ater
, bi
odiv
ersi
ty
and
soci
etal
is
sues
en
able
s re
spon
ses
to p
robl
ems
affe
ctin
g w
hole
eco
syst
ems
and
econ
omie
s, t
hrou
gh c
oord
inat
ed
land
us
e pl
anni
ng
reso
urce
m
anag
emen
t. SL
M
invo
lves
a
com
bina
tion
of
scie
ntif
ic
know
ledg
e, l
ocal
kno
wle
dge
and
know
-how
, in
nova
tion
, an
d co
mm
unit
y-dr
iven
act
ion.
N
ew c
apac
ity f
or k
now
ledg
e m
anag
emen
t and
& e
xcha
nge
thro
ugh
tran
spar
ent k
now
ledg
e-sh
arin
g an
d fe
edba
ck
play
s a
key
role
. ST
AK
EH
OL
DE
RS:
th
e G
EF
sh
ould
le
ad
deve
lopm
ent
of a
pol
icy
and
adm
inis
trat
ive
fram
ewor
k w
ithi
n w
hich
var
ious
sec
tora
l, na
tiona
l an
d di
stri
ct o
rgan
izat
ions
can
con
trib
ute
to s
uch
inte
grat
ed a
ppro
ache
s as
SL
M.
The
GE
F a
nd i
ts p
artn
er a
genc
ies
are
urge
d to
foc
us o
n ac
tivi
ties
that
will
res
ult
in a
si
gnif
ican
t re
duct
ion
in l
and
degr
adat
ion
and
its d
amag
e to
eco
syst
em s
ervi
ces
and
to t
he
poor
. A
min
imum
add
itio
nal
10–1
5 pe
r ce
nt a
nnua
l in
crea
se i
n re
sour
ces
for
the
next
10
year
s by
cou
ntri
es a
nd d
onor
age
ncie
s is
rec
omm
ende
d.
A(a
), D
(a),
D(b
),
D(c
), E
(a),
E(c
),
G(a
), G
(b),
G(c
)
4–6
Sept
embe
r,
Bam
ako,
M
ali
Bam
ako
Inte
rnat
iona
l co
nfer
ence
on
yout
h an
d de
sert
ific
atio
n
Incl
ude
the
yout
h an
d de
sert
ific
atio
n ag
enda
in
inte
rnat
iona
l co
nsul
tatio
ns a
nd l
and
tenu
re
refo
rms;
wor
k w
ith y
oung
peo
ple,
you
th g
roup
s an
d ad
voca
tes
for
yout
h in
tere
sts;
bui
ld
and
stre
ngth
en
part
ners
hips
w
ith
the
priv
ate
sect
or
and
NG
Os
in
incr
easi
ng
the
invo
lvem
ent
of y
oung
peo
ple
in t
he f
ight
aga
inst
des
ertif
icat
ion;
sup
port
vol
unte
er s
ervi
ce
sche
mes
th
at
are
targ
eted
at
yo
ung
peop
le;
enco
urag
e co
untr
ies
to
enha
nce
the
part
icip
atio
n of
you
ng p
eopl
e in
the
ela
bora
tion
and
impl
emen
tati
on o
f N
APs
at
loca
l, re
gion
al a
nd n
atio
nal
leve
ls;
form
a y
outh
net
wor
k in
dry
land
s; a
dvoc
ate
mor
e re
sour
ces
and
capa
city
-bui
ldin
g fo
r yo
ung
peop
le i
n dr
ylan
ds;
UN
CC
D s
houl
d ha
ve a
foc
al p
oint
for
yo
uth;
exp
edite
and
fac
ilita
te U
NC
CD
im
plem
enta
tion
in v
ario
us c
ount
ries
by
givi
ng
prio
rity
to d
ryla
nds
in b
oth
natio
nal a
nd in
tern
atio
nal p
oliti
cal a
gend
as; i
ncre
ase
the
role
of
youn
g pe
ople
in th
e fi
ght a
gain
st d
eser
tific
atio
n an
d in
the
form
ulat
ion
and
impl
emen
tatio
n of
NA
Ps/R
APs
;
A(a
), A
(b),
A(c
),
B(c
), C
(a),
C(b
),
G(a
)
21–2
3 Se
ptem
ber,
M
ontp
ellie
r,
Fran
ce
Inte
rnat
iona
l co
nfer
ence
: Civ
il
soci
ety
and
dese
rtif
icat
ion
Rec
ogni
tion
of t
he i
mpo
rtan
ce o
f in
tern
atio
nal
trad
e an
d eq
uita
ble
acce
ss t
o m
arke
ts f
or
dryl
and
prod
ucts
; em
phas
is o
f th
e ne
ed f
or c
lear
, qu
antif
iabl
e tim
e-bo
und
obje
ctiv
es
rela
ting
to
the
UN
CC
D.
