COOPER SPUR HISTORY DATE EVENT

8/21/1880 Dr. Eliot discovers and names Lost Lake.

1883 First attempts to explore slopes of Mt. Hood

1888 Cooper Spur Summer Tent Camp

1889 Cloud Cap Inn Built Feb 1890 1st north side skiing trip of record made by Will and H.D. Langille

1891-1893 Sara Langille takes over operation of Cloud Cap Inn

1893 1st assent of Cooper Spur made by Will and H.D. Langille

7/19/1894 Mazamas organized

1907 1st car makes the ascent to Cloud Cap Inn

1912 Autos replace horse and wagon as main transportion to Cloud Cap Inn 1913 Homer Rogers builds Mt. Hood Lodge

1919 Homer Rogers purchases Cloud Cap Inn from Ladd and Wood

1921 American Legion cookhouse built 1921-1950 Hood River American Legion hosts Mt. Hood Climb

1924 Cloud Cap Rd. constructed

1924 Tilly Jane Campground created

“17/1925 Homer Rogers sells Cloud Cap Inn to a civic committee

1938 Ampitheater constructed at American Legion Camp

1939 Ski Warming Hut built

1945 Army surplus “weasels” use to ferry skiers from Cooper Spur Junction to the Cooper Spur Ski Area 1950’s First 2 buildings (Current CSMR Restaurant & Homestead Cabin are built) at the “Cooper Spur Inn”

1954 Crag Rats granted permission by USFS to use the Cloud Cap Inn as a clubhouse

1955 1,000’ ski lift from Inspiration Point to Cloud Cap built

1955 Tow made 1,000’ long; second 200’ tow added. Both powered by gas engines (Chev V-8s)

1956 Current loop road built by Hood River Junior Chamber of Commerce

1968 Mt. Hood Meadows opens for business

1974 Dan and Sharon Dillard purchase Cooper Spur Inn

1980 - 1985 Dillards implement many changes at Cooper Spur Inn, including remodeling the restaurant and adding five more cabins, the Lodge building, and thier private residence

2001 Mt. Hood Meadows purchases Cooper Spur inn from Dan and Sharon Dillard and renames it Cooper Spur Mountain Resort 2002 A double-chairlift goes in at the Cooper Spur Ski Area, replacing the old T-Bar

Loo-wit could not decide which of the handsome young chiefs she liked better so the two chiefs began to quarrel, flining burning arrows at each other and laying waste to the land between.

The Great Spirit became angry at the squabbling cheifs and turned Wy’east in to Mt. Hood in northwest Oregon and Klickatat into Mt. Adams in southwest Washington. Loo-wit became Washington’s Mt. St. Helens.

Welcome to the majestic north side ofMt. Hood. Mt. Hood is a relatively young mountain by geological standards - born just 730,000 years ago when volcanic pressure forced layer upon layer of earth and strata from near sea level to it’s peak of 11,240 feet.

We favor the local native legend of Mt. Hood’s creation - Wy’east a chief of the Multnomah peoples love a beautiful maiden named Loo-wit. Klickitat, cheif of the Klick-atat tribe, also loved her.

Wy’east Indian Legend

north face was named after him. He emi-grated from Scotland in 1873 to Roseburg (Southern Oregon); but heard so much about the magnificent mountain overlook-ing the great gorge to the north, that he moved his family to Hood River in 1883.In 1885 he and his wife Marian (who has the distinction of being the first white woman to live in the upper Hood River Valley) established the first “hotel” on the north side - a seasonal tent camp which included a cook tent, dining tent and sleeping tents. The ten children in the family helped by splitting wood, stoking the fires, fishing for trout, and hunting deer for hotel fare.

It was Cooper’s idea to bring settlers and tourist into the Upper Hood River Valley and onto the mountain.

The north side of Mt. Hood is steeped in history. The people of Hood River had long admired Mt. Hood, and there was a great urge to make it accessible. in the 1880s, several expeditions lead by Portland minister Thomas Lamb Eliot resulted in the discovery and nameing of many of the area’s landmarks (Eliot’s Glacier). Lost Lake, Coe Glacier (after Captain Henry Coe) and Cooper Spur - named after David Rose Cooper. Cooper had joined with Coe and Oscar Stranahan to form the Mount Hood Trail and Wagon Company to build a toll road and operate passanger service.

