Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved. Unit 8 Hard Drive Technologies

Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

Unit 8

Hard Drive Technologies

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The disk surface is divided into tracks.

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Platter1, Track1

Platter2, Track1

Platter3, Track1

Platter4, Track1

Most Hard Drives Have Multiple Platters

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The eight track 1’s are referred to collectively as “Cylinder 1.”

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Read\WriteHead

Read\WriteHead

PlatterPlatter

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7

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One Sector =512 Bytes

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Cluster

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Cluster

• The smallest unit of disk space that the OS can allocate to a file.

• It consists of one or more sectors.

• Generally, the larger the disk drive, the more sectors per cluster.


Hard Drive Interfaces

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ST-506/ESDI Interface

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The Drive Controller

• Interface between the drive and the motherboard (system controller)

• Obsolete as separate cards

• Integrated with the motherboard and drives

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Legacy Drive Controller

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IDE/EIDE Interface

40-pin data connector Configuration Jumpers

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EIDE ControllerEIDE Controller

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SCSI Interface

50-pin data connector

Configuration Jumpers?Configuration Jumpers?

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SCSI Host Adapter

ExternalExternal

InternalInternal

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SATA Interface


Hard Drive Installation and

Setup

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IDE Cables

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Motherboard PortsMotherboard Ports

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Master/Slave Settings

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EIDE

• Enhanced IDE

• Larger Drive Capacity

• Faster Transfers

• Two ports, and two devices on each port

• ATAPI

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Mounting ScrewsMounting Screws

Mounting screwsMounting screwsPower connectorPower connector

Control cableControl cable

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Safety First• Turn off the power before you open

the computer.

• Wear an antistatic wrist band grounded to the computer when handling any computer component.

• Be careful of the sharp wires on the component side of the disk drive.

Physical Drive Logical Drive

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17

Setup

Standard

PCI/PnP

ChipsetAdvanced

P e r i p h e r a lP o w e r M g m tStandard Setup

Pri Master Pri Slave Sec Master Sec Slave

Floppy A Floppy B

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Date/Time

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Master and Slave on same cable.

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Power ConnectorPower Connector

Control cableControl cable

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Hard drive removal

• Open the cabinet.

• Disconnect cables.

• Remove mounting screws.

• Lift out the drive.

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Power Connector

Control cable

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Power Connector

Control Cable

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FRAGILEHandle the hard drive with

care.

DO NOT DO NOT DROPDROP

ORORJARJAR

DO NOT DO NOT DROPDROP

ORORJARJAR

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Primary Slave Hard Disk

Type : Auto

LBA/Large Mode : Off

Block Mode : Off

32Bit Mode : Off

PIO Mode : Auto

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SATA• Serial AT Attachment (SATA) standard

• Data storage standard

• Interface transparent to operating system

• Supports previous parallel ATA standards

• Burst rate 150 MB/sec

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SATA Interface

SignalContacts

SignalContacts

SignalCable

Connector

SignalCable

Connector

Drive SocketAssembly


CableAssemblies

CableAssemblies

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SATA Interface

PowerContactsPower

Contacts

Power SupplyCable Connector

Power SupplyCable Connector

CableAssemblies

CableAssemblies



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SATA Interface

ManufacturerTest Pins

ManufacturerTest Pins

CableAssemblies

CableAssemblies



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SATA Hard Disk Drive

Test Pins

PowerAdapter Plug

SignalConnector

PowerConnector


Hard Drive Partitions

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File Allocation Table (FAT)• OS’s road map to the disk

• How the OS keeps track of which clusters belong to which files

• How the OS keeps track of bad sectors

• Two copies maintained and kept up to date.

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Formatting

• Low Level Formatting - Performed by the Drive Manufacturer.

• High Level Formatting - Performed by the PC User via the FORMAT Command.

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Blank Disk Sectors and tracks defined

Low-Level Formatting

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Low Level Formatting

• Performed at the factory.

• Converts the single blank surface into tracks and sectors.

• Finds and remaps bad spots on the disk so that the operating system can avoid them.

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High Level Formatting

• Originally performed by the vendor of the computer.

• Creates boot record, FAT, and the root directory.

• Performed with the FORMAT command.

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Partitioning

• Makes the hard disk compatible with the OS

• Prepares hard disk for high-level format

• Divides hard disk into partitions or makes it one large partition

• Performed with the FDISK utility

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FAT and FAT 16

• DOS, Win 95, Win 98

• 2 GB Maximum Partition

• 32 KB Cluster @ 2 GB

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VFAT

• Win 95 and Win 98

• 2 GB Maximum Partition

• 32 K Cluster @ 2 GB

• Long File Names

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FAT 32

• Win 95 and Win 98

• 2 TB Maximum Partition

• 4 KB Cluster @ 2 GB

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Partition

Format

Load OS

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Fixed Disk Setup Program(C)Copyright Microsoft Corp. 1983 - 1995

FDISK Options

Current fixed disk drive: 1

Choose one of the following:

1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive 2. Set active partition 3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive 4. Display partition information 5. Change current fixed disk drive

Enter choice: [5]

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Fixed Disk Setup Program(C)Copyright Microsoft Corp. 1983 - 1995

FDISK Options



1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive 2. Set active partition 3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive 4. Display partition information 5. Change current fixed disk drive

Enter choice: [1]

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Create DOS Partition or Logical DOS Drive



1. Create Primary DOS Partition 2. Create Extended DOS Partition 3. Create Logical DOS Drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition

Enter choice: [2]

Press Esc to return to FDISK Options

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Create Extended DOS Partition


Partition Status Type Volume Label Mbytes System Usage E:1 A EXT DOS JSMITH 1032 FAT16 100%

Extended DOS Partition already exists.