App
eal
to
Stat
es:
to
set
up
cohe
rent
po
licie
s re
gard
ing
inte
rnat
iona
l tr
ade,
fo
r ag
reem
ents
al
low
ing
equi
tabl
e ac
cess
to
m
arke
ts
for
dryl
and
prod
ucts
, to
set
cle
ar,
quan
tifia
ble,
tim
e-bo
und
obje
ctiv
es i
n re
latio
n to
the
UN
CC
D;
to
ensu
re t
hat
the
func
tioni
ng o
f th
e C
ST i
s re
-exa
min
ed t
o in
crea
se i
ts e
ffic
ienc
y; t
o ra
ise
NA
Ps
to
a st
rate
gic
fram
ewor
k le
vel
to
crea
te
ince
ntiv
e m
easu
res
and
a re
gula
tory
fr
amew
ork
to f
avou
r th
e em
erge
nce
of l
ocal
sta
keho
lder
s gr
oups
suc
h as
pro
fess
iona
l
A(a
), B
(c),
C(a
),
C(b
), F
(a),
G(a
),
G(b
), G
(c)
ICCD/COP(8)/11)/11Page 23Page 23
Dat
e an
d lo
cati
on
Eve
nt
Key
out
com
es, i
nclu
ding
sta
keho
lder
s an
d in
stit
utio
ns t
o w
hom
rec
omm
enda
tion
s ar
e ad
dres
sed
(whe
re a
ppro
pria
te)
Con
trib
utio
ns to
re
com
men
dati
ons
in c
hapt
er V
D
ate
and
loca
tion
E
vent
K
ey o
utco
mes
, inc
ludi
ng s
take
hold
ers
and
inst
itut
ions
to
who
m r
ecom
men
dati
ons
are
addr
esse
d (w
here
app
ropr
iate
)
Con
trib
utio
ns to
re
com
men
dati
ons
in c
hapt
er V
ICCD/COP(8)/11 Page 24 Page 24
orga
niza
tions
of
fa
rmer
s an
d pa
stor
alis
ts;
to
faci
litat
e th
e ef
fect
ive
part
icip
atio
n of
ag
ricu
ltura
l re
pres
enta
tive
s an
d po
pula
tion
s of
ari
d zo
nes
to t
he f
orm
ulat
ion
of p
ublic
po
licie
s co
ncer
ning
them
. App
eal t
o th
e U
NC
CD
and
its
Par
ties
to s
tren
gthe
n th
e ef
fect
ive
inte
grat
ion
of l
ocal
tra
ditio
nal
know
ledg
e w
ith m
oder
n sc
ient
ific
app
roac
hes
in a
ctio
ns t
o co
mba
t de
sert
ific
atio
n. A
ppea
l to
the
res
earc
h co
mm
unit
y to
inv
olve
end
-use
rs i
n th
e de
fini
tion
of
rese
arch
pro
gram
mes
and
mak
e re
sear
ch f
indi
ngs
reac
h en
d-us
ers.