David Rose Cooper was very much the frontier type and spent a great deal of time exploring Mt. Hood, so much so that the prominent outcropping on Mt. Hood’s

David Rose Cooper: Cooper Spur’s Namesake

Located near today’s Tilly Jane camp. This short-lived “hotel” offered guide services, leading guests across the high country on Mt. Hood’s northeast slopes. The tent included a cook tent with a stove having an oven, dining tent with oil cloth covered table and white dishes, and sleeping tents each furnished with a bed, a chair, and a table with a candle were the accomodations for deer hunters on Mt. Hood. Marian Cooper

handled the cooking while daughters Noma and Teena served as waitresses. Warren cut wood and kept the fires going as well as supplying fresh trout from trips down the mountain to Tony Creek. A milk cow fur-nished milk, cream, and butter. In 1889, a new lodge opened; The Cloud Cap Inn - ushering a new era of tourism on the mountain.

The Cooper “Tent Hotel” - circa 1888

In 1926 a group of Portland and Hood River business men raised $83,000 for the expansion and improvement of the Cloud Cap Inn. Seattle architect E.A. Doyle made preliminary plans for a massive stone build-ing with 32 rooms, dining hall and lounge. More extensive sleeping areas could come when indicated by demand. The plan was ul-timately approved after the regional forester turned it down because the full $100,000 cost was not raised to start construction. A trip to Washington D.C. to meet with then Secretary of Agriculture William M. Jardine. Following five years of study, the plan was approved, but with the country in depression, the proj-ect was never persued. A part of the plan was a cable tramway from Cooper Spur to the very summit of Mt. Hood. In 1936 ground was broken on Timberline Lodge.

A Tram on Mt. Hood?

COOPER SPUR HISTORY

Sarah Langille’s sons, Will and Doug, were experienced mountain guides who lead climbing parties of guests to the summit. To so many of these climbing guests, the ascent of Mt. Hood was a once-in-a-lifetime experience. Upon return to the registry desk, the sucessful climbers were permit-ted to solemnly not the word SUMMIT by thier names. On August 21, 1891, Will and Doug accomplished the first documented ascent of Mt. Hood by the Cooper Spur route, describing it as being by far the most dangerous and difficult.

Even for the least adventuresome, a trip to Cloud Cap was very rewarding. Beginning with the exciting coach ride up the moun-tain roads (5 1/2 hours from Hood River), the guest was blessed with the comforts of the hotel, home-style meals, and the lively conversation before the fireplace. On clear summer days, the impressive rugged view of Eliot Glacier carried one’s mind to a level of philosophical bliss.

With Will and Doug guiding, and Sarah managing, the Cloud Cap Inn attracted thousands of recreational enthusiasts and vacationers.

In 1889 the road to the area was improved and construction began on a “modern” ho-tel - the Cloud Cap Inn. The first few years of operation attracted mainly scientists, climbers and tourists from many parts of the world. It wasn’t until Sarah Langville (sometimes called the “Lady of the Moun-tain”) agreed to take over Cloud Cap Inn in 1891 that the hotel became sucessful. Her warm hospitality set a tone for the lodge that made the visit of any guest a truley memorable experience.

Cloud Cap - The Grand Hotel

ties, adding a 1,100 foot long T-Bar capable of handling 1,200 skiers per hour. Night skiing was added and the ski area doubled in size from 20 to 40 acres. New buildings housed the warming hut and rental facil-ity - and the original tow shack removed from the hill in 1955 was converted into the patrol shack. Jack Baldwin set the vision, tempo and scope of operations at Cooper Spur for the next 30 years - and while there were other owners, the ski area operated much as it had in the past, continuing to appeal to families in search of affordable winter snow play. in addition to skiing and snowboarding, snow tubing was added to the area’s offerings. In 2001, Cooper Spur Ski Area was purchased by Mt. Hood Meadows.

In 2002, the T-Bar was replaced by a double chairlift and the rope tows were replaced, and the Alpine lodge was renovated with a new outdoor deck. But even with the improvements, lift ticket and tubing prices remained the same - a com-mitment to the affordable family snow play area envisionedby Jack Baldwin.

In 1927 the Hood River Ski Club cleared and built a ski jump on the steep hill (known as “Jump Hill” to the left of the chairlift (as you ride up). The tow motor was on the center of the hill, with tow rope run-ning both above and below the lift shack, and unusual arrangement. It was somewhat underpowered. Too many skiers holding onto the rope all at once could halt the tow. The shack was removed in 1955 when the tow was lengthened, and the equipment was used to make a second tow.

