Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society Welcome to the Canadian Red Cross Child Care First Aid & CPR Course

Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietyCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society

Welcome to the Canadian Red CrossChild Care First Aid & CPR Course

Slide 2 Child Care First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society

The Founders

Henry DunantFounder of the Red Cross

Dr. George Sterling RyersonFounder of the Canadian Red Cross


Red Cross Fundamental Principles

• Humanity• Impartiality

• Neutrality• Independence

• Voluntary Service• Unity

• Universality


Canadian Red Cross Mission Statement

“To improve the lives of vulnerable people by mobilizing the power of humanity in Canada and around the world.”


Canadian Red Cross Services

• Disaster Services• International Programs• First Aid Programs• Water Safety Services• RespectED: Violence and Abuse Prevention• Homecare Services

Contact your local CRC or visit www.redcross.ca to find out about volunteering.


The Red Cross – Summary Questions

1. Who is the founder of the Red Cross?

2. Who founded the Canadian Red Cross?

3. Name three volunteer opportunities at the CRC.

4. Name two services or programs offered by the CRC.


Definition of First Aid

The First Aider’s Role:

1. Recognize the emergency

2. Call EMS/9-1-1

3. Act according to your skills, knowledge, and comfort level

First aid is the immediate care that you give to a sick or injured person until more advanced care can be obtained.


Injuries Are . . .

1. Predictable

2. Understandable

3. Preventable

Prepare! Stay Safe! Survive!


Common Concerns About Providing First Aid

• Other people at the scene• The ill or injured person• Unpleasant injuries or illnesses• Catching a disease• Doing something wrong


First Aid Kit


Infection

An infection is a condition caused by the invasion of the body by germs.

1. Germs in the environment

2. The germs enter body

3. Enough germs to cause infection

4. The individual’s natural defences must be weak


How is an Infection Spread Between People?

Direct contact >

Indirect contact >

Airborne transmission >

Vector transmission >


Preventing Diseases From Spreading

• Wear protective equipment.

• Take personal precautions.

• Take environmental precautions.


Handwashing

Caregivers, First Aiders, and children should wash their hands often.

A good diapering routine will also reduce the spread of germs.


Preparing to Respond – Summary Questions

1. List three examples of a medical emergency.

2. How can a disease be transmitted in first aid?

3. How can spreading infection be prevented in a child care setting?

4. Name three elements of a home safety plan.


When to Call EMS/9-1-1:

• Dangers present• Change in level of

consciousness• Breathing difficulties• Deadly bleeding

• Seizures, severe headache, or slurred speech

• Injuries to the head, neck, or back

• Blood in the vomit, urine, stool

If in doubt, call!


When to Call Parents or Guardians:

• Fever• Diarrhea• Vomiting• Any major injury to the body• Child shows abnormal behavior• Loss of or decrease in normal appetite

If in doubt, call!


EMS System – Summary Questions

1. Where can you find emergency phone numbers?

2. If you call EMS/9-1-1, who will come?

3. What information must you give EMS/9-1-1 dispatchers?

4. When should you call a child’s parent or guardian?


Check, Call, Care – Be Systematic

Check

Call

Care


Check – Begin a Primary Survey

Before helping at an emergency, check the scene:

1. Is it safe?

2. What happened? How did it happen?

3. How many ill or injured people are there?

4. Is there someone to help me?


If the scene is safe, check the child:

• Do they respond?– Ask the child, “Are you okay?”– If it is safe, get closer– Gently tap the child on the shoulder

• Are they?– Conscious?– Confused?– Unresponsive?


Call

• Call EMS/9-1-1• Be ready to tell the dispatcher the following:

1. Where exactly the emergency is

2. What telephone number you are calling from

3. What your name is

4. What has happened

5. How many people are involved and what their condition is


Care

• Determine care required: check ABCs• Treat life-threatening emergencies immediately


ABCs

Check: • Airway • Breathing • Circulation


Shock

Shock can be caused by injury, illness, infection, or emotion.

Treat everybody for shock.