App
eal
to
the
GE
F a
nd i
ts e
ntiti
es:
to i
ncre
ase
fund
ing
to c
omba
t de
sert
ific
atio
n, a
nd t
o in
crea
se t
he
budg
et d
evot
ed t
o sm
all
proj
ects
. A
ppea
l to
Sta
te b
enef
icia
ries
of
aid
for
com
bati
ng
dese
rtifi
cati
on: t
o cl
osel
y co
ordi
nate
the
actio
ns o
f fu
nder
s w
ith
civi
l soc
iety
. 25
–27
Oct
ober
, A
lmer
ia,
Spai
n
Inte
rnat
iona
l sy
mpo
sium
on
dese
rtif
icat
ion
and
mig
rati
ons
Inte
rnat
iona
l, m
ultid
isci
plin
ary
stud
ies
on t
he r
elat
ions
hip
betw
een
dese
rtif
icat
ion
and
mig
rati
on,
with
a m
ajor
em
phas
is o
n yo
uth
and
fem
ale
empl
oym
ent;
mor
e in
-dep
th
anal
ysis
of
caus
es a
nd c
onse
quen
ces
of m
igra
tion
; im
prov
emen
t of
exi
stin
g st
atis
tics
and
a co
ncep
tual
fr
amew
ork
for
dese
rtif
icat
ion
and
mig
ratio
n.
Inte
rnat
iona
l or
gani
zati
ons,
af
fect
ed c
ount
ries
and
civ
il s
ocie
ty s
houl
d be
act
ive
stak
ehol
ders
in
prom
otin
g sc
ient
ific
an
d te
chno
logi
cal
deve
lopm
ent;
m
igra
tion
sh
ould
be
ad
dres
sed
from
a
solid
arity
pe
rspe
ctiv
e an
d in
volv
e in
tern
atio
nal
coop
erat
ion;
acq
uire
exi
stin
g gl
obal
kno
wle
dge
and
desi
gn s
elf-
man
agin
g st
rate
gies
, go
vern
men
tal
polic
ies,
mea
sure
s an
d go
od p
ract
ices
to
less
en d
eser
tific
atio
n ef
fect
s an
d m
igra
tion
; fu
nds
allo
cate
d by
ind
ustr
iali
zed
coun
trie
s to
av
oid
mig
rati
on s
houl
d be
inv
este
d in
pre
vent
ive
mea
sure
s an
d us
ed i
n co
mbi
nati
on w
ith
thos
e al
loca
ted
to f
ight
des
ertif
icat
ion;
Eur
opea
n U
nion
cou
ntri
es s
houl
d st
ress
ren
ewab
le
ener
gies
to
erad
icat
e th
e ca
uses
for
ant
hrop
ogen
ic c
lim
atic
cha
nge
and
reco
gnis
e th
e po
tent
ial
of d
ryla
nds
in t
he d
evel
opm
ent
of s
usta
inab
le e
nerg
ies;
Spa
in s
houl
d de
velo
p a
rese
arch
bod
y to
cre
ate
polic
ies
on d
eser
tific
atio
n an
d m
igra
tion
inte
rrel
atio
n.
