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Cops and Robbers 1
What is left to do on Cops and Robbers?
Anthony BonatoRyerson University
GRASCan 2012
Cops and Robbers 2
Where to next?
• we focus on 6 research directions on the topic of Cops and Robbers games–by no means exhaustive
1. How big can the cop number be?
• c(n) = maximum cop number of a connected
graph of order n
• Meyniel Conjecture: c(n) = O(n1/2).
Cops and Robbers 3
State-of-the-art
• (Lu, Peng, 12+) proved that
– independently proved by (Scott, Sudakov,11) and
(Frieze, Krivelevich, Loh, 11)
• (Bollobás, Kun, Leader, 12+): if
p = p(n) ≥ 2.1log n/ n, then
c(G(n,p)) ≤ 160000n1/2log n
• (Prałat,Wormald,12+): removed log factor
Cops and Robbers 6
)1(1
log))1(1( 22)( o
non
nOnc
Cops and Robbers 7
Graph classes
• (Aigner, Fromme,84): Planar graphs have cop number at most 3.
• (Andreae,86): H-minor free graphs have cop number bounded by a constant.
• (Joret et al,10): H-free class graphs have bounded cop number iff each component of H is a tree with at most 3 leaves.
• (Lu,Peng,12+): Meyniel’s conjecture holds for diameter 2 graphs, bipartite diameter 3 graphs.
Cops and Robbers 8
Questions
• Soft Meyniel’s conjecture: for some ε > 0,
c(n) = O(n1-ε).
• Meyniel’s conjecture in other graphs classes?– bounded chromatic number– bipartite graphs– diameter 3– claw-free
Cops and Robbers 9
2. How close to n1/2?
• consider a finite projective plane P– two lines meet in a unique point– two points determine a unique line– exist 4 points, no line contains more than two of them
• q2+q+1 points; each line (point) contains (is incident with) q+1 points (lines)
• incidence graph (IG) of P:– bipartite graph G(P) with red nodes the points of P
and blue nodes the lines of P– a point is joined to a line if it is on that line
Meyniel extremal families
• a family of connected graphs (Gn: n ≥ 1) is Meyniel extremal if there is a constant d > 0, such that for all n ≥ 1, c(Gn) ≥ dn1/2
• IG of projective planes: girth 6, (q+1)-regular, so have cop number ≥ q+1– order 2(q2+q+1)– Meyniel extremal (must fill in non-prime orders)
• all other examples of Meyniel extremal families come from combinatorial designs (see Andrea Burgess’ talk)
Cops and Robbers 11
Cops and Robbers 12
3. Minimum orders
• Mk = minimum order of a k-cop-win graph
• M1 = 1, M2 = 4
• M3 = 10 (Baird, Bonato,12+)
– see also (Beveridge et al, 2012+)
Cops and Robbers 13
Questions
• M4 = ?
• are the Mk monotone increasing?– for example, can it happen that M344 < M343?
• mk = minimum order of a connected G such that c(G) ≥ k
• (Baird, Bonato, 12+) mk = Ω(k2) is equivalent to Meyniel’s conjecture.
• mk = Mk for all k ≥ 4?
Cops and Robbers 14
4. Complexity
• (Berrarducci, Intrigila, 93), (Hahn,MacGillivray, 06), (B,Chiniforooshan, 09):
“c(G) ≤ s?” s fixed: in P; running time O(n2s+3), n = |V(G)|
• (Fomin, Golovach, Kratochvíl, Nisse, Suchan, 08):
if s not fixed, then computing the cop number is NP-hard
Cops and Robbers 15
Questions
• Goldstein, Reingold Conjecture: if s is not fixed, then computing the cop number is EXPTIME-complete.– same complexity as say, generalized chess
• Conjecture: if s is not fixed, then computing the cop number is not in NP.
• speed ups? – can we recognize 2-cop-win graphs in o(n7)?– how fast can we recognize cop-win graphs?
Cops and Robbers 16
5. Planar graphs
• (Aigner, Fromme, 84) planar graphs have cop number ≤ 3.
• (Clarke, 02) outerplanar graphs have cop number ≤ 2.
Cops and Robbers 17
Questions
• characterize planar (outer-planar) graphs with cop number 1,2, and 3 (1 and 2)
• is the dodecahedron the unique smallest order planar 3-cop-win graph?
• edge contraction/subdivision and cop number?– see (Clarke, Fitzpatrick, Hill, RJN, 10)
Cops and Robbers 18
6. VariantsGood guys vs bad guys games in graphs
slow medium fast helicopter
slow traps, tandem-win
medium robot vacuum Cops and Robbers edge searching eternal security
fast cleaning distance k Cops and Robbers
Cops and Robbers on disjoint edge sets
The Angel and Devil
helicopter seepage Helicopter Cops and Robbers, Marshals, The Angel and Devil,Firefighter
Hex
badgood
Cops and Robbers 19
Distance k Cops and Robber (Bonato,Chiniforooshan,09)
(Bonato,Chiniforooshan,Prałat,10)• cops can “shoot” robber at some specified
distance k• play as in classical game, but capture includes
case when robber is distance k from the cops– k = 0 is the classical game
C
R
k = 1
Cops and Robbers 20
Distance k cop number: ck(G)
• ck(G) = minimum number of cops needed to capture robber at distance at most k
• G connected implies
ck(G) ≤ diam(G) – 1
• for all k ≥ 1,
ck(G) ≤ ck-1(G)
Cops and Robbers 21
When does one cop suffice?
• cop-win graphs ↔ cop-win orderings(RJN, Winkler, 83), (Quilliot, 78)• provide a structural/ordering
characterization of cop-win graphs for:– directed graphs– distance k Cops and Robbers– invisible robber; cops can use traps or alarms/photo
radar (Clarke et al,00,01,06…)– line graphs (RJN,12+)– infinite graphs (Bonato, Hahn, Tardif, 10)
Cops and Robbers 22
The robber fights back! (Haidar,12) • robber can attack neighbouring cop
• one more cop needed in this graph (check)• at most min{2c(G),γ(G)} cops needed, in general• are c(G)+1 many cops needed?
C
C
C
R
Fighting Intelligent Fires Anthony Bonato
23
Infinite hexagonal grid
• can one cop contain the fire?
Cops and Robbers 24
Fill in the blanks…slow medium fast helicopter
slow traps, tandem-win
medium robot vacuum Cops and Robbers edge searching eternal security
fast cleaning distance k Cops and Robbers
Cops and Robbers on disjoint edge sets
The Angel and Devil
helicopter seepage Helicopter Cops and Robbers, Marshals, The Angel and Devil,Firefighter
Hex
badgood