Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Education, Science and Technology Chapter 5 Education, Science and Technology This multimedia

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 5

Education, Education, Science Science

and Technologyand Technology

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Myth or Fact?Myth or Fact? People need more People need more

education today than in education today than in former times because former times because today’s jobs are more today’s jobs are more complicated and the complicated and the technology more technology more sophisticated.sophisticated.

A recent report argued that A recent report argued that U.S. schools are more U.S. schools are more racially segregated than racially segregated than they were 30 years ago, they were 30 years ago, due largely to persisting due largely to persisting segregation in housing.segregation in housing.

Myth Fact


Growth of Education Growth of Education and Technology and Technology

ModernizationModernization is the economic, social, and cultural changes is the economic, social, and cultural changes

that occur when a pre-industrial society that occur when a pre-industrial society makes the transition to an advanced industrial makes the transition to an advanced industrial society.society.

Two parts of society that play a key role Two parts of society that play a key role in the process of modernizationin the process of modernization Educational institutionsEducational institutions Science and technologyScience and technology


EducationEducation

EducationEducation The systematic, formal process through The systematic, formal process through

which specialized teachers transmit skills, which specialized teachers transmit skills, knowledge, and values to students.knowledge, and values to students.


Science and TechnologyScience and Technology

Science Science The process of using systematic observation The process of using systematic observation

to gain knowledge about the physical and to gain knowledge about the physical and social world.social world.

TechnologyTechnology The knowledge, tools, and practices that use The knowledge, tools, and practices that use

science or other organized knowledge to science or other organized knowledge to achieve some practical goal. achieve some practical goal.


MechanizationMechanization

Dominant in an agricultural society, the Dominant in an agricultural society, the use of tools to accomplish tasks previously use of tools to accomplish tasks previously done by hand.done by hand.


AutomationAutomation

Dominant in an industrial society, the Dominant in an industrial society, the replacement of human labor with replacement of human labor with machinery and equipment that is self-machinery and equipment that is self-operating.operating.


CybernationCybernation

Dominant in a postindustrial society; the Dominant in a postindustrial society; the use of machines or computers to control use of machines or computers to control other machines.other machines.



The Functionalist Perspective The Functionalist Perspective

Educational institutions become social problems Educational institutions become social problems when they do not perform their proper functions, when they do not perform their proper functions, such as training people in specific skills, instilling such as training people in specific skills, instilling important cultural values, and placing people in important cultural values, and placing people in various positions in society. various positions in society.

Problems associated with science and technology Problems associated with science and technology have to do with the social disorganization that have to do with the social disorganization that results when some parts of society do not adapt results when some parts of society do not adapt sufficiently quickly to changes that are occurring.sufficiently quickly to changes that are occurring.


The Functionalist PerspectiveThe Functionalist Perspective

Cultural lagCultural lag a gap between the point at which one a gap between the point at which one

part of the social system changes and part of the social system changes and the other parts adjust to compensate for the other parts adjust to compensate for the changethe change

Example of cultural lagExample of cultural lag Factory worker safetyFactory worker safety


The Conflict Perspective The Conflict Perspective

Schools become a social problem when Schools become a social problem when influential groups believe that they are not influential groups believe that they are not getting what they deserve from educationgetting what they deserve from education

Science and technology are problems Science and technology are problems when some groups use scientific and when some groups use scientific and technological developments to their technological developments to their advantage whereas other groups are hurt advantage whereas other groups are hurt by them. by them.


The Interactionist Perspective The Interactionist Perspective

Education becomes a social problem Education becomes a social problem when it produces stigmatizing results, when it produces stigmatizing results, lowering students’ self-esteem and making lowering students’ self-esteem and making educational success more difficult to educational success more difficult to achieve.achieve.

Science and technology become problems Science and technology become problems when they acquire more negative when they acquire more negative meanings than positive ones. meanings than positive ones.


Problems in Education Problems in Education

Most of the problems in education have to Most of the problems in education have to do with the tendency of the educational do with the tendency of the educational system to protect the advantaged while system to protect the advantaged while not providing opportunities for the not providing opportunities for the disadvantaged, thus contributing to social disadvantaged, thus contributing to social reproduction.reproduction.




Problems in EducationProblems in Education The Credentials RaceThe Credentials Race

Occurs because some groups have vested interest in Occurs because some groups have vested interest in placing greater emphasis on the importance of placing greater emphasis on the importance of educational degreeseducational degrees

Tracking (ability grouping)Tracking (ability grouping) Is often done on the basis of stereotypes about social Is often done on the basis of stereotypes about social

class and race; racism may influence the outcomeclass and race; racism may influence the outcome

Effectiveness, Low Performance and DropoutsEffectiveness, Low Performance and Dropouts U.S. performance on standardized tests has dropped and U.S. performance on standardized tests has dropped and

the U.S. has an unacceptably large high school dropout the U.S. has an unacceptably large high school dropout raterate


The Self-fulfilling ProphecyThe Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Rosenthal and Jacobson experiment: Rosenthal and Jacobson experiment:

Five random elementary school students Five random elementary school students were labeled as having superior were labeled as having superior intelligence and ability. intelligence and ability.

Teachers expected them to do well and Teachers expected them to do well and treated them in a way that encouraged treated them in a way that encouraged better school performance.better school performance.