Shock is a potentially life-threatening condition in which vital organs do not receive enough oxygen-rich blood.


What to Do for Shock

While you are waiting for EMS personnel to arrive:

1. Care for the cause of the shock.

2. Keep the child warm.

3. Monitor ABCs.

4. Have the child rest.

5. Give comfort and reassurance.


Secondary Survey: Are There Any Other Injuries?

Only do a secondary survey if the ABCs are present

Do the three-steps of a secondary survey:

1. Ask questions

2. Check vital signs

3. Do a head-to-toe check

Always complete the secondary survey before treating any

non-life-threatening injuries.


Secondary Survey – Questions

• What happened?• Where does it hurt?• How do you feel?• Are you hungry? Are you thirsty?


Secondary Survey – Vital Signs

• Level of consciousness • Breathing • Skin


Secondary Survey – Head-to-Toe Check

Hands-Off Check


Secondary Survey – Head-to-Toe Check

Hands-On Check


Continual Care

• Keep the child comfortable• Put an unconscious child in the recovery position if:

– The airway is open– The child is breathing– There is no deadly bleeding– You don’t suspect a neck or back injury

• Monitor the child


Summary

Check• Check the scene• Check the child

Call• Call EMS/9-1-1

Care• Deal with ABCs

Secondary Survey• Perform a secondary survey and treat any non-life-threatening

injuries

Continual Care• Keep the child comfortable and monitor vital signs.


Check, Call, Care – Summary Questions

1. What should you do during the check?

2. How do you check ABCs?

3. Who should you treat for shock?

4. What do you do during the secondary survey?


Airway System – Anatomy and Physiology

Nose

Mouth

Epiglottis

Trachea

Lungs

Bronchioles

Alveoli


Airway Blockages

• A mild airway obstruction occurs when the airway is partly blocked, reducing the flow of air to the lungs

• A severe airway obstruction occurs when the airway is totally blocked, stopping air from reaching the lungs

If the child can speak, cough, or breathe, it is mild choking.

Blockage


Causes of Choking

Children often choke on:• Balloons• Small objects• Foods

Liquids can cause choking too.


Airway Emergencies – Summary Questions

1. How would you prevent choking?

2. How would you recognize that someone is choking?

3. What do you do for for mild choking?

4. What do you do for conscious severe choking?

5. What do you do for unconscious choking?


Breathing Emergencies – Categories

Breathing emergencies fall into two categories:• Respiratory distress • Respiratory arrest


No Oxygen: Brain Cells Die

0 minute: Breathing stops. Heart will soon stop

beating. Clinical death.

4-6 minutes: Brain damage possible.

6-10 minutes: Brain damage likely.

10+ minutes: Irreversible brain damage certain.

Biological death.

Without oxygen, brain cells begin to die in 4 to 6 minutes.


Respiratory Distress

What to Look For:• Difficulty breathing• Anxiety


Hyperventilation

What to Look For:• Rapid, shallow breathing• A feeling of suffocating or not getting enough air• Fear, anxiety or confusion• Dizziness and numbness or tingling of fingers and

toes

Comfort the child and encourage long, slow breaths.


Asthma

What to Look For:

During an asthma attack, a child may:• Wheeze when exhaling• Be gasping for air or seem unable to catch his or her breath • Be upset• Have pale or bluish skin

Normal Airway Narrowed Airway

E.g., Asthma


What to Do for Asthma

1. Move child to well-ventilated area

2. Provide comfort and reassurance

3. Encourage or help child take prescribed medication

Call EMS/9-1-1 if:• The child does not have a history of

asthma• The attack is not helped by prescribed

medication• The child cannot complete a sentence

without gasping for air


Allergies/Anaphylaxis

What to Look For:• Rash, itching, or hives• A feeling of tightness in the chest and

throat• Swelling• Abnormal breathing• Weakness or dizziness• Nausea or vomiting

Allergies are sensitivities to specific substances.

Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction.


