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Cooling Tower Maintenance Legionella Awareness. 4 th Installment. CTM/Ashland Presentations. Legionella Awareness – 2003 Filtration of Cooling Waters – 2005 Legionella Risk Management – 2006 Legionella Proactive Protocol – 2008 Legionella Refresher -- 2011 Literature References. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Cooling Tower Maintenance Legionella Awareness
Cooling Tower Maintenance Legionella Awareness
4th Installment
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CTM/Ashland PresentationsCTM/Ashland Presentations
Legionella Awareness – 2003 Filtration of Cooling Waters – 2005 Legionella Risk Management – 2006 Legionella Proactive Protocol – 2008 Legionella Refresher -- 2011 Literature References
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Legionella Proactive Protocol2008
Legionella Proactive Protocol2008
Introduction/Refresher Systems that may Harbor Legionella and What to
Do Risk Category Legionella Testing Requirements Frequency of Cleaning/Disinfection Action Levels and Associated Response and
Cleaning Steps Cooling Tower Design Best Practice Maintenance Considerations
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Legionella Refresher2011
Legionella Refresher2011
Legionella Sources
Legionella Control
Planning and Record Keeping
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Legionella SourcesLegionella Sources
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Legionella BacteriaLegionella Bacteria
Source of Legionella– Pervasive organism
– Soil derived
Conditions for growth
– 68 - 122 F (20 - 50 C)
– pH 6-8
– Stagnant waters
– A nutrient source
Biofilms, organics
Sediments, deposits
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Factors Determining the Risk of Contracting the Disease
Factors Determining the Risk of Contracting the Disease
A source of Legionella
Favorable growth conditions
Aqueous aerosols less than or equal to 5
microns
Sufficient organisms to cause
infection
Susceptible individual
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Cooling towers Evaporative condensers Hot and cold water systems Taps and showerheads Humidifiers and air washers Spa and whirlpool baths Decorative fountains
Systems Promoting GrowthSystems Promoting Growth
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Field Study on Biofilm GrowthField Study on Biofilm Growth
Phase Time
Colonization 15 Minutes
Growth Detection 2 Days
Biofilm Formation
(Exopolymer/ Minimum Biofouling)
5 Days
Maximum Biofilm Growth
(8 – 10 Cells Thick)
14 Days
Fully Mature Biofilm Matrix 31 – 40 Days
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Cyclic Operation and BiofilmsCyclic Operation and Biofilms
AOC supports bofilm growth Flow and AOC supply stopped results in
biofilm starvation and detachment - 90% in 24 hours - 80% in 12 hours - 60% in 10 hours - 40% in 8 hours Continuous flow without AOC achieves
90% biofilm detachment in 3 days
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Effects of Cooling System Dynamics – cfu/ml Same Day Comparative Samples
(Example System Treated with Continuous Oxidant and Slug Feed of Glutaraldehyde Once Per Week)
Effects of Cooling System Dynamics – cfu/ml Same Day Comparative Samples
(Example System Treated with Continuous Oxidant and Slug Feed of Glutaraldehyde Once Per Week)
Aerobic Bacteria Fungi
Anaerobic Bacteria
Higher
Life Forms
Flowing Bulk Water Basin Chip Scale
<10
1600
<10
10
<10
1,000,000
No
Yes
Basin Sludge 3,500,000 20 1,000,000 Yes
Dead Head (off) Plate/Frame XER
400 <10 10,000 Yes
Slip Stream By-pass (10%) Plate/Frame
<10 <10 <10 No
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Legionella ControlLegionella Control
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Microbiological Control CapabilityMicrobiological Control Capability
Efficacious biocides selection Biodispersant supplement for biofilm Effective application for required concentration and contact
time– System dynamics (ART, T½) and volume– Dedicated automated feed of microbiocides– Feedback control Loop (ORP, self verifying feed pumps)
Pre-conditioning/sterilization– Preseason start-up– Idle restarts– Sterilization/hyper chlorination at the summer peak– End of season shutdown
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Microbiological Control Additives of ChoiceMicrobiological Control Additives of Choice
Oxidation– Bleach (CSW 20)– Sodium Bromide/Bleach (Drewbrom)– BCDMH (Biosperse 261T)– Chlorine Dioxide
Non Oxidants– Glutaraldehyde 1º (Biosperse 254/255)– Isothiazolin 2º (Biosperse 250)
Biodispersants– Nonionic Surfactants (Drewsperse 739)– Protein cross linking/cationic surfactant blend