By this time, the tow facilities had become a private operation by Jack Baldwin and George Howell. Ski Club members contin-ued to do thier part by manning the warm-ing hut, providing ski instruction and ski patrol personnel. In 1956, the Hood River Junior Chamber of Commerce built the current loop road, running up from Cloud Cap road to the bottom of the ski hill, and back down again.

The ski club dropped out of all participa-tion at Cooper Spur, and in 1970 Howell sold out to Baldwin. But Jack Baldwin was a man of vision with a passion for skiing. Thanks to an SVA loan and some other sup-port, in 1971 Baldwin expanded the facili-

Cooper Spur Ski Area & Jack Baldwin

The North face of Mt. Hood has always been a source of inspiration and an outlet for recreation for those visiting and living in the Hood River Valley. A Century ago - long before organized sports, electronic media, or the internet; families would recreate together by hiking and climbing to find new vantage points to view Wy’east. Along the way lessons were learned, friendships wer forged, and legends were born.

However, it is the snow for which the area has always been known. The early ascents of Mt. Hood all traversed across glaciers and required some technical climbing up snow chutes. the early explorers carried with them snow shoes and cross country skis to make climbing in variable conditions easier, as well as makeing the descent more thrilling and fun.

The first recorded north side ski trip was in Fevruary 1890 when Will and H.D. Langille descended on lengthy Nordic skis. A Snow Shoe Club was formed in 1902, it’s members hiking up trail, and then riding a toboggan down.

Winter RecreationParadise

Cloud Cap Inn Party at Cooper Spur in 1891From Left: Dr. Hill, Will Langille, William Ladd, Unknown, CES Wood, Erskine Wood (boy), Ann Langille (reaching for hat), Mrs. Wood & Mrs Ladd (at lower right).

COOPER SPUR HISTORY

The Cloud Cap Inn, Coopers Spur, Or.

The first automobile to reach Cloud Cap was a one cylinder Cadillac. After the trip Mecklem used a Pierce Arrow as a stage from Hood River to the Inn, but the auto could only go to the China Fill, but it cut down the time from Hood River from 8 hours to 3. Dorsey Smith assumed the operation of the Inn around 1910(?). Homer Rogers, who ran a lodge in Parkdale, bought the Inn in 1919 from Ladd for $5,000. And a long-term contract from the Forest Service was made. In 1925 the government was planning the Mt. Hood Loop Highway and considering building a newer and bigger Inn, similar to Rainer’s Paradise Hotel. They pressured Rodgers to make improvements to the road or lose his permit. Homer ended up selling the Inn to a group of people headed by J.C. Ainsworth. They hired Dors-ey Smith to operate the Inn until a new one was built. The plans for a new Grand Lodge didn’t bring the funds needed by private investors. Enthusiasm for the project was briefly renewed when the Mt. Hood com-mittee came up with plans for a tramway to the summit of Mt. Hood. But opposition from the Mazama climbing club and groups concerned with the environmental affects and safety killed that project too. In 1927 Dorsey Smith turned the Inn’s operation over to Noyes Tyrell, who operated the very successful Tyrell’s Tavern near Bonneville. He ran it until 1932 when it stood empty for about a year. Boyd French Sr. leased

