COOL Ways to See the Ocean - Scotch Plains

8/8/2019 COOL Ways to See the Ocean - Scotch Plains

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Covers 71% of the Earth'ssurface

Contains 97% of the Earth'swater

Has an average depth of 12,430 feet

Makes up 99% of the livingspace on the planet

Has had less than 10%explored by humans

Our Global Ocean«



H ow many Oceans are there?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

5%

0%

5%

14%

5%

0%0%

41%

5%

27%

1. One2. Two3. Three4. Four 5. Five6. Six7. Seven8. Eight9. Nine10. Ten +



H ow many Oceans are there?

ONE!



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77%

23%

1 2

I f you cut off M t. Everest at its base, andplace it in the deepest part of the ocean,would there still be water covering the topof the mountain?

1. Yes2. No



H ow do weH ow do we

study thestudy theOcean?Ocean?

H ow do weH ow do we

study thestudy theOcean?Ocean?



A bout how much of the ocean hasbeen explored by humans?

1 2 3 4 5

8% 23% 23%31%15%1. 100%2. 80%3. 50%

4. 25%5. 10%



T he Early Years









Alvin1964-Present 4,585 dives

Depths of 15,000 ft



Ship-based Oceanography

Advantages W e can see exactly

what¶s going on atthat moment.

W e can make manymeasurements atonce.

W e can obtain ³high-resolution´ data.

Disadvantages It¶s expensive!During storms, even

Oceanographerscan get seasick.

W e only see what¶s

going on when we¶reout there.





Cool new tools toCool new tools to

study thestudy theOceanOcean

Cool new tools toCool new tools to

study thestudy theOceanOcean



Satellitesin

Space

SurfaceCurrentRadars

Underwater RoboticGliders

A collection of instruments andmodels that provide long-termcontinuous data often in real-timeor near real-time.

Ocean Observatories



Satellite DataSatellite DataSea Surface T emperatureSea Surface T emperature



Rutgers Satellite Systems

XX--B andB and(installed 2003)(installed 2003)

Aq uaAq uaTerraTerraOceansatOceansat

LL--B andB and((installed 1992 installed 1992 ))

NO AANO AA--1515

NO AANO AA--1717

NO AANO AA--1818

FY1FY1- -DD

Tracking & ProcessingTracking & ProcessingComputersComputers



OCM ± Chlorophyll India

MODIS MODIS ± ± RGB RGBUSAUSA

FY1-Dch7:ch9China

AVHRR AVHRR --SST SST US AUS A

Seeing the Ocean in ³Color´



T he Ocean T oday

Temperature Chlorophyll



12%

0%

62%

27%

What determines how strong ahurricane will become?

1. Unstable air masses2. W arm ocean temperatures3. H ow close the Sun is to the Earth4. The sea level



H urricane Katrina (2005)

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1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

Where does most of the Earth¶sOxygen come from?

1. Rain Forests2. The Ocean3. Land Plants4. Don¶t Know

Answer

Now



Land & Ocean Primary Production

Qu ickTiY c c c r ss r r t s t is ict ur .



T he Global Biosphere





T he COD A R Surface Current Network

Transmitter Antenna Receiver Antenna

A network of beach antennas along the entire Mid -Atlantic coast is able tomeasure ocean surface currents out to a range of 200km.



Standard RangeStandard Range1.5 km resolution1.5 km resolutionradial range 50kmradial range 50km

Long RangeLong Range6 km resolution6 km resolution

radial range 190 kmradial range 190 km



NO AAC OD AR

SL DMB

Using Currentsfor Search & Rescue

Qu i ir r

r t t i i tu r .



Underwater Gliders

A New W ay to Explore the Ocean



46 %

%4 %

%

%

%

I n what year did the first underwaterrobot cross an ocean?

1. 19272. 19603. 1999

4. 20055. 20096. It hasn¶t happened yet



H ow does aH ow does a

Gliderwork?work?

H ow does aH ow does a

Gliderwork?work?



CTD

Fore H ull

Altimeter

Air Bladder

ControlBoard

SciencePayload Bay

Fin

Cowling Aft H ull

BuoyancyPump

Antenna ( Iridium,Freewave, GPS &

Argos)

A natomy of a Glider







Buoyancy pump in theglider pulls in 0.5 L of water

Glider begins todive downward

Push pump out glider inflectsand begins to climb to the surface

one dive and one

climb is called a ¶yo·

When surfacing toconnect glider inflates

air bladder

H ow do Gliders ³ F ly´?