(Performax 405)– Anionic surfactants (Drewsperse 7211)
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Legionella Control with Non-Oxidizing BiocidesLegionella Control with Non-Oxidizing Biocides
Chemical Compound Active Concentration mg/ℓ Contact Time
Glutaraldehyde 25 - 54 1 Hour
Isothiazolin 2.25 - 2.6 6 Hours
2 Bromo-2-Nitro Propane-1,3, diol (BNPD)
25400
24 Hours60 Minutes
Dithiocarbamates 40.0 - 60.0 6 Hours
Di-bromo-nitrilo-propionamide (DBNPA) 4 - 8 2 Hours
Note: System potential contaminants and operational pH must be checked for compatibility with the non-oxidizing biocide
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Continuous feed for chlorine, bromine, BCDMH or stabilized bromine– Dosage:
Recommended 0.2 - 0.4 FAH and/or equivalent mV ORP with a minimum requirement of a measurable residual FAH
For higher risk systems increase FAH residual as needed to control CFU level and biofilm
Feed a supplemental organic biocide*– Recommend biocide be glutaraldehyde or an alternate biocide fed
with biodispersant– Feed once per week or as needed to control biofilm
*Alternative choices of non-oxidizing biocide should be based on Relative Population Density (RPD) lab results
Continuous Oxidant Feed Protocol
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Intermittent Oxidant Feed Protocol Intermittent Oxidant Feed Protocol
Intermittent Oxidant Feed – Chlorine, bromine, BCDMH or stabilized bromine
– Minimum dosage: Hold 0.5 - 1.0 FAH and/or equivalent mV ORP for a minimum of 2 hours each day
Feed alternating supplemental organic biocides* – Recommend one biocide be glutaraldehyde or an
alternate biocide fed with biodispersant– Feed an additional compatible organic biocide* – Alternate feed once per week
*Alternative choices of non-oxidizing biocide should be based on RPD results
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Oxidant FeedrateOxidant Feedrate
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
44.5
5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Time to satisfy System Demand
Ff
tBreakthrough
system biofilm demand
Oxidant Feedrate
Time
raw water demand0.5 ppm oxidant residual
Fi
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Legionella Testing Requirements
Legionella Testing Requirements
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Action LevelsAction Levels
Immediate response to positive test results
On-line treatment requires a minimum of 14 days to produce results
Unrealistic a system could be totally Legionella free
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Direct Testing of LegionellaDirect Testing of Legionella
Frequency Consideration• Prior to peak summer sterilization (i.e.
beginning/mid August) for seasonally operated HVAC or after a sterilization.
• After cleaning of a confirmed cooling tower sourced outbreak
• If a confirmed outbreak has occurred in the area (≤3 km minimum)
• Three times per year of 24/7 Industrial process cooling systems of higher risk noted earlier
Suggested Legionella Remedial Action CriteriaSuggested Legionella Remedial Action Criteria
Legionalla
(CFU/ml)
Cooling/Tower
Evaporative Condenser
Potable Water Humidifier/Fogger
Detectable;<1 1 2 3
1-9 2 3 4
10-99 3 4 5
100-999 4 5 5
>1000 5 5 5
Actions –
1. Review Maintenance
2. Follow-up Analysis and Implement Action 1
3. Implement Action 2, Conduct review of Direct and Indirect Bio aerosol Contact of Occupants and Health Risk Status of Occupants May Lead to Increased Biocide Applications or Online Clean
4. Implement Action 3, Cleaning/Biocide Improvement is Indicated
5. Immediate Biocide Improvement and Cleaning is Indicated Levels have a Potential for Outbreak
© 1998, PathCon Laboratories, Pathogen Control Associates Inc.
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Frequency of Cleaning/Disinfection
Frequency of Cleaning/Disinfection
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Frequency of Cleaning/Disinfection
Frequency of Cleaning/Disinfection
Immediately prior to new system being commissioned
If the system has been out of use for one month or longer
If the system has been modified, entered or disturbed in such a way to lead to contamination
If the cleanliness of the system is in any doubt
If microbiological monitoring indicates there is a problem
At least twice a year
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Frequency of Cleaning/Disinfection
Frequency of Cleaning/Disinfection
Preconditioning/Disinfection
– End of Operating Season
– 2 per Year Minimum for 24/7 Systems (4)
Disinfection Only
– At Peak Seasonal Demand
– Occurrence of Outbreaks in the Area
– Upon System Restarts of ≤ 4 weeks Idleness (≥ 3 Days?)’