What to Do for Allergies/Anaphylaxis

1. Call EMS/9-1-1 for a severe allergic reaction

2. If the child has an epinephrine auto-injector, use it immediately

3. Monitor the child

It is important to try to stay away from substances that trigger allergic reactions.


Epiglottitis

Call EMS/9-1-1 and do not inspect the mouth and/or throat.

Epiglottitis is a bacterial infection causing inflammation and swelling of the epiglottis. It is not common but it is life-threatening.

• Comes on suddenly

• Looks very ill• Frequent drooling• No coughing


Croup

Report the condition to the parents and/or doctor, cool mist is often helpful.

Croup is a viral infection causing inflammation of the throat and vocal cords.

• Develops gradually• Looks mildly ill• No drooling• Frequent coughing


Respiratory Arrest

Causes:• Respiratory condition• Electrocution• A severe allergic reaction• Drugs and alcohol• Strangulation• Drowning

• Injury to the head, chest, or lungs

• Poisoning• Suffocation• Airway obstructions

Respiratory arrest is when a person stops breathing


Respiratory Arrest

What to Look For:• Unconsciousness• Bluish-coloured lips and a face that is paler

than normal• Lack of movement in the chest and abdomen• Lack of normal breathing sounds


Breathing Emergencies – Summary Questions

1. What are the signs and symptoms of breathing distress?

2. What is the first aid for an asthma attack?

3. How would you assist with or administer an epinephrine auto-injector?

4. How do you recognize respiratory arrest?


Cardiac Arrest

Causes:• Shaken Baby Syndrome• Sudden Infant Death

Syndrome• Electrical shock• Respiratory arrest• Choking

Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart stops beating.


Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

To lessen the risk:• Put a baby on her back to sleep• Do not smoke around babies• Do not put too many clothes or covers on babies• Breastfeeding may give some protection

SIDS usually occurs during sleep.


What to Do for Deadly Bleeding

External:

1. Call EMS/9-1-1.

2. Apply direct pressure to the bleeding.

3. Treat the child for shock.

Internal:

1. Call EMS/9-1-1.

2. Help child rest in the most comfortable position.

3. Monitor ABCs until EMS personnel arrive.


Circulation Emergencies – Summary Questions

1. When do you do CPR?

2. What do you do for external deadly bleeding?

3. What are the signs and symptoms of internal deadly bleeding?


Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) andAutomated External Defibrillation (AED)

• Clinical death occurs when the heart stops. It is reversible.

• CPR keeps oxygen-rich blood circulating throughout the body.

• AED can deliver a shock to re-establish an effective rhythm. Quick defibrillation greatly increases chances of survival.


Using an AED

When using an AED:• Turn on the machine• Follow the diagrams to place

the pads• Use the age appropriate pads• Follow the voice prompts!

No one touch the child.

When shocking, state, “I’m clear, you’re clear, everybody’s clear.”

Use child pads for a child under the age of 8. Follow the directions on the pads for placement.


Special Considerations

• Air in stomach • Vomiting • Mouth-to-nose

< Mouth-to-nose

Vomiting >


Head and Spine – Anatomy and Physiology


Suspect a head or spine injury in the following situations:

• A fall from any height• Any diving injury• A person found unconscious for unknown reasons• Any injury that involves a blow to the head or trunk• A motor vehicle collision• Any injury in which the child’s helmet is damaged• A lightning strike or electrocution


Head and Spine Injuries

What to Look For:• Serious headache• Dizziness or disorientation• Nausea or vomiting• Changes in level of

consciousness and behaviour• Blood or clear fluid coming from

the ears or nose

• Difficulty breathing• Vision problems• Swelling, cuts, lumps, and

bumps on the head or face• Seizures• Loss of movement, loss of

sensation, or tingling


What to Do for Head and Spine Injuries

1. Call EMS/9-1-1.

2. Make sure the head and spine move as little as possible by placing your hands on both sides of the child’s head.

3. Only perform a secondary survey without letting go of the head. Have someone help you.

If the child is wearing a helmet, leave it on unless it makes it difficult for you to manage the ABCs.