Q u i i

i i ure.

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decompressor are needed to see th is p icture.



Iridium Antenna

ARGOS and F reeWave Antennas

H ow do Gliders Communicate?



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Sustained Observatory Operations from Multiple Locations

McDonald s WiFi

My Living Room Glider Recovery in Hawaii



Building an International CommunityEx citing the Ne x t Generation in Science and E ngineering



RU15T he first glider to fly from one country to another



M ission Complete: Scarlet K night is the f irst u nderwater robot

to cross an ocean basin

22 1 Days7,409 km11,000 Dives11,000 Climbs

Energy equivalent of 8 minutes of power for lights on the R ockefeller

Center Tree.

T uckerton, New Jersey, USA Baiona, Galicia, Spain



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C de co pr e ss or a r e needed to s ee this pictur e .

T he T rack of RU27



A hero¶s Welcome, December 9, 2 009

M ission Complete: Scarlet K night is the f irst u nderwater robot

to cross an ocean basin

R tg Th St t U i it f N J



D ocu menting the StoryD ena Seidel, Writers House

Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey



Why do weWhy do westudy thestudy the

Ocean?Ocean?

Why do weWhy do westudy thestudy the

Ocean?Ocean?



0 %

0 %0 %

0 %

0 %

0 %

What is the biggest problem facingthe ocean today?

1. Over fishing2. Pollution3. Climate Change

4. Melting Sea Ice5. Sea Level Rise6. Ocean Acidification

Answer

Now



Annual sea ice minimum2007

Annual sea ice minimum1980

T he Ocean is changing



T here are as many fish in the ocean T odayas there were before World War II .

0 %

0 %

1 2

1. True2. False

Answer

Now







-0.2 0.2Temperature trends per year



J uvenile krill in under-ice refugeGreatest biomass of single animal species on planet

KRILL

SALP



These ice changes are expected to have large impacts onthe ecosystem. Expectations are specific critters will be

disproportionately impacted.

Adélie penguin(Pygoscelis adeliae )

Adélie penguin(Pygoscelis adeliae )



1 2 3 4 5

0% 0% 0%0%0%

What is the primary source of ocean oilpollution caused by human activities?

1. Accidental spills fromships like the ExxonValdez

2. Leaks from offshore oilrigs and pipelines

3. Cars & run-off from land4. Operational discharges

from ships5. Atmospheric deposition

from vehicle exhaust

AnswerNow



1. Accidental spills fromships like the ExxonValdez

2. Leaks from offshore oilrigs and pipelines

3. Cars & run-off from land4. Operational discharges

from ships5. Atmospheric deposition

from vehicle exhaust6. Natural Seeps

9 150

3 38

54 1406 270

21 52

U.S. W orldwide

Data from Oil in the Sea III (NRC 2002)

160 600

A nnual Releases (1990-1999)in thousands of tonnes



Oil Seeps in the Gulf of M exico

D t H i



Deepwater H orizonOil Spill

June 19, 2010

May 19, 2010





Ocean M odels

O G f f M N J



O cean Connections: Gu lf of M exico to N ew J ersey



ConclusionsThe ocean is a large, complex and interconnectedecosystemScientists are able to use new tools to observe theocean in greater detailThese tools are helping us understand how humansare impacting the ocean and climate











Biofouling



RemorasRemora are visual predators, andcannot see well at night. To help movethrough the night, they attachthemselves to other fish to get a freeride.



0%

0%

0%

0%

M ost sea life«

1. lives in the top 500 ft of the ocean.2. lives on the sea floor.3. lives in the great ocean basins.4. is evenly dispersed throughout the ocean

depths.

Answer

Now



North Atlantic Phytoplankton Bloom

Deep-sea tubeworms

Pelagic fish



0%

0%

0%

0%

What percentage of the world gets theirprimary source of protein from fish?

1. Less than 1%2. 5%3. 15%4. 25%

Answer

Now



Real-time Underwater Data ± RU10

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COOL Ways to See the Ocean - Scotch Plains