Idle System of 1 Month or More to be Drained
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Sterilization OnlySterilization Only
Frequency– During restart of idle/stagnant towers,
condensers, heat exchangers – Seasonal restart of HVAC system, which was
preconditioned and sterilized the end of the previous season
– Peak of summer cooling demand (i.e. beginning of August).
– Known outbreaks in the area– Biological dip slide counts exceed 105 – 106
CFU/ml. Visible slime (i.e. biofilm) present.
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Planning and Record Keeping
Planning and Record Keeping
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Total System Approach:Five Areas of Activity and Performance
Total System Approach:Five Areas of Activity and Performance
Comprehensive system assessment
Intensive microbiological treatment program
Sterilization and cleaning
Monitoring and control Documentation All Information is Available in
Previous Presentations 03, 06, 08
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System survey– In-depth survey of system mechanical layout and
operating conditions– Utilizes established protocol, ex BSRIA-
Building Services Research Institute Assoc. (UK) Identify, evaluate and rank specific factors
associated with potential for microbiological growth and Legionella– Mechanical and chemical
Determine risk minimization action plans
System Assessment System Assessment
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DocumentationDocumentation
Why Document?• When a pneumonia outbreak occurs in a facility
it allows for: Speed in identifying the source for eradication
purposes, removing a potential and continual threat. After all it may not be cooling system derived.
Clinical micro biologists and physicians to select appropriate antibiotics, dosages and monitor the progress without the presence of further stressors.
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DocumentationDocumentation
To name a few:• Simplified line drawing of the cooling system and all
equipment, dead legs cross over lines, chemical feed points/lines/control, system volume, recirculation make-up and blowdown rates
• Key water test results/date Chlorides or conductivity for cycles of concentration
assessment Make-up, blowdown water meter readings FAH and/or ORP for Halogen concentration Biological Tests – CFU/ml; CFU/cm2 Start, end and expiry dates of dip slide lots for bio testing
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DocumentationDocumentation
To name a few:• Chemical pump and timer settings• Biocide usage• Start-up/shutdown and other application logs
of preconditioning/sterilization and sterilization only
• Inspection/observations for slimes, muds, algae in cooling tower and on coupons and what was done to improve
• Contingency plans procedures, and results/check offs when performed.
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Influence Risk Associated With LegionellaInfluence Risk Associated With Legionella
Survey of Process RiskSurvey of Process Risk
HIGH LOW
Humididifer/Fogger
Aerosol Producing Process
Misters, Atomizers
Air Washers
Decorative Fountains and Waterfalls
Whirl Pools
Hot Tubs
Shower Heads
Potable Water Hot/cold
Shower Heads
Cooling Towers/ Evaporative Condensers Risk increases with Location (i.e. Grounds Levels, Near Air Intakes/Windows), Local Ground Cover, Air Contamination/ Proximity to Exhaust See C.T.I. Design and Maintenance Consideration
Sludge/Settled Solids
>⅛″ - ¼″
Non-Visible
Temperature
35ºC (95ºF)
To 46ºC (115ºF)
<20ºC (68ºF)
>50ºC (124ºF)
Biological Activity
>104 CFU/ml
>105 CFU/cm2
Presence of Higher life forms (OMEBA, PROTOZOA, ALGAE, MOLD, FUNGUS).
≤103 CFU/ml
≤104 CFU/cm2
No Higher Life Forms
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Monitoring and InspectionMonitoring and Inspection
Inspection for visible slime or sludge's
– Decks
– Mist eliminators
– Fill
– Sumps
– Corrosion or biofilm coupons
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BiofilmsBiofilms
Biofilms Don’t Just Harbour Legionella, They:– Restrict Air Flow– Restrict Water Flow– Reduce Heat Transfer– Reduce Heat Rejection– Induce Localized Corrosion
Biological Control– Higher Life Forms – None– Bacteria CFU/ml <104, > 105 Do something– Bacteria CFU/cm2 <105, >106 Do something
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Preventive ActionPreventive Action
Use your Biocides in a Prudent Manner
And Remember
Sterility Does Not Exist Except in Higher Life Forms
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