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7/24/2019 Conventional Accounting
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Conventional Accounting
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Measurement of the Elements
of Financial Statements Measurement involves assigning
monetary amounts at which the elements
of the financial statements are to be
recognized and reported.
!istorical cost
Current cost
"et realizable #settlement$ value
%resent value #discounted$
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C&"'E"()"A* ACC&+"()",
-asic concepts
efense of historical cost
!ow ob/ective is historical cost0 Criticisms of conventional accounting
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-asic concepts
&b/ective of accounting
)ncome
Costs attach Flow of costs
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&b/ective of accounting
engan sema1in besarnya perusahaan #adanyapemisahan pemili1 dan mana/er$2 informasia1untansi sema1in signifi1an.
(eori a1untansi2 1arenanya2 harus men/elas1an1onsep revenue dan e3pense dalam 1aitannyadengan perubahan a1tiva perusahaan2 bu1ansebagai pening1atan atau penurunan dalam
e1uitas 4proprietors5 atau 6stoc1holders5. #%aton7 *ittleton$.
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)ncome
8eberadaan a1untansi terutama sebagaialat menghitung residuum2 balance2perbedaan antara costs #sebagai usaha$
dan revenues #sebagai hasil$ untu1 badanusaha individual. %erbedaan inimencermin1an efe1tifitas mana/erial dansignifi1an bagi pemberi modal. #%aton dan*ittleton$.
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Costs attach
ua /enis costs9
isplacement cost menun/u11an apa yang
telah dibuang atau di1orban1an2 dan sama
dengan opportunity cost.
Embodied cost atau absorption cost
berhubungan dengan fa1tor:fa1tor produ1si.
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Flow of costs
A1untan harus memutus1an cost mana
yang telah 6e3pired;2 dan 1arenanya
ditanding1an terhadap revenues pada
laporan rugi laba2 dan cost mana yang
6une3pired;2 dan harus ditempat1an pada
neraca sebagai a1tiva.
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efense of historical cost
!istorical cost relevan dalam pengambilan 1eputusan
e1onomi. !istorical cost didasar1an pada transa1si sebenarnya. Sepan/ang se/arah2 laporan 1euangan berdasar1an
historical cost ditemu1an bermanfaat. 8onsep laba yang terbai1 adalah 1elebihan harga /ual di
atas historical cost. !istorical cost /arang men/adi subye1 manipulasi Current cost dan e3it price accounting menyebab1an
pandangan /ang1a pende1 laba.
%erubahan dalam nilai pasar dapat diung1ap1an sebagaidata peleng1ap. -u1ti yang tida1 memadai untu1 men/ustifi1asi penola1an
historical cost accounting.
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Evidence on usefulness of accounting data
First direction
Mana/er menemu1an laporan 1euangan ,AA% bermanfaat dalampengambilan 1eputusan
*aporan 1euangan tida1 overcomplicated
(erdapat perbedaan signifi1an pengung1apan 1euangan di antaraperusahaan:perusahaan.
Second direction )nvestor dan analis menganggap fa1tor laporan non 1euangan
lebih penting dalam pengambilan 1eputusan investasi.
(ida1 /elas bahwa penggunaan laporan 1euangan menyebab1anpermalan atau 1eputusan yang lebig bai1.
(hird direction itemu1an 1orelasi signifi1an antara perubahan laba dengan
perubahan harga.
*aba a1untansi menyampai1an informasi tentang nilai se1uritas.
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Evidence on predictive value
*aba masa lalu diguna1an untu1
mempredi1si laba masa depan.
ata 1uartalan diguna1an untu1
mempredi1si annual income.
ata segmen diguna1an untu1
mempredi1si entity income.
Mempredi1si distress 1euangan.
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!ow ob/ective is historical cost0
!arga perolehan lebih menun/u11an realitasdaripada harga pasar.
(ransa1si antar related party.
%otongan 1as.
-iaya tida1 langsung
Capital e3penditures
%embangunan a1tiva /ang1a pan/ang
%enghitungan depresiasi Metode persediaan
*aporan 1euangan 1onsolidasi
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Criticisms of conventional accounting
(u/uan a1untansi Menyedia1an informasi yang bermanfaat untu1 pengambilan1eputusan e1onomi.
)nformasi untu1 pengambilan 1eputusan !istorical cost bermanfaat2 namun tida1 memadai untu1 evaluasi
1eputusan bisnis. !istorical cost menyata1an lebih tinggi income pada saat harga
mening1at.
asar historical cost9 asumsi going:concern
Matching 8onse1uensi matching principle men/adi1an neraca dalam posisi
se1under.
8ebutuhan investor
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!istorical cost
+nder the historical cost measurement basis2
an asset is recorded at the amount of cash or cash
e
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Current cost
For an asset2 current cost represents the
amount of cash or cash e
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=ealisable or settlement value
For an asset2 the realisable value is theamount of cash or cash e
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%resent value
(he present value of an asset means the
discounted future net cash inflows or net
cash savings that are e3pected to arise in
the normal course of business.