Scalp injuries

If there doesn’t seem to be a fracture:• Hold dressings on the wound• Secure dressings with a bandage

If you feel a dip, soft area, or pieces of bone:• Treat the injury as a head injury• Only put direct pressure on the wound if

the bleeding is severe


Shaken Baby Syndrome

If you are frustrated, take a break.

Never shake!


Head and Spine Injuries – Summary Questions

1. What would make you suspect a spine injury?

2. Name two pieces of equipment that could help reduce the risk of spine injury.

3. What are the signs and symptoms of a head injury?

4. What is the first aid if you suspect a spine injury?


Anatomy and Physiology


Bone, Muscle, and Joint – Types of Injuries

< Sprain< Strain

Dislocation > Fracture >

Chipped

Cracked

Broken all the way through


Bone, Muscle, and Joint Injuries

You should call EMS/9-1-1 if:• The injury involves the head, neck, or back• The injury makes walking difficult• There are injuries to the thigh bone or pelvis• There is an altered level of consciousness


What to Do for Bone, Muscle, and Joint Injuries

R - Rest

I - Immobilize

C - Cold (cold packs, wrapped ice)

E - Elevate


The Principles of Splinting

1. Check for skin temperature and colour before and after splinting

2. Splint only if you can do it without causing more pain

3. Splint an injury in the position you find it

4. Splint the area above and below the injury site

5. Padding a splint makes it more comfortable


Bone, Muscle, and Joint Injuries – Summary Questions

1. What are the four most common bone, muscle, and joint injuries?

2. For what types of bone, muscle, or joint injuries would you call EMS/9-1-1?

3. What would you do for a bone, muscle, or joint injury?

4. Explain how you would splint a suspected fracture of a lower arm.


Wound Care – Anatomy and Physiology

Epidermis

Muscle

Dermis

Fatty Tissue


What to Do for Bruising

Cool the area: • When you cool the area,

put some sort of cloth or pad between the ice and the skin.

• Apply the cold for 20 minutes of every hour for as long as the child feels pain.


What to Do for Cuts and Scrapes

1. Wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water.

2. If possible, rinse the wound for five minutes with clean, running tap water.

3. If an antibiotic ointment or cream is available, put it on the wound.

4. Cover the wound with a sterile dressing and/or bandage.

If there is bleeding, put direct pressure on the wound until it stops.


Stitches

A wound may require stitching if:• Edges of the skin do not fall together • Wound is more than 2.5 cm (1 in) long• Wound is near joints on the hands or feet• Wound is on the face


What to Do for Puncture Wounds

1. Follow the first aid for scrapes and cuts.

2. As you may not know the depth of the wound, seek medical attention. The child may require a tetanus shot.


What to Do for Animal Bites

1. Keep yourself safe and try to get the child safely away from the animal.

2. Do not try to capture the animal.

3. Control any major bleeding.

4. Wash the wound with soap and water (if minor).

5. Put a dressing on the wound.

6. Seek medical attention.

Call animal control to report the animal bite.


What to Do for Amputations

1. Treat any bleeding.

2. Find the amputated body part, if possible.

3. Wrap the amputated part in a clean cloth.

4. Place the amputated part in a plastic bag.

5. Keep the amputated part cool.

6. Label the container that contains the body part.

7. Make sure the amputated part goes with the injured child to the hospital.


What to Do for Impaled Objects

1. Leave the object in place.

2. Stabilize the object.

3. Use bandages to keep the dressings in place.


Call EMS/9-1-1 if the object is large or is impaled in the head, neck, or torso.


What to Do for Nosebleeds

1. Have the child sit with the head slightly forward while pinching the nostrils for 10 to 15 minutes.

2. If bleeding continues or restarts seek medical attention.

If the child loses consciousness, call EMS/9-1-1.


What to Do for an Eye Injury

1. Try to remove the object by having the child blink several times.

2. Gently flush the eye with water.

3. If the object remains, the person should seek medical attention.

A foreign object in the eye but not impaled:

Call EMS/9-1-1 if there is an impaled object in the eye.