Press Esc to continue

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Display Partition Information


Partition Status Type Volume Label Mbytes System Usage E:1 A EXT DOS JSMITH 1032 FAT16 100%

Total disk space is 1032 Mbytes (1 Mbyte = 1048576 bytes)

The Extended DOS Partition contains Logical DOS Drives.Do you want to display the logical drive information (Y/N)....?[Y]

Press Esc to return to FDISK Options

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Display Logical DOS Drive Information

Drv Volume Label Mbytes System Usage E: JSMITH 1032 FAT16 100%

Total Ext DOS Partition size is 1032 Mbytes (1 MByte = 1048576 bytes)

Press Esc to continue

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You must FORMAT

ALL new

Logical Drives.

You must FORMAT

ALL new

Logical Drives.

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C? D? E? F?

Master --Two Partitions

Slave --Two Partitions

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Master --Two Partitions

Slave --Two Partitions

C: Master, Primary PartitionE: Master, Extended Partition

C: Master, Primary PartitionE: Master, Extended Partition

D: Slave, Primary PartitionF: Slave, Extended Partition

D: Slave, Primary PartitionF: Slave, Extended Partition


Maintaining a Hard Drive

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Symptom

Hard drive performance has been slowing down over time.

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Symptom

PC will not boot from the hard drive.

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Possible Problems:

• The SETUP configuration has been changed or lost.

• One or more of the MS-DOS files on the hard drive may be corrupt or missing.

• The partition table or boot sector may be corrupt.

• The hard drive may have a mechanical or an electronic malfunction.

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“How good are your backups?”

• You can reload Windows

• You can reload applications

• You can reconfigure the GUI

• Can you recreate your data?

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70

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75

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The Backup Timeline

Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Days 7-15 Day 20 Day 21

OS Loaded

OS Loaded

AppsLoaded

AppsLoaded BackupBackup Minor

Changes

Minor Changes CRASH!CRASH!

Restore from

Backup

Restore from

Backup

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The Backup Timeline

OS Loaded

Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Days 7-15 Day 20 Day 21

Changes are lost!

AppsLoaded Backup

Minor Changes CRASH!

Restore from Day 5

Backup

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Create Regular Backups

Changes made between the Backup and the

Restoration are lost.


Optical Drives

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The CD-ROM

X1 = 150 KBps

Storage650 MB

= 450 Floppy Disks

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Floppy DiskMagneticTracks are concentric

CD-ROMLaser ReadingOne spiral track

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Floppy DiskMagneticTracks are separate circlesTrack 0 at the outer edge

CD-ROMLaser ReadingOne Spiral TrackFrom Inside to Outside

EndEnd

BeginningBeginning

Track 79Track 79Track 0Track 0

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16,000 lapsper inch

16,000 lapsper inch

135 tracksper inch

135 tracksper inch

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Magnetic DiskAngular rate is constantShorter track on inside means tighter packed data

CD-ROM DiskLinear rate is constantShorter track on inside means higher rotational speed there.

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Track 0Track 0

Track 1Track 1

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In addition to data, each sector also containsError Detection Codes (EDC) and Error Correcting Codes (ECC).

In addition to data, each sector also containsError Detection Codes (EDC) and Error Correcting Codes (ECC).

SectorSector

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Never wipe in line with the Sector!Never wipe in line with the Sector!

OKOK

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Top or Label SideTop or Label Side

Clear Protective CoatingClear Protective Coating

ReflectiveMetalLayer

ReflectiveMetalLayer

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Data, in the form of PITS and LANDSData, in the form of PITS and LANDS

Beam is reflected

Beam is reflected

Beam is absorbed

Beam is absorbed

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Recordable Media Recordable Media

Gold LayerGold Layer

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Recordable Media Recordable Media

CD-R is Write Once Read Many (WORM)RD-RW is Read/Write, or Re-writeable

Photo-sensitiveDye Layer

Photo-sensitiveDye Layer


Connections and Specifications

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Four Basic CD-ROM Interfaces

• SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface)

• EIDE (Extended Integrated Drive Electronics)

• Proprietary Bus

• Other Interfaces

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Access Speeds• Single-speed (1x) 150 KB/s

• Quad-speed (4x) 600 KB/s

• Eight-speed (8x) 1.2 MB/s

• Ten-speed (10x) 1.5 MB/s

• Sixteen-speed (16x) 2.4 MB/s

• Twenty-speed (20x) 3 MB/s

• Twenty Four-speed (24x) 3.6 MB/s

• Fifty-speed (50x) 7.5 MB/s


Installing and Maintaining a

CD-ROM

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Installing a CD-ROM Drive

1. Install or select the hardware interface.

2. Install the physical drive.

3. Install the device driver.

4. Link the device driver name to the operating system

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PrimaryEIDE

Channel

PrimaryEIDE

Channel

SecondaryEIDE

Channel

SecondaryEIDE

Channel

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CD-ROM Drive Locations

100

Metal knockout

Plastic snap out

Power toCD-ROM Drive

Power toCD-ROM Drive

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Control toCD-ROM Drive

Control toCD-ROM Drive

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103

Connect th

e

CD-ROM driv

e

to the s

ound card

104

Documents

Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved. Unit 8 Hard Drive Technologies