Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC ABO system Antigensubstance that can activate immune system Antibodysubstance made by body in response to stimulation by an antigen Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC Blood types Type A bloodtype A self-antigens in RBCs; anti-B type antibodies in plasma Type B bloodtype B self-antigens in RBCs; anti-A type antibodies in plasma Type AB bloodtype A and type B self-antigens in RBCs; no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in plasma Universal Recipient Type O bloodno type A or type B self-antigens in RBCs; both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma Universal Donor Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC Rh-positive bloodRh factor antigen present in RBCs Rh-negative bloodno Rh factor present in RBCs; no anti-Rh antibodies present naturally in plasma; anti- Rh antibodies, however, appear in the plasma of Rh- negative persons if Rh-positive RBCs have been introduced into their bodies Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC The heart is the pump that keeps blood moving through a closed circuit of blood vessels. The heart is located between the lungs in the lower portion of the mediastinum. Lets practice drawing the imaginary line mentioned on page 302 What does cardio- mean? What does myo- mean? What shape is the heart often described as being? Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC Chambers 2 upper chambers: R/L Atria 2 Lower Chambers: R/L Ventricles Wall Cardiac Muscle: Myocardium Lining Epithelial lining: Endocardium, includes cardiac valves Is the heart hollow or solid?? Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC Atria are often referred to as receiving chambers because blood enters the heart through veins that open into these upper cavities. Ventricles are referred to as discharging chambers because blood that is pumped into the heart exits from the ventricles. Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC Endocarditis-inflammation of the endocardium which lines each chamber of the heart. What can endocarditis cause? Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC Pericardium 2-layered fibrous sac Lubricated space between layers Inner layer: Visceral Pericardium (Epicardium) Outer layer: Parietal Pericardium Inflammation: Pericarditis Fluid buildup in pericardial space: Pericardial effusion Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC The pericardium fits around the heart like a loose fitting sack, allowing enough room for the heart to beat. How can you remember the difference between the endocardium and the epicardium? What does endo mean? What does epi mean? Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC Relaxation: Diastole Contraction: Systole Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC When the heart beats (systole), this means it is contracting. The atria contract first-forcing blood into the ventricles. Once they are filled, the two ventricles contract, and force blood out of the heart. Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC Four valvesKeep blood flowing; prevent backflow Right atrioventricular: Tricuspid Between R atrium and ventricle Left atrioventricular: Mitral (Bicuspid) Between L atrium and ventricle Right Semilunar: Pulmonic At beginning of Pulmonary Artery Left Semilunar: Aortic At beginning of Aorta Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC Two sounds in each cycle: Lub-Dub S1 (First Heart Sound): Closure of A/V valves at beginning of systole S2 (Second Heart Sound): Closure of semilunar valves at beginning of diastole What is used to measure the heart sound? (picture) Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC Heart is 2 separate pumps: Right sidepumps deoxygenated blood to lungs; low pressure side Left sidepumps oxygenated blood to body; high pressure side Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC Venous blood enters R Atrium from Sup. and Inf. Vena Cavae Passes from RA through Tricuspid valve to R Ventricle From RV through Pulmonic (semilunar) valve to Pulmonary artery to lungs Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC Blood from lungs enters L Atrium from Pulmonary Veins From LA, passes through Mitral Valve (bicuspid) to L Ventricle From LV, passes through Aortic (semilunar) valve to Aorta and out to body Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC The heart muscle, or myocardium, requires a constant supply of blood containing nutrients and oxygen to function effectively Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC Blood supplying oxygen and nutrients to cardiac muscle flows through R and L Coronary Arteries Blockage of flow through Coronary AA causes heart attack: Myocardial Infarction, which is also known as a ________________. Buildup of fatty deposits on the inner wall of arteries can cause flow blockage: Atheroscleosis Chest pain due to heart hypoxia: Angina Pectoris Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC What is the treatment for those who suffer from severely restricted coronary artery blood flow?? How does this procedure work? What is the procedure in which a device is inserted into a blood vessel to open a channel for blood flow? Page 307 Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC Each complete heartbeat is called a cardiac cycle. It includes the contraction and relaxation of atria and ventricles. Each cycle takes about ____ seconds to complete if the heart is beating at an average rate of 72 beats per minute. Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC Stroke volume-the volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during each beat. Cardiac output-the volume of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute, which averages about 5L in a normal, resting adult. Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC All of the cardiac muscle fibers in each region of the heart are electrically linked together. There are four structures embedded in the wall of the heart that generate strong impulses and conduct them rapidly to certain regions in the heart wall. Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC 1. Sinoatrial node-pacemaker 2. Atriventricular node 3. AV Bundle 4. Purkinje fibers Conduction starts in the SA node. From there it goes to the AV node. Spreads to the bundle of HIS and Purkinje fibers to the ventricles which cause them to contract. Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC An electrical device that causes ventricular contractions at a rate enough to maintain an adequate circulation of blood. Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC Specialized conduction system structures generate and transmit the electrical impulses that result in contraction of the heart These tiny electrical impulses can be picked up on the surface of the body and transformed into visible tracings by an electrocardiograph See page 312 for more information HeartECG (EKG) Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC Arteries : Distribute nutrients, gases, etc. with movement of blood under high pressure; assist in maintaining arterial blood pressure Arterioles Veins : Collect blood for return to the heart; low-pressure vessels Venules Capillaries : Serve as exchange vessels for nutrients, wastes, and fluids Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC Arteries Tunica Intima Tunica Media Tunica Externa Capillaries Tunica Intima Veins Tunica Intima Tunica Media Tunica Externa Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC Portal Vein connects 2 capillary beds Unusual! Helps to control blood glucose levels Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC Before birth, must bypass lungs; oxygen and nutrients come from placenta Umbilical Vein; 2 Umbilical Arteries Ductus Venosus: bypasses liver Foramen Ovale: opening between RA and LA Ductus Arteriosus: Connects aorta and pulmonary artery Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC Blood pressure is the push or force of blood in the blood vessels Highest in arteries, lowest in veins Blood pressure gradient causes blood to circulateliquids can flow only from areas of higher pressure to lower pressure Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC Blood volume, heartbeat, and viscosity are main factors that affect blood pressure Blood pressure varies within a normal range from time to time Venous return of blood to the heart depends on five mechanismsa strongly beating heart, adequate arterial blood pressure, valves in the veins, pumping action of skeletal muscles as they contract, and changing pressures in the chest cavity caused by breathing Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC Pulse: alternate expansion and recoil of the blood vessel wall Places where you can feel the pulse: superficial temporal artery facial artery carotid artery axillary artery brachial artery radial artery femoral artery popliteal (posterior to patella) dorsalis pedis Copyright 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC Ask ME or ask your classmates!!