Cloud Cap Inn was built in 1889 and opened August 6th of the same year. It was built by William Ladd, a Portland banker and C.E.S. Wood a Portland attorney. It was Woods wife, Nannie, who named the hotel. Prior to building the Inn they bought the road and created the Mt. Hood Stage Co. The road needed improvements before building could begin. Chinese laborers were employed in the project. A stretch of road referred to as “China Fill” was a 22-precent grade and was a challenge to the early automobiles attempting the trip. The original road didn’t follow today’s road. As you drive up to the Inn you can still see the old road intersect the new occasionally. It ran along the ridge between Evans Creek and Crystal Springs Creek. The same architectural firm that designed Cloud Cap Inn designed the Forestry Building for the Lewis and Clark Exposition in Portland in 1905. All of the logs came from around the building site. Cables were used to hold the building down during high winds. Wind did end up blowing down one of the original chimneys in the early 1900’s. Water was supplied to the Inn from Tilly Jane Creek, 1200 feet away. Business was slow in the beginning. The Inn closed down in 1890 and Ladd and Wood turned over operation of the Inn to James Langille’s wife, Sarah, nick named Tansana, in 1891. Sarah ran Cloud Cap at a much simpler level and was able to operate at a profit. Her two son’s Will and Doug worked at the Inn as mountain guides. A tradition was started where when a person made a summit ascent they were allowed to take their personal business card and thumbtack it to the ceiling. This was done by putting the tack through the card and backing it up with a silver dollar and throwing it up to the ceiling. In 1894 Ladd brought telephone wire and equip-ment to install a phone system at the Inn. Will Langille installed the equipment and ran the wire. Will left Oregon to join the Alaskan gold rush. Doug stayed on as guide until 1900 when he joined the U.S. Geological Survey. Sarah’s nephew, Horace Mecklem came to help out after her son’s left. Sarah then hired two European guides until 1903. Mark Weygant went to work for Sarah in 1904 and worked for her for several years. Sarah retired from operat-ing the Inn successfully in 1907 and turned operation over to Horace Mecklem and his wife Olive.

The First Automobile at Cloud Cap - 1907it around 1934 until the war caused it to close its operation. The Mt. Hood Road and Wagon Company sold the Inn in 1942 to the Forest Service for $2,000. Dorsey Smith was the representative in the transaction, ending his long association with Cloud Cap. Boyd Smith used the Inn as a part time residence until after the war. Attempts to operate the Inn failed after that and in 1950 the Forest Service was considering tearing down the Inn, as it had fallen into disrepair. The Crag Rats, a Hood River based climbing club, after a struggle with the government, secured permission to use the Inn as a clubhouse and a base for their snow surveys. The Crag Rats went to work repairing the old building and maintain it to this day. In 1974 Cloud Cap Inn and Vista House were placed, by the state, on the list of historic places.

The Road Around The InnPhoto: Gary Randall, Brightwood, Or.

Photo: Steve Kenney, Springdale.Or.

Photo: Gary Randall, Brightwood, Or.

Photo: Gary Randall, Brightwood, Or.

The CabinsPhoto: Gary Randall, Brightwood, Or. Photo: Gary Randall, Brightwood, Or.

(Notice the tie down in the front.)Photo: Gary Randall, Brightwood, Or.

Advertisement for the Cloud Cap Inn

Historic Photos of Cloud Cap & the Inn

COOPER SPUR HISTORY

MT. HOOD

to the northwest, Mount St. Helens. The primary eruptive style has alternated between production of lava flows that have traveled as far as 12 km (7 mi) and lava domes that have piled up over vents on the steep upper slopes of the volcano; both types of eruptions were accompanied by modest production of tephra fallout. On the steep upper slopes of Mount Hood, growing lava domes have repeatedly col-lapsed to form hot, fast-moving pyroclastic flows. The extreme heat from such flows can swiftly melt significant quantities of snow and ice to produce lahars that surge down river valleys, typically far beyond the flanks of the volcano. Over the past 30,000 years, growth and collapse of lava domes and generation of lahars have domi-nated Mount Hood’s eruptive activity.

Throughout Mount Hood’s history, swift landslides, called debris avalanches, of various sizes have occurred. The largest ones removed the summit and sizable parts of the volcano’s flanks and formed lahars that flowed to the Columbia River. Large debris avalanches occur infrequently and are usually triggered by eruptive activity. Smaller ones, not associated with eruptive activity, occur more frequently. Typically these are triggered by failure of rocks that have been altered and weakened by acidic volcanic fluids or by weathering.

Mount Hood volcano, Oregon's high-est peak, forms a prominent backdrop to the state's largest city, Portland, and contributes valuable water, scenic, and recreational resources that help sustain the agricultural and tourist segments of the economies of surrounding cities and counties. The volcano has erupted episodi-cally for about 500,000 years and hosted two major eruptive periods during the past 1,500 years. During both recent eruptive periods, growing lava domes high on the southwest flank collapsed repeatedly to form pyroclastic flows and lahars that were distributed primarily to the south and west along the Sandy River and its tributaries. The last eruptive period began in AD 1781 and affected the White River as well as Sandy River valleys. The Lewis and Clark Expedition explored the mouth of the Sandy River in 1805 and 1806 and de-scribed a river much different from today’s Sandy. At that time the river was choked with sediment generated by erosion of the deposits from the eruption, which had stopped about a decade before their visit. In the mid-1800's, local residents reported minor explosive activity, but since that time the volcano has been quiet.

