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Ann Arbor’s
Non-motorized Transportation
Steps Forward
Eli Cooper, AICP
Presentation to Trailnet: Streets for Everyone
August 2014
Presentation Overview
Ann Arbor Planning Framework
The Five E’s
Crosswalk Ordinance Case Study
Questions
Ann Arbor Area
Non-motorized Ann Arbor
Citizen engagement in Bicycling and Walking
since 1970’s (or earlier)
2007 Adoption of City non-motorized plan
First to consider and include Pedestrian
System
Variety of Implementation Mechanisms
Leading to Results!
Statistical Background
2010 American
Community Survey
Commute to Work In
Ann Arbor:
15.6 % Walking
3.5% by Bicycle
8.9 % Public
Transportation
Total – 28%
Over three times the US
Average of 8%
Ann Arbor’s Non-motorized Plan Vision and Purpose
Establish a physical
and cultural
environment that
supports and
encourages
– Safe, comfortable and
convenient bicycling
and walking
– Throughout the city
and into the
surrounding
communities
Ann Arbor’s Non-motorized Systems
Part of Systems Planning Approach
Targeted to increase “Active Transportation”
Addresses Walking and Bicycling
Walking “Along and Across” Corridors
Includes Innovation
Add travel choices
Maximize existing capacity
Redesign streets for multiple users
Reduce peak-hour auto trips
Link transportation
investments to land
use and site design
changes
Ann Arbor’s Complete Streets Policy
Ann Arbor’s Implementation
Dedicated ALT Transportation Fund
5% of Act 51 Resources
Sidewalk Maintenance Millage
Integration into other projects
Competitive Grants – TE, ARRA, Etc.
Piggybacking – Geddes Rd over US 23
Washtenaw Under US 23
Ann Arbor Non-motorized Framework
Primary Activities City Lead
Encouragement Promoting walking ALT Transportation and
Communications
Engineering Planning and physical
domain
ALT Transportation and
Project Management
Education Information on rules of,
and sharing the road
ALT Transportation and
Communications
Enforcement City Code and police
actions
Police, City Attorney and
ALT Transportation
Evaluation Monitoring ALT Transportation and
Project Management
Ann Arbor’s Five E Framework
Engineering: Pedestrian Treatments
Countdown
Heads
HAWK
Refuge Island
Flashing Beacon
Bus Stop
Location
Engineering: Sidewalk Gaps Filled
S. State Street at Ann Arbor RR Packard at Platt
Engineering: New Shared Use Paths
Washtenaw Ave. Path
Geddes Rd. Path and Bridge over U.S. 23
Engineering:
Downtown Fifth and Division Improvements
Collaboration with Downtown Development Authority
• Three lanes to two • On-street parking • Enhanced sidewalk environment • Curb Bump Out
Engineering: Bus Stops at Crosswalks
50’
Bus stop on far side of the crosswalk
Engineering: Crosswalk Configuration
• Encourages pedestrians exiting the
bus to use the crosswalk.
• Better site lines for motorists and
pedestrians.
• Coordinates transit operations with
traffic patterns
• Takes advantage of lighting features
Bus stops should be located close to adequate crossing facilities to encourage
pedestrians to use crossing and reduce jaywalking - FHWA
Education and Encouragement:
Ann Arbor Safe Streets and Sidewalks
Education and Encouragement
Enforcement
2010: Code amendments :
•bicyclists’ rights and
duties
•bike lanes and bike paths
•pedestrian rights and
duties.
Evaluation: Non-motorized Plan:
The Early Results A greater number of
individuals freely
choosing alternative
transportation modes
2000 24.7%
2010 28 %
Leading to healthier
lifestyles, improved
air and water quality,
and a safer, more
sustainable
community and
region.
A Healthier, More Livable
Community
Ann Arbor Crosswalk Issue
Case Study
What happens if one
Relies on one “E”
Does it work or backfire?
The Catalyst
Local Advocacy Group - WBWC
Convened Pedestrian Forum
Presented video of motorists’ non-
compliance
Advocated for changing the City Code
addressing “Crosswalks”
Modeled on Boulder, CO
– “In or approaching”
The Response
Advocates content they initiated change
Motorists unsure of what “Approaching”
meant
Conducted outreach around targeted
enforcement
Some modest behavior change, but
Code Change was too much, too fast!
Led to City Council Crosswalk Review
Ann Arbor Crosswalk Review
Crosswalk Research findings
– 23 of largest 50 Cities have regulations
• Fines range from $50 to $242
– MN, MD, WA, OR, CO, FL & GA have “Stop” Laws
– NJ and IL, adopted “Stop” in 2010
• Rationale – Stop - Clearer than Yield
– MI UTC is available for adoption, is not law
without local action
Ann Arbor Crosswalk Review
Encouragement and Education
– Awareness
– Emphasis safety, roles and responsibility
– Outreach Mechanisms
• Brochures, posters, advertisements, inserts
• Bus Advertising – inside and outside
• Fleet operators, City, AATA, UM, USPS,
Private Carriers
• Employers via getDowntown Program
• CTN, Radio and other outlets
• In-road & Changeable Message signs
Ann Arbor Crosswalk Review
Enforcement
– Code Provisions
– Police activities
• Targeted enforcement
Evaluation
– Monitor effectiveness
• Pedestrian crashes and volumes
• Crosswalk Stop Rate
• others
Ann Arbor Crosswalk Review
Code modifications
– Staff Recommendations (from First Reading
version)
• Keep “Stop”
• “Curb line”
• Multilane exception (UTC language)
– Note also Current Code:
• UTC section R 28.1703 Rule 703.
• Do not pass stopped vehicle at marked crosswalk
Ann Arbor Crosswalk Review
Summary
– Five E’s provided organizing framework
– Educate and Encourage
• Rights and Responsibilities
– Enforcement
• Code modifications recommended
• AAPD role
– Evaluation
– Engineering recommendations
• RRFBs
• Enhanced Signage
Summary: Walkable, bikable
places have:
A civic
commitment
to walking
and cycling,
from top to
bottom.
Community Leadership
If we’re going to continue to grow, we’re
going to need to get people into town
without cars,” said Hieftje, “Otherwise,
we’re looking at gridlock in a few years
Planning for “Complete Streets”
Key elements
• Institutional buy-in
• Build projects with community engagement
• All transportation planning - Multimodal
• Sidewalks required on both sides of all streets
• Bike lanes preferred over side paths
• $$ allocated to creating non-motorized system
• Transit millage
• Link transportation and land use
Conclusions
Leadership, Planning and Policy are first
steps
Complete Streets include all modes
All five E’s are essential
Questions ?