A(b
),
A(c
),
C(a
),
C(b
), D
(b),
D(c
)
1–2
Nov
embe
r,
New
Yor
k,
Uni
ted
Stat
es o
f A
mer
ica
Rou
nd-t
able
di
scus
sion
: A
sses
sing
the
UN
CC
D p
roce
ss
and
iden
tifyi
ng
chal
leng
es a
head
Str
ateg
ical
ly e
mbe
ddin
g ef
fort
s to
com
bat
dese
rtif
icat
ion
into
cor
e de
velo
pmen
t-po
licy
fr
amew
orks
; Pe
riod
ic
asse
ssm
ent
of
scie
ntif
ic
liter
atur
e on
de
sert
ific
atio
n;
bette
r in
tegr
atio
n w
ith
clim
ate
chan
ge,
biod
iver
sity
an
d fr
eshw
ater
pr
ogra
mm
es;
capa
city
-bu
ildin
g of
civ
il so
ciet
y or
gani
zati
ons
and
com
mun
itie
s; t
he r
ole
of w
omen
; lo
ng-t
erm
ed
ucat
ion
prog
ram
mes
for
rai
sing
aw
aren
ess;
and
rec
ordi
ng a
nd p
rote
ctio
n of
tra
diti
onal
kn
owle
dge;
giv
ing
prio
rity
to
cros
s-se
ctor
al i
ssue
s, w
ith
rela
tion
ship
s be
twee
n w
ater
, ve
geta
tion
cov
er a
nd r
ural
pov
erty
bei
ng m
ost
urge
nt, w
ithi
n an
int
egra
ted
land
and
wat
er
man
agem
ent
appr
oach
; m
anag
ing
wat
er s
carc
ity a
nd c
omba
ting
thi
rst;
incr
easi
ng t
he r
ole
of w
omen
in
deci
sion
-mak
ing
proc
esse
s; c
onne
ctin
g su
stai
nabl
e de
velo
pmen
t an
d w
ater
ac
cess
to
depl
oym
ent
of r
enew
able
ene
rgy
sour
ces
and
impr
ovem
ent
of e
nerg
y ef
fici
ency
;
A(a
),
B(b
),
C(a
),
D(b
),
E(a
),
F(b)
, F(
c)
Dat
e an
d lo
cati
on
Eve
nt
Key
out
com
es, i
nclu
ding
sta
keho
lder
s an
d in
stit
utio
ns t
o w
hom
rec
omm
enda
tion
s ar
e ad
dres
sed
(whe
re a
ppro
pria
te)
Con
trib
utio
ns to
re
com
men
dati
ons
in c
hapt
er V
D
ate
and
loca
tion
E
vent
K
ey o
utco
mes
, inc
ludi
ng s
take
hold
ers
and
inst
itut
ions
to
who
m r
ecom
men
dati
ons
are
addr
esse
d (w
here
app
ropr
iate
)
Con
trib
utio
ns to
re
com
men
dati
ons
in c
hapt
er V
id
entif
ying
spe
cifi
c in
dica
tors
to
enha
nce
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
UN
CC
D’s
obj
ecti
ves,
pa
rtic
ular
ly:
deve
lopm
ent
of s
usta
inab
le a
gric
ultu
ral
and
lives
tock
pro
duct
ion
syst
ems;
de
velo
pmen
t of
re
new
able
en
ergy
so
urce
s;
laun
chin
g of
re
fore
stat
ion/
affo
rest
atio
n pr
ogra
mm
es a
nd i
nten
sifi
catio
n of
soi
l co
nser
vati
on p
rogr
amm
es;
deve
lopm
ent
of e
arly
w
arni
ng s
yste
ms
for
food
sec
urity
, dr
ough
t fo
reca
stin
g, a
nd d
eser
tific
atio
n m
onito
ring
; m
icro
-cre
dit f
or d
ryla
nd c
omm
unit
ies;
NA
P pr
iori
ties
need
to b
e fu
lly
mai
nstr
eam
ed in
the
prod
uctio
n se
ctor
and
nat
iona
l fr
amew
orks
, an
d li
nked
to
agri
cult
ure,
liv
esto
ck r
eari
ng,
land
-use
pl
anni
ng,
wat
er
use,
fo
rest
ry,
and
rura
l de
velo
pmen
t (a
ru
ral
Age
nda
21).
G
over
nmen
ts a
nd o
ther
sta
keho
lder
s ne
ed t
o sh
ow t
heir
will
ingn
ess
to a
ddre
ss i
nter
nal
fact
ors
caus
ing
dese
rtif
icat
ion
whe
n as
king
for
fin
anci
al r
esou
rces
.