What to Do for Foreign Objects in the Ear or Nose

1. Remove the object if it can easily be grasped.

2. If the object does not dislodge easily, seek medical attention.


What to Do for Knocked-Out Teeth

1. Have the child bite down on a sterile dressing.

2. Carefully pick up the tooth by the crown.

3. If the tooth is dirty, gently rinse it in water.

4. Put the tooth in milk or water.

5. Get the child to a dentist as soon as possible.

If the tooth was knocked out by a blow to the head, suspect a head or neck injury.


Infection

What to Look For:• Swelling, redness, and

warmth• Pain• Fever• Red streaks starting at the

wound


What to Do for Infection

• Seek medical attention

To prevent infection keep the wound clean, keep immunizations up to date and use an antibiotic ointment if appropriate.


Burns

Burns can be caused by chemicals, electricity, heat or radiation.

Always call EMS/9-1-1 if the burn:• Makes it hard for the child to breathe• Covers more than one body part• Results from chemicals, explosion or electricity


What to Do for Superficial Burns

1. Cool the burn for at least 10 to 20 minutes.

2. Once the burning and pain has stopped, you can apply an antibiotic ointment and watch for infection.


What to Do for Partial-Thickness Burns

1. If more than 10% of the child’s body is burned, call EMS/9-1-1 and treat for shock. Cool only a small area at one time. If less than 10%, cool the burn for at least 10 to 20 minutes.

2. Only remove clothing that is not stuck to the skin.

3. After cooling the skin, cover it loosely with a dry, sterile dressing.


What to Do for Full-Thickness Burns

1. If more than 10% of the child’s body is burned, call EMS/9-1-1 and treat for shock. Cool only a small area at a time. If less than 10%, cool the burn for at least 10 to 20 minutes.

2. Only remove clothing that is not stuck to the skin.

3. Have the child lie down and treat for shock.


Do not try to clean a full-thickness burn.


What to Do for Chemical Burns

1. Wear protective equipment.

2. Brush off excess dry chemicals.

3. Flush with water.

4. Remove contaminated clothing.


What to Do for Electrical Burns

1. Only touch the child if it is safe.2. Check ABCs. 3. Treat as a head and spine injury.4. Look for two burns, entry and exit.


What to Do for Heat Burns

Cool the burn and treat according to the level of burn.


What to Do for Sunburns

Cool the burn and treat according to the level of burn.


Wound Care – Summary Questions

1. List three types of wounds.

2. What would you do for a scrape?

3. What is a partial-thickness burn?

4. What would you do for a full-thickness burn?


Fainting

Fainting can be caused by:• Stress or fear• Standing for long periods of time• Low blood sugar• High fever• Dehydration• Pain• Heat

Fainting is a brief period of unconsciousness that happens when not enough blood is flowing to the brain.


What to Do for Fainting

1. Place the child in the recovery position.

2. If the child doesn’t wake up in a few minutes or seems to have signs and symptoms of a serious condition, call EMS/9-1-1.


Diabetic Emergencies

What to Look For:• Changes in level of consciousness• Rapid breathing• Pale, cool, sweaty skin• Confusion or aggression

A diabetic emergency is a condition in which the body cannot control the level of sugar in the blood.


What to Do for Diabetic Emergencies

• Conscious: Give sugar.• Unconscious: Check, Call,

Care.

Treatment is the same no matter if blood sugar is too high or too low.


Seizures

Seizures can be caused by:• Head injuries• Fever• Some medical conditions

A seizure is a temporary alteration in brain function that may produce a physical convulsion, minor physical signs, thought disturbances, or a combination of symptoms.