SummaryMount Hood is Oregon’s highest peak and an active volcano of the Cascade Range. It is located about 80 km (50 mi) east of the Portland metropolitan area. Volcanism occurs at Mount Hood and other Cascades arc volcanoes because of the subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate off the western coast of North America.

Mount Hood is a long-lived volcanic center that has erupted recurrently during the past 500,000 years, and geologic evidence records eruptions from a similar volcano at about the same site back to more than one million years ago. In fact, geologic studies of the Mount Hood re-gion have identified products of numerous local volcanoes that post-date the great floods of basalt lava (the Columbia River Basalts) that flowed down ancestral valleys of the Columbia River between about 16 and 15 million years ago. Local volcanoes have ranged from long- lived andesitic to dacitic volcanoes similar to Mount Hood to relatively short-lived outpourings of basalt and basaltic andesite that built shield volcanoes and cinder cones.

Present-day Mount Hood has grown episodically, with decades to centuries of frequent eruptions separated by quiet pe-riods lasting from centuries to more than 10,000 years. In the recent past, the vol-cano has produced two significant eruptive periods, one about 1,500 years ago and the other during the late 18th century.Mount Hood eruptions produce andesite and dacite lavas of a much narrower range of composition than does its neighbor

Geology & History

Mount Hood, which has been active for at least 500,000 years, occupies a long-lived focus of volcanic activity that has produced ancestral Hood-like volcanoes for the past 1.5 million years. Much of the Mount Hood edi-fice is formed of lava flows, but eruptive ac-tivity during the past 30,000 years has been dominated by growth and collapse of near-summit lava domes to produce broad fans of pyroclastic flow deposits. Similar deposits were probably formed in Mount Hood’s past but were largely eroded, especially during ice ages, and are poorly represented in the geologic record. The last two periods of eruptive activity occurred about 1,500 years ago and in the late 18th century. In addition to Mount Hood, other volcanoes scattered through the nearby area have erupted dur-ing the past 500,000 years. In contrast to the long-lived activity at Hood, each of these regional volcanoes was active for a relatively short period of time. The youngest such volcano is the 7-km-long Parkdale lava flow whose vent lies about 12 km north-northeast of the summit of Mount Hood.

Eruption History

When Mount Hood erupts again, it will severely affect areas on its flanks as well as locations far downstream in the major river valleys that head on the volcano. Volca-noes like Mount Hood are very episodic in their eruptive behavior, and have periods with frequent eruptions over decades to centuries, separated by dormant periods lasting centuries to thousands of years. The volcano ended a long (~10,000 yr) dormant period about 1,500 years ago and has had two eruptive period of lava- dome growth in the past 1,500 years. A significant eruption of Mount Hood, such as an eruption of lava domes that collapse to form pyroclastic

Future Eruptions of Mt. Hoodflows and lahars, would displace several thousand residents and cause billion-dollar-scale damage to infrastructure and build-ings.

In addition to a large and growing nearby residential population, Mount Hood is a major recreation destination for skiing, climbing, hiking, camping, and other types of tourism. There are also significant ele-ments of transportation and eletrical power infrastructire in the area, all of which would be affected by future activity and cause major economic losses in the region.

Information Source: www.volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mount_hood (12/04/12)

MT. HOOD

Volcanic mudflows can be triggered by an eruption, can develop during a landslide, or can occur during periods of heavy precipitation and high runoff. These lahars sweep rapidly down valleys picking up ad-ditional debris while eroding the channels in which they travel. As the flows run out, they deposit the mass of material that was gathered along the way.

Lava-dome eruptions are characterized by frequent rockfalls and collapses of the growing dome. Collapses typically generate pyroclastic flows of a variety of sizes, all of which can swiftly melt snow and ice. Pyroclastic flows are confined to the volcano’s flanks, but melt water can mix with rock debris to form lahars, the largest of which can flow far downstream.

Intense rainfall and sudden release of water from glaciers also cause small versions of lahars called debris flows. A rainstorm on Christmas day, 1980, triggered a landslide at the steep head of Polallie Creek on the east flank. The landslide transformed into a debris flow that scoured sediment from the creek’s channel banks and entered the East Fork Hood River, carrying a volume 20 times greater than the initial landslide. The debris flow temporarily dammed the East Fork. About 12 minutes later, the dam was breached and a flood surged down the East Fork, destroying about 10 km (6 mi) of Oregon Highway 35—a total of $13million in damage in 1980 dollars). One person was killed. Similar events have swept down most of the valleys on Mount Hood during the past century, but flows on White River, Newton Creek, Eliot Branch, and Ladd Creek have done the most damage to roads and bridges.