6–9
Nov
embe
r,
Sede
Boq
er,
Isra
el
Inte
rnat
iona
l C
onfe
renc
e:
Des
erts
and
de
sert
ific
atio
n –
chal
leng
es a
nd
oppo
rtun
ities
The
dev
elop
men
t of
met
hods
for
eva
luat
ing
the
econ
omic
and
soc
ial b
enef
its a
s ag
ains
t the
ec
onom
ic,
soci
al a
nd e
colo
gica
l co
sts
of d
iffe
rent
dev
elop
men
t pa
ths
(pas
tora
l, fa
rmin
g an
d al
tern
ativ
e liv
elih
oods
) in
dr
ylan
ds;
quan
titat
ive
asse
ssm
ent
of
rura
l po
vert
y in
dr
ylan
ds a
nd o
f th
e re
lativ
e co
ntri
butio
n of
dif
fere
nt p
over
ty d
rive
rs o
pera
ting
at
diff
eren
t sp
atio
-tem
pora
l sc
ales
; ex
plor
atio
n of
the
pot
entia
l of
dry
land
s to
pro
vide
alte
rnat
ive
ener
gy s
ourc
es t
hat
wou
ld b
enef
it l
ocal
ly,
regi
onal
ly a
nd g
loba
lly;
eva
luat
ion
of t
he
effe
ctiv
enes
s of
dif
fere
nt n
atio
nal
and
loca
l po
licie
s an
d in
terv
entio
ns d
esig
ned
to c
omba
t de
sert
ific
atio
n an
d re
stor
e la
nd p
rodu
ctiv
ity
in a
ffec
ted
coun
trie
s; s
tudy
of
the
link
ages
be
twee
n de
sert
ific
atio
n, b
iodi
vers
ity
loss
and
glo
bal
war
min
g, l
eadi
ng t
o sc
enar
ios
of
dese
rtif
icat
ion
and
dryl
and
biod
iver
sity
dy
nam
ics
unde
r pr
ogre
ssin
g cl
imat
e ch
ange
; re
duci
ng d
uplic
atio
n of
eff
ort
and
rese
arch
by
glob
ally
net
wor
king
ins
titut
ions
com
mit
ted
to d
eser
t and
dry
land
res
earc
h; p
rom
otin
g co
mm
unic
atio
n be
twee
n th
e re
sear
ch c
omm
unit
y an
d de
cisi
on-m
aker
s at
all
leve
ls t
hus
lead
ing
to a
n ex
tens
ive
impl
emen
tati
on o
f sc
ient
ific
re
sults
and
dis
sem
inat
ion
of s
ucce
ssfu
l pra
ctic
es.
C(c
),
D(b
),
D(c
),
E(a
),
E(c
),
G(b
),
G(c
)
4–5
Dec
embe
r,
Rom
e, I
taly
Wor
ksho
p: C
ost o
f in
actio
n an
d op
port
uniti
es f
or
inve
stm
ent i
n ar
id,
sem
i-ar
id a
nd d
ry
sub-
hum
id a
reas
The
nee
d fo
r op
erat
iona
l m
etho
ds t
o qu
antif
y ec
onom
ic l
osse
s fr
om d
egra
ded
land
at
the
natio
nal
leve
l; t
hat
inve
stm
ent
in d
ryla
nds
is s
ocia
lly,
econ
omic
ally
and
env
iron
men
tall
y pr
ofita
ble;
the
need
for
an
inte
rnat
iona
l ne
twor
k on
the
cos
ts o
f in
acti
on a
nd a
syn
thes
is o
f th
e w
ork
on c
ost e
valu
atio
n m
etho
ds a
nd th
e m
ajor
fin
ding
s of
stu
dies
.