• Poisons• Infection• Certain video games or

other audiovisual stimulation


What to Do for Seizures

1. Protect the child from injury by:• Moving furniture• Protecting the child’s head with blankets

2. Allow the child to move without restraint.

3. Make sure there aren’t any fluids in the mouth.

4. Place the child in the recovery position.

5. Check ABCs.

6. Keep the child warm and treat for shock.


Seizures

Call EMS/9-1-1 if:• You are not sure what caused the seizure• The seizure lasts longer than five minutes• The child is injured during the seizure• He does not wake up after the seizure is over • The seizure takes place in water• There are repeated succeeding seizure episodes


Sudden Medical Emergencies – Summary Questions

1. What would you do for fainting?

2. What are the signs and symptoms of a diabetic emergency?

3. How does treatment differ between someone with high blood sugar and someone with low blood sugar?

4. What would you do for a seizure?


Cold-Related Emergencies

Frost Nip:• Pain or stinging• Pale skin

Frostbite:• Pale, waxy skin• Hard or solid skin• Numbness

Gradually warm the area.


Factors Affecting Body Temperature

• Air temperature• Humidity• Wind• Clothing• Activity• Fluid intake• Body adaptability• Age• Other health conditions


Hypothermia

Level What to Look For What to Do

Mild • Shivering and complaining of cold

• Numbness• Body temperature

slightly below normal

• Stop heat loss and start heat gain.


Hypothermia


Moderate • Numbness• Shivering• Lack of coordination

and/or speech• Confused or unusual

behaviour• Impaired judgement

• Stop heat loss and start heat gain.


Hypothermia


Severe Signs as in moderate hypothermia plus: • Body that feels stiff• Person has stopped

shivering • Possible

unconsciousness

• Call EMS/9-1-1.• Stop heat loss and

start heat gain.


Heat-Related Emergencies

Type What to Look For What to Do

Heat cramps

• Muscle contractionsthat can become severe

• Normal body temperature in most cases

• Moist skin

• Stop heat gain and start heat loss.

• Have the child drink fluids.



Type What to Look For What to Do

Heat exhaustion

• Normal or raised body temperature

• Moist skin• Skin is redder or paler

than normal• Nausea• Dizziness and

weakness• Exhaustion

• Stop heat gain and start heat loss.

• Have the child drink fluids.



Type What to Look for What to Do

Heat stroke

• Temperature, as high as 41°C (106°F)

• Red, hot, dry skin• Irritable or bizarre

behaviour• Loss of consciousness• Rapid, shallow

breathing

• Call EMS/9-1-1.• Stop heat gain and

start heat loss.• Have the child drink

fluids if they are conscious.


Environmental Emergencies – Summary Questions

1. What is frostbite?

2. What would you do for frost nip?

3. What are the signs and symptoms of hypothermia?

4. What would you do for heat stroke?


Types of Poisons

Swallowed >

Absorbed >

< Injected

< Inhaled


Hazard Symbols

Explosive >

Flammable > Poisonous >

Corrosive >


Poisons

• Children exposed to poison should seek medical attention• If the child goes unconscious, place him or her in the

recovery position

Call your local Poison Control Centre if the child is conscious and alert, and the ABCs are fine.

Call EMS/9-1-1 if the child has an altered level of consciousness or has difficulty breathing.


Swallowed Poisons

What to Look For What to Do

• Poison nearby• Burns around the

mouth• Abdominal cramps

and vomiting• Seizures• Unconsciousness• Dizziness and/or

drowsiness

1. Check the packaging of the poison.

2. Do not induce vomiting unless EMS personnel or the Poison Control Centre tells you to.

If the child needs to go to hospital, bring the container and packaging.


Inhaled Poisons


• Breathing difficulties• Irritated eyes, nose, or

throat• Dizziness• Vomiting• Seizures• Bluish colour around

mouth• Unconsciousness• Unusual smell• Cloud in the air

1. Get the child into fresh air.

If you suspect there is still poison in the air, do not enter the room.


Absorbed Poisons


• Rash• Burning, itching• Swelling• Blisters• Hives• Burns• Unconsciousness

1. Wear protective equipment. 2. Remove the substance from the

skin.3. Flush the skin with warm water

for at least 15 minutes.


