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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Antecedent Control: Motivation
Chapter 19
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
A Behavioral View of Motivation
• Motivating Operations (MO’s)– Events or operations that:
• Temporarily alter the effectiveness of consequences as reinforcers or punishers (value-altering effect)
• Influence behaviors that normally lead to those reinforcers or punishers (behavior-altering effect)
• Motivating Establishing Operations (MEOs)– Increase the effectiveness of a consequence as a reinforcer
• Motivating Abolishing Operations (MAOs)– Decrease the effectiveness of a consequence as a reinforcer
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Unconditioned versus Conditioned Motivating
Operations• Unconditioned Motivating Operations (UMOs)– Value-altering effect is innate– Behavior-altering effect is learned
• Conditioned Motivating Operations (CMOs)– Value-altering effect is learned– Behavior-altering effect is learned
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 19.1 – Types of Motivating OperationsSource text: “In addition to distinguishing between MEOs and MAOs, we also distinguish between unconditioned and conditioned motivating operations (Michael, 1993); see Figure 19-1.” (page 231)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
CMEOs and SDs
• SD
– A stimulus that has been correlated with the availability of a reinforcer for a particular behavior
– A cue that tells you what to do to get what you already want
• CMEO– Motivator that momentarily increases the value of a conditioned reinforcer and increases the likelihood of behavior that has led to that reinforcer in the past
– A cue that changes what you want and tells you what to do to get whatever it is that you now want
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
CMAOs and S∆s• S∆
– A stimulus in the presence of which a response has not been reinforced
– A cue that tells you that emitting a particular behavior will not lead to a reinforcer that you want
• CMAO– A motivator that momentarily decreases the value of a conditioned reinforcer and decreases the likelihood of behavior that has led to that reinforcer in the past
– Influences someone to no longer want a particular consequence, and decreases behavior that led to that consequence
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
SDs, S∆s, CMEOs and CMAOs
• Discriminative variables (SDs, S∆s) are related to differential availability of an effective form of reinforcement given a particular type of behavior
• Motivative variables (CMEOs, CMAOs) are related to the differential reinforcing effectiveness of environmental events
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Application of Motivating Operations
• Teaching mands to children with autism– Mands – a request for something that a person wants •First type of verbal behavior acquired by a child
• Motivating seat belt use among senior drivers
• Decreasing self-injurious behavior maintained by attention