C(c
), F
(c)
ICCD/COP(8)/11)/11Page 25Page 25
Dat
e an
d lo
cati
on
Eve
nt
Key
out
com
es, i
nclu
ding
sta
keho
lder
s an
d in
stit
utio
ns t
o w
hom
rec
omm
enda
tion
s ar
e ad
dres
sed
(whe
re a
ppro
pria
te)
Con
trib
utio
ns to
re
com
men
dati
ons
in c
hapt
er V
D
ate
and
loca
tion
E
vent
K
ey o
utco
mes
, inc
ludi
ng s
take
hold
ers
and
inst
itut
ions
to
who
m r
ecom
men
dati
ons
are
addr
esse
d (w
here
app
ropr
iate
)
Con
trib
utio
ns to
re
com
men
dati
ons
in c
hapt
er V
ICCD/COP(8)/11 Page 26 Page 26
11–1
5 D
ecem
ber,
A
rush
a,
Uni
ted
Rep
ublic
of
Tan
zani
a
Inte
rnat
iona
l W
orks
hop
on
clim
ate
and
land
de
grad
atio
n
Furt
her
expl
orat
ion
of s
cale
tra
nsfe
r m
etho
dolo
gies
and
pro
cedu
res
and
impr
ovem
ent
in
mon
itor
ing
of l
and
degr
adat
ion
as w
ell a
s cl
imat
e at
dif
fere
nt s
cale
s; g
loba
l as
sess
men
ts t
o ta
ke
into
ac
coun
t th
e pe
rcei
ved
real
ity
of
land
de
grad
atio
n by
lo
cal
popu
latio
ns;
stre
ngth
enin
g kn
owle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g as
wel
l as
the
func
tions
of
ecos
yste
ms
in o
rder
to
bet
ter
unde
rsta
nd,
pred
ict
and
valu
e th
e ri
sks
of l
and
degr
adat
ion
and
full
y un
ders
tand
th
e co
mpl
ex in
terr
elat
ions
bet
wee
n la
nd u
se a
nd e
nvir
onm
ent;
inno
vativ
e an
d ad
apti
ve la
nd
man
agem
ent
resp
onse
s to
in
here
nt
clim
atic
va
riab
ility
an
d na
tura
l ha
zard
s m
ust
be
iden
tifie
d an
d im
plem
ente
d fo
r su
stai
nabl
e la
nd m
anag
emen
t; l
and
man
agem
ent
prac
tices
in
aff
ecte
d ar
eas
shou
ld f
ocus
on
impr
ovin
g th
e am
ount
of
rain
fall
use
d in
bio
mas
s pr
oduc
tion;
the
net
wor
k of
clim
atol
ogic
al,
hydr
olog
ical
and
agr
omet
eoro
logi
cal
stat
ions
ar
ound
the
wor
ld s
houl
d be
inc
reas
ed a
nd s
tren
gthe
ned;
clim
atol
ogic
al a
nd h
ydro
logi
cal
end
prod
ucts
sho
uld
be d
evel
oped
in
coor
dina
tion
wit
h en
d us
er n
eeds
; in
tera
ctio
ns
betw
een
natio
nal
met
eoro
logi
cal
and
hydr
olog
ical
se
rvic
es
to
enha
nce
the
dire
ct
com
mun
icat
ion
of w
eath
er a
nd c
limat
e in
form
atio
n; d
evel
op a
cos
t-ef
fect
ive
syst
em t
o co
mm
unic
ate
earl
y cl
imat
e fo
reca
sts
to
farm
ers,
so
th
ey
can
impr
ove
thei
r la
nd
man
agem
ent
prac
tices
; de
velo
p an
d im
plem
ent
a na
tiona
l dr
ough
t po
licy
that
sup
port
s ef
fect
ive
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
NA
Ps.