Injected Poisons


• Puncture wound• Pain• Redness and

swelling at the entry point

• Problems breathing • Unconsciousness

1. Keep the site of the puncture lower than the heart.

2. Have the child rest in a comfortable position


What to Do for Insect Bites or Stings

1. If there is a stinger, remove it by scraping it away from the skin.

2. Wash the area with soap and water.

3. Apply cold to help control swelling.

4. Watch for signs of an allergic reaction.

If the child shows signs of a severe allergic reaction, call EMS/9-1-1 and use his or her epinephrine auto-injector if necessary.


What to Do for Tick Bites

1. Brush the tick off.

2. If the tick has started to dig, pull it out with tweezers.

3. Wash the area with soap and water and then apply an antibiotic ointment.

4. If you cannot remove the tick or if its mouth parts stay in your skin, see a doctor.


Lyme Disease

If a child who has had a tick bite gets: • a rash or red area that spreads up to 13–18 cm (5–7 in)

across and/or• flu-like symptoms several weeks or months later

seek medical attention for the child.


Poisons – Summary Questions

1. What are the four ways poisons can enter the body?

2. Where would you find the telephone number of a Poison Control Centre in your area?

3. When should you induce vomiting?

4. What are some signs and symptoms of absorbed poisons?


Recognizing Signs of Illness

Areas to watch:• Behaviour• Face• Skin• Ears• Tongue• Breath• Breathing

• Throat• Cough• Appetite• Vomiting• Temperature• Bowel movements


Childhood Conditions

• Eczema• Impetigo• Ringworm• Scabies• Prickly heat rash• Diaper rash• Lice

• Pink eye• Pinworms• Chicken pox• Diarrhea• Dehydration• Ear aches• Persistent vomiting


Childhood Illnesses

• Diphtheria • German measles/Rubella• Influenzae virus (type b) • Hepatitis B • Measles • Mumps• Pertussis • Polio• Tetanus


Taking a Temperature

1. Ensure the thermometer is clean

2. Follow manufacturer’s guidelines for use

3. Take the child’s temperature• Mouth• Ear

4. Record the temperature, time and method


Giving Medication

Follow the “Five Rights”

1. Right medication

2. Right amount

3. Right time

4. Right child

5. Right method

Only give medication with written permission from a parent or guardian.

Medication must be in its original container with a proper label.


Childhood Illnesses – Summary Questions

• What are some areas to watch if you think a child may be ill?

• Where should you take a child’s temperature?• When can you give medication?• What are the “Five Rights” of giving medication?


Keeping Children Safe

• Always follow the manufacturer’s directions for safe use of equipment

• If the equipment or toys require repair, return them to the manufacturer

• When choosing second-hand equipment and toys, check to make sure there are no safety issues related to that specific model


Child Toy Safety


Child Playground Safety


Child Car Safety


Wheeled Equipment


Fire Safety


Ice Safety

Ice must be a minimum of 10 cm (4 in) thick before it can support the weight of a person.


Child and Youth Protection

• Emotional abuse• Physical abuse• Sexual abuse• Neglect• Bullying• Harassment


Verbal Disclosures

When children or youth make a verbal disclosure about abuse, bullying or harassment, it is important to follow the HEARD procedure:

H Hear and honour the youth and the information.

E Empathize and encourage.

A Affirm the youth. Acknowledge choices.

R Report/refer. Respond to organizational policies.

D Document accurately. Determine care of self.


Non-Verbal Disclosures

When abuse, bullying or harassment is suspected, the procedure for responding to a non-verbal disclosure is DARE:

D Document accurately.

A Affirm the information. Acknowledge and affirm. the child/youth. Acknowledge choices.

R Report/refer. Respond to organizational polices.

E Establish accurate records. Execute care of self.


Keeping Children Safe – Summary Questions

1. What are some things to consider when purchasing equipment for a baby?

2. What makes a toy safe?

3. When should a child wear a helmet?

4. What details should be included in a fire escape plan?

5. What safety precautions should be taken around water?

Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietyCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society

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Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society Welcome to the Canadian Red Cross Child Care First Aid & CPR Course