(he present value of a liability is the
discounted future net cash outflows that
are e3pected to settle the obligation in thenormal course of business.
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Fair value
efined as the value determined between1nowledgeable2 willing buyers and sellers in anarm5s length transaction.
Fair value is the price that would be received tosell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in anorderly transaction between mar1et participantsin the mar1et in which the reporting entitytransacts. #SFAS>?@$
Fair value should be based on the assumptionsmar1et participants would use when pricing theasset or liability
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Fair value hierarchy
*evel ? inputs are observable inputs that
reflected
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Current Cost Accounting
=ationale of Current Cost Accounting
Financial Capital versus %hysical Capital
Current Cost in %ractice Criticisms of Current Cost
)n Support of Current Cost
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=ationale of Current Cost
(he Edward and -ell Argument
Concept of -usiness %rofit
Dhy !olding ,ains Are a Component of)ncome
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(he Edward and -ell Argument
-erapa /umlah aset yang harus dipegang
pada wa1tu tertentu0:Masalah e1spansi
-erbentu1 apa aset tersebut0 Masalah
1omposisi
-agaimana aset tersebut didanai0
Masalah pendanaan.
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(he Edward and -ell Argument
(u/uan informasi a1untansi9
Evaluasi oleh mana/er atas 1eputusan
mere1a di masa lalu untu1 membuat
1eputusan terbai1 di masa depan.
Evaluasi mana/er oleh pemegang saham2
1reditor2 dan lainnya.
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Concept of -usiness %rofit
8omponen9 Current operating profit9 1elebihan nilai se1arang
output yang di/ual di atas nilai se1arang input yangber1aitan
=ealizable cost savings9 pening1atan nilai se1arangaset yang dimili1i perusahaan pada periode se1arang
!olding gains and lossesA1untansi 1onvensional menga1ui gain 1alau aset
dilepas.
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Dhy !olding ,ains Are a
Component of )ncome
%erusahaan menerima manfaat dari
pening1atan harga aset
Cost savings mengu1ur 1eunggulan posisi
1as perusahaan relatif terhadap
perusahaan lain
Menun/u11an pening1atan nilai aset
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Financial Capital versus %hysical Capital
)n support of %hysical Capital
Criticisms of %hysical Capital
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Financial capital
Capital is synonymous with the net assetsor e
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%hysical capital
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)n support of %hysical Capital
Capital adalah unit fisi1 yang menun/u11an1emampuan operasi perusahaan.
!olding gains sebagai income9
Cost savings Menun/u11an pening1atan arus 1as aset di masa
depan.
%erubahan dalam biaya se1arang ber1orelasi
positif dengan perubahan dalam nilai yang dapatdirealisasi bersih atas aset.
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Criticisms of %hysical Capital
ifferent units
ecreasing costs
Same mar1ets %artial investment
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current cost accounting
E3pressing ac
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replacement cost
Currentcashoutlaynecessary to duplicatean
item.
Current costof replacing an e3isting assetor
propertywith the same
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Current Cost in %ractice
-ac1ground FAS- Statement on Current Cost2 mengung1ap1an
informasi9 )ncome from continuing operations pada current cost basis
dengan mengguna1an nominal dollars Current cost of inventory2 and %%E dengan mengguna1an
nominal dollars %erubahan biaya se1arang inventory dan %%E dengan
mengguna1an constant dollar basis
".'. %hilips Company
%%E dan inventory berdasar1an replacement value Current Cost in +nited 8ingdom
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Criticisms of Current Cost
From !istorical Cost Advocates Melanggar pandangan tradisional penga1uan revenue:gain
Subye1tifitas penentuan /umlah pening1atan harga po1o1
From E3it %rice Advocates
Cost mengimpli1asi1an opportunity cost Masalah alo1asi
Masalah te1nologi
Masalah matematis
(ida1 relevan
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)n Support of Current Cost
=ecognition %rinciple +nrealized holding gains menun/u11an fenomena e1onomi a1tual yang
ter/adi pada periode se1arang. Fa1ta bahwa harga aset berubah
&b/ectivity of Current Cost
)tem yang mudah diperoleh harga pasarnya (echnological Changes Current Cost 'ersus E3it %rice. %enggunaan e3it price9
=evaluasi anomali %ende1atan /ang1a pende1 Antisipasi laba operasi sebelum titi1 pen/ualan
Comparison of =esults with !istorical Cost Evidence of +sefulness of current Cost
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Appraisal
Real estate appraisal2 property
valuationor land valuationis the
practice of developing an opinion of the
value of real property2 usually its Mar1et'alue.
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Three approaches to value
(he cost approach. (he theory is that the valueof a property can be estimated by summing theland value and the depreciated value of anyimprovements.
(he sales comparison approach. . (he approachrecognizes that a typical buyer will compareas1ing prices and see1 to purchase the propertythat meets his or her wants and needs for the
lowest cost (he income approach. (his approach capitalizesan income stream into a value indication