D(c
),
E(a
),
G(b
),
G(c
)
17–1
9 D
ecem
ber,
A
lgie
rs,
Alg
eria
Inte
rnat
iona
l C
onfe
renc
e:
Des
ertif
icat
ion
and
the
inte
rnat
iona
l po
licy
impe
rati
ve
Way
s fo
rwar
d id
entif
ied
incl
ude
sugg
esti
ons
that
: po
licie
s m
ust
wor
k to
pro
vide
ena
blin
g in
cent
ives
, sh
ould
be
base
d on
bet
ter
defi
nitio
ns o
f en
viro
nmen
tal
mig
rati
on a
nd m
ust
inco
rpor
ate
mea
sure
s fo
r co
ping
w
ith
them
; va
stly
di
ffer
ent
geog
raph
ical
sc
ales
of
de
sert
ific
atio
n an
d re
spon
ses
mus
t be
app
ropr
iate
ly r
ecog
nize
d in
pol
icy
form
ulat
ion;
job
al
tern
ativ
es a
nd s
usta
inab
le li
veli
hood
s fo
r pa
stor
alis
ts a
nd o
ther
land
use
rs in
the
dryl
ands
ne
ed t
o be
cre
ated
; go
vern
men
ts c
an h
arne
ss i
nves
tmen
ts i
n su
stai
nabl
e la
nd m
anag
emen
t th
roug
h th
e re
orie
ntat
ion
of e
xist
ing
inst
ituti
ons;
gre
ater
inf
orm
atio
n sh
arin
g is
nee
ded
to
harm
oniz
e ac
tions
and
pol
icie
s th
at a
ffec
t dr
ylan
ds a
nd t
heir
inh
abita
nts;
syn
thes
is o
f kn
owle
dge
shou
ld b
e ge
ared
to
deve
lopi
ng s
olut
ions
to
dese
rtif
icat
ion;
def
initi
ons
need
to
be h
arm
oniz
ed,
adap
tive
man
agem
ent
enha
nced
and
upt
ake
of k
now
ledg
e m
anag
emen
t in
pr
ojec
ts a
nd a
genc
ies
impr
oved
; co
oper
atio
n pr
otoc
ols
and
info
rmat
ion
netw
orks
at
the
regi
onal
lev
el c
an p
lay
a ke
y ro
le i
n ha
rmon
ized
inf
orm
atio
n ge
nera
tion,
sha
ring
and
up
take
for
pol
icy
form
ulat
ion;
str
uctu
ral c
hang
es in
how
the
Rio
Con
vent
ions
rel
ate
to e
ach
othe
r ar
e es
sent
ial.
Cro
ss-c
utti
ng p
rogr
amm
es a
cros
s se
ctor
s an
d m
inis
trie
s ca
n he
lp
impr
ove
coor
dina
tion
at th
e na
tiona
l lev
el; s
cien
tific
info
rmat
ion
shou
ld b
e po
licy
-rel
evan
t an
d cr
oss-
sect
oral
; co
ncep
tual
dev
elop
men
t by
the
Mill
enni
um A
sses
smen
t pr
ovid
es a
A(b
),
D(b
),
D(c
),
E(a
),
F(b)
, G
(b),
G
(c)
ICCD/COP(8/11Page 27
Dat
e an
d lo
cati
on
Eve
nt
Key
out
com
es, i
nclu
ding
sta
keho
lder
s an
d in
stit
utio
ns t
o w
hom
rec
omm
enda
tion
s ar
e ad
dres
sed
(whe
re a
ppro
pria
te)
Con
trib
utio
ns to
re
com
men
dati
ons
in c
hapt
er V
ro
bust
fra
mew
ork
for
polic
y ev
alua
tion;
soi
l co
nser
vati
on m
ay b
e a
hand
le w
ith
whi
ch t
o gr
asp
a br
oad
rang
e of
is
sues
; ef
fort
s to
re
plic
ate
and
test
su
cces
sful
ex
ampl
es
of
sust
aina
ble
dryl
and
man
agem
ent
by a
nd f
or l
ocal
com
mun
itie
s ca
n be
sha
red
acro
ss
natio
nal
boun
dari
es;
dese
rtif
icat
ion-
affe
cted
dry
land
dw
elle
rs m
ust
be a
t th
e ce
ntre
of
rem
edia
tion;
the
pri
vate
sec
tor
mus
t be
pro
vide
d w
ith e
cono
mic
inc
entiv
es t
o in
vest
in
effo
rts
to c
omba
t des
ertif
icat
ion.
- - - - -