Rapidly moving landslides, called debris avalanches, occurred numerous times in the past when the steep upper parts of Mount Hood collapsed under the force of gravity. Small ones tend to be restricted to the upper flanks of the volcano, and large ones typically contain sufficient water to rapidly transform into far-traveling lahars.

About 1,500 years ago, a debris avalanche originating on the upper southwest flank of Mount Hood produced a lahar that flowed down the Zigzag and Sandy River valleys. It swept over the entire valley floor in the Zigzag-Wemme-Wildwood area and inun-dated a broad area near Troutdale, where the Sandy flows into the Columbia River —a total distance of about 90 km (55 mi). The debris avalanche created the breached summit crater that has since caused most eruptive products to flow into the Sandy River basin while the Hood River basin remains sheltered.

More than 100,000 years ago, a much larger debris avalanche and related lahar flowed down the Hood River, crossed the Columbia River, and flowed several kilometers up the White Salmon River on the Washington side. Its deposits must have dammed the Columbia River at least temporarily.

Glaciers and perennial snowfields on Mount Hood cover about 13.5 km2 (5 mi2) and contain more than 300 million cubic meters (nearly 400 million yd3) of ice and snow. The largest glaciers, Eliot and Coe on the north flank, are about 2.5-3 km (1.5 to 1.8 mi) long. Summer meltwater from the glaciers and seasonal snowpack provides irrigation water for the highly productive Hood River Valley fruit orchards and main-tains flow in important fish habitats.

During the last ice age, glaciers radiated outward up to 15 km (9.3 mi) in all of the major Hood drainages and filled valleys with hundreds of meters of ice. Glaciers were even more extensive during sev-eral older ice ages. Many lava flows were erupted during times of extensive glacier cover, which strongly influenced their distribution. During the Polallie eruptive period, pyroclastic flows from collapsing lava domes mantled glaciers with debris, which was transported by the glacier and dumped in moraines that formed at the glacier snout.

Whether during times of relatively restrict-ed glacier cover as now or during ice ages, glaciers and snow provided a ready source of water to mobilize long-traveled lahars by pyroclastic flows swiftly producing large volumes of meltwater.

Lahars

Debris Avalanches Glaciers

Mount Hood is one of the most seismically active volcanoes in the Washington and Oregon Cascades, and the most seismical-ly active volcano in Oregon. In an average month 1-2 earthquakes are located by the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network (PNSN) within 3 miles of the summit. Most Hood earthquakes don’t actually occur directly beneath the volcano’s summit, but instead in one of several clusters located 2-5 km west, southwest, and southeast of the summit. The largest earthquake recorded in the vicinity of Mount Hood was a M 4.5 in 2002 that was widely felt and followed 4 hours later by a M 3.8 aftershock. M > 3.0 events also occurred in 1989, 1990, 1996, and 2010. Earthquakes in these clusters tend to occur in swarms (defined as three or more located earthquakes in a single day) or “mainshock- aftershock” sequences.

Seismic Monitoring of Mt. Hood The most notable such swarm occurred 06/29-08/18, 2002, when 200+ earth-quakes were located by the PNSN follow-ing the June 29, 2002, M 4.5 mainshock. Scientists believe that earthquakes in the clusters south of the summit occur on tectonic faults and aren’t directly related to volcanic processes occurring beneath Mount Hood. The largest earthquake re-corded beneath the summit was a M 3.5 in 1989 that was felt, with a M > 3.0 event also occurring in 1982. In contrast to the south-erly clusters, earthquakes directly beneath the summit rarely occur in swarms.

Mount Hood seismicity is monitored by the PNSN and CVO via a regional network that includes 5 seismic stations within 12 miles of thevolcano.

Location: Oregon, Clackamas/Hood River CountiesLatitude: 45.374 °NLongitude: 121.695 °WElevation: 11,240 (f) 3,426 (m)Volcano Type: StratovolcanoAlert Level: Normal

Quick Facts

Information Source: www.volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mount_hood (12/04/12)