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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-1
Conception, Pregnancy, and Childbirth
Chapter 10
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-2
Conception
The union of a sperm cell and ovum 200 to 400 million sperm Ovum Zona pellucida
Gelatinous layer that surrounds the ovum Hyaluronidase
Enzyme that briefly thins the zona pellucida
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-3
Conception
Optimizing the chances of conception Basal body temperature (BBT) chart Analyzing urine or saliva for luteinizing
hormone Tracking vaginal mucus Additional considerations
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-4
Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Infertility
Inability to conceive a child
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-5
Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Male fertility problems
Low sperm count Irregularly shaped sperm Low sperm motility Chronic disease Injury to the testes
(continued)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-6
Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Male fertility problems (continued)
Autoimmune response Pituitary imbalance and/or thyroid disease
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-7
Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Artificial insemination
Introduction of sperm into the reproductive tract through means other than sexual intercourse
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-8
Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Female fertility problems
Irregular ovulation Obstructions or malfunctions of the
reproductive tract Endometeriosis Declining hormone levels
(continued)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-9
Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Female fertility problems (continued)
Endometriosis Endometrial tissue is sloughed off into the
abdominal cavity rather than out of the body during menstruation
(continued)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-10
Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Female fertility problems (continued)
Laparoscopy A long, narrow tube is inserted through an
incision in the navel Visual inspection of organs in the pelvic
cavity
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-11
Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Mature ova are surgically removed from an ovary and placed in a lab dish along with sperm
Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) Sperm and ova are inserted into a fallopian
tube to encourage conception
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-12
Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)
Ovum is fertilized in a lab dish and then placed in a fallopian tube
Donor IVF Ovum is taken from one woman, fertilized,
and then injected into the uterus or fallopian tube of another woman
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-13
Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Embryonic transfer
A woman volunteer is artificially inseminated by the male partner of the intended mother
Embryo is removed and inserted within the uterus of the intended mother
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-14
Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming ParentsSurrogate motherhood
A woman is impregnated with sperm of a prospective father via artificial insemination
Carries the embryo and fetus to term Gives the child to the prospective parents
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-15
Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Adoption
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-16
Canadian Legislation Governing Reproductive Technology Act Respecting Assisted Human
Reproduction Banning cloning of humans Banning the selection of a baby’s sex Making it illegal to pay surrogate mothers Making it illegal to pay for sperm donations
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-17
Pregnancy
Early signs of pregnancy Missing a period
Pregnancy tests Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
Hormone produced by women shortly after conception
(continued)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-18
Pregnancy
Pregnancy tests (continued) Hegar’s sign
Softness of a section of the uterus
Early effects of pregnancy Tenderness of the breasts
(continued)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-19
Pregnancy
Pregnancy tests (continued) Early effects of pregnancy (continued)
Morning sickness Nausea, aversion to specific foods, vomiting
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-20
Pregnancy
Miscarriage Spontaneous abortion
Sex during pregnancy Safe throughout the pregnancy Decline in sexual interest
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-21
Pregnancy
Psychological changes during pregnancy 1st trimester 2nd trimester 3rd trimester
Sympathetic pregnancy Father experiences pregnancy signs
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-22
Prenatal Development
Nagele’s rule First day of the last menstrual period Add 7 days Subtract 3 months Add 1 year
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-23
Germinal Stage
Germinal stage Before implantation in the uterus Period of the ovum
Blastocyst Embryo is a sphere of cells surrounding a
cavity of fluid
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-24
Germinal Stage
Embryonic disk Platelike inner part of the blastocyst
Trophoblast Outer part of the blastocyst Amniotic sac, placenta, umbilical cord
development
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-25
Embryonic Stage
Embryonic stage From implantation through 8th week Differentiation of the major organ systems
Cephalocaudal From the head downward
Proximodistal From the central axis of the body outward
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-26
Embryonic Stage
Ectoderm Outermost cell layer Skin and nervous system
Neural tube Hollow area from which the nervous system
will develop
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-27
Embryonic Stage
Endoderm Inner layer Lungs and digestive system
Mesoderm Central layer Bones and muscles
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-28
Embryonic Stage
Amniotic sac Sac containing the fetus
Amniotic fluid Suspends and protects the fetus
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-29
Embryonic Stage
Placenta Relay station between mother and fetus Exchange of nutrients and waste
Umbilical cord Tube connecting fetus to placenta
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-30
Fetal Stage
9th week until birth Fetal movements Age of viability
Fetus can sustain independent life Cephalic presentation
Emergence of the baby head first
(continued)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-31
Fetal Stage (continued)
Breech presentation Emergence of the baby feet first
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-32
Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Mother’s diet Maternal diseases and disorders
Teratogens Environmental influences or agents that
damage an embryo or fetus
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-33
Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Rubella (German measles)
Viral infection that can cause mental retardation and heart disease
Syphilis Sexually transmitted disease caused by a
bacterial infection Miscarriage or stillbirth
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-34
Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS) Destroys white blood cells in the immune
system Toxemia
Life threatening condition characterized by high blood pressure
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-35
Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Ectopic pregnancy
Fertilized ovum becomes implanted somewhere other than in the uterus
Rh incompatibility Antibodies produced by a pregnant woman
are transmitted to the fetus Fetal erythoblastosis
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-36
Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Medications taken by the mother (and
father) Antibiotics Tranquilizers and sedatives Acne drugs and antihistamines
Hormones Progestin and DES
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-37
Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Critical periods of vulnerability
Embryo or fetus is vulnerable to the effects of a teratogen
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-38
Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Vitamins Street drugs Alcohol
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) Cigarette smoking Other agents
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-39
Chromosomal and Genetic Abnormalities Averting chromosomal and genetic
abnormalities Genetic counseling Blood tests
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-40
Childbirth
“dropping” or “lightening” Tissues that plugged the cervix becomes
dislodged Braxton-Hicks contractions
False labour contractions
(continued)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-41
Childbirth (continued)
Prostaglandins Uterine hormones
Oxytocin Pituitary hormone that stimulates uterine
contractions
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-42
Stages of Childbirth
First stage Efface Dilate Transition
Second stage Cervix is fully dilated
(continued)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-43
Stages of Childbirth (continued) Second stage (continued)
Ends with the birth of the baby Episiotomy
Incision in the perineum
Third stage In the new world
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-44
Methods of Childbirth
Anesthetized childbirth Natural childbirth
No anesthesia Other strategies for coping with discomfort Educated about childbirth
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-45
Methods of Childbirth
Prepared childbirth Lamaze method Relax and breathe to conserve energy and
lessen pain A coach is present at childbirth
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-46
Methods of Childbirth
Cesarean section Fetus is delivered through surgical incision
in the abdomen Advised when a normal delivery is difficult Transverse position
Crosswise birth position
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-47
Birth Problems
Anoxia Oxygen deprivation
Preterm and low birth weight children Born before 37 weeks of gestation Neurological and developmental problems
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-48
Postpartum Period
Maternal depression Persistent and severe mood changes during
the postpartum period Despair and apathy Changes in appetite and sleep, low self-
esteem, difficulty concentrating
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-49
Postpartum Period
Breast-feeding Does breast-feeding affect sexual
behaviour? Prolactin
Stimulates production of milk Lactation
Production of milk by the mammary glands
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-50
Resumption of Ovulation and Menstruation Lochia
Reddish vaginal discharge that may persist for a month after delivery
Resumption of sexual activity Six-week waiting period
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-51
End of Chapter 10