Rosenthal and Jacobson Rosenthal and Jacobson ExperimentExperiment

Robert Rosenthal and Leonore Jacobson gave an Robert Rosenthal and Leonore Jacobson gave an intelligence test to all of the students at an intelligence test to all of the students at an elementary school at the beginning of the school elementary school at the beginning of the school yearyear

They then selected 20 percent of the students at They then selected 20 percent of the students at random - without any regard to their intelligence random - without any regard to their intelligence test results - and told the teachers that these test results - and told the teachers that these students could be expected to "bloom" or "spurt" in students could be expected to "bloom" or "spurt" in their academics that yeartheir academics that year

At the end of the year, they came back and re-At the end of the year, they came back and re-tested all the students. tested all the students.


Rosenthal and Jacobson ExperimentRosenthal and Jacobson Experiment



Reasons for Lower Educational Reasons for Lower Educational AchievementAchievement

Low-income parents are less likely to Low-income parents are less likely to expect their children to go to college.expect their children to go to college.

Low-income parents are less likely to be Low-income parents are less likely to be involved with child’s education.involved with child’s education.

Low-income parents are often themselves Low-income parents are often themselves low academic achievers.low academic achievers.


Problems in EducationProblems in Education SegregationSegregation

Schools in the U.S. tend to be highly segregated Schools in the U.S. tend to be highly segregated along the lines of social class and race, despite along the lines of social class and race, despite efforts to integrate.efforts to integrate.

Factors that lead to segregated schoolsFactors that lead to segregated schools Segregated housing patternsSegregated housing patterns Court decisions that have freed school districts from Court decisions that have freed school districts from

desegregation ordersdesegregation orders A public that is indifferent to the desirability of integrated A public that is indifferent to the desirability of integrated

schoolsschools Affluent families are more likely to move in order to find a Affluent families are more likely to move in order to find a

good school for their children or to send them to private good school for their children or to send them to private schoolsschools


Revenues for Public ElementaryRevenues for Public Elementaryand Secondary Education: 2002–2003and Secondary Education: 2002–2003


Problems in EducationProblems in Education

Violence in schoolsViolence in schools A product of youthful exuberance and routine A product of youthful exuberance and routine

conflicts as adolescents deal with maturationconflicts as adolescents deal with maturation

Reflect the larger society which experiences Reflect the larger society which experiences high levels of crime, drugs and gun high levels of crime, drugs and gun possession possession


Violence in the SchoolsViolence in the Schools In the 2006–2007 school year there were 56 million In the 2006–2007 school year there were 56 million

students enrolled in primary and secondary schools.students enrolled in primary and secondary schools.

During the same time period there were 21 school-related During the same time period there were 21 school-related homicides and 7 suicides—one homicide or suicide per 2 homicides and 7 suicides—one homicide or suicide per 2 million students between the ages of 5 and 18.million students between the ages of 5 and 18.

In 2007, there were 1.4 million nonfatal crimes committed In 2007, there were 1.4 million nonfatal crimes committed against 12- to 18-year-olds, with the most common, 62%, against 12- to 18-year-olds, with the most common, 62%, being theft.being theft.


BullyingBullying Inherent in a relationship between Inherent in a relationship between

individuals, groups, or individuals and individuals, groups, or individuals and groups, bullying entails an imbalance of groups, bullying entails an imbalance of power that exists over a long period of power that exists over a long period of time in which the more powerful intimidate time in which the more powerful intimidate or belittle others.or belittle others.


CyberbullyingCyberbullying The use of electronic devices (e.g. The use of electronic devices (e.g.

websites, e-mail, instant messaging, text websites, e-mail, instant messaging, text messaging) to send or post negative or messaging) to send or post negative or hurtful messages or images about an hurtful messages or images about an individual or a group.individual or a group.


Violence in the SchoolsViolence in the Schools Students at school between the ages of 12 and 18 Students at school between the ages of 12 and 18

were the victims of 1.9 million crimes in 2002.were the victims of 1.9 million crimes in 2002.

Theft accounts for 64% of the total crimes against Theft accounts for 64% of the total crimes against students.students.

Annually, on the basis of a 5 year average, Annually, on the basis of a 5 year average, teachers were the victims of approximately 90,000 teachers were the victims of approximately 90,000 violent crimes, including rape, sexual assault, violent crimes, including rape, sexual assault, aggravated and simple assault, and robbery.aggravated and simple assault, and robbery.


Problems in Science Problems in Science and Technologyand Technology

Technological Technological developments have developments have led to fears and led to fears and problemsproblems UnemploymentUnemployment AlienationAlienation Loss of control Loss of control Loss of privacyLoss of privacy


DeskillingDeskilling

Labor requires less thought than before and Labor requires less thought than before and gives workers fewer decisions to make.gives workers fewer decisions to make.

Up-skillingUp-skilling Reduces alienation as employees find their Reduces alienation as employees find their

work more meaningful, and have greater work more meaningful, and have greater decision-making powers as information decision-making powers as information becomes less centralized.becomes less centralized.


AlienationAlienation

AlienationAlienation A feeling that one is powerless to control A feeling that one is powerless to control

one’s surroundings and that what one does one’s surroundings and that what one does has little value or meaning.has little value or meaning.

A separation from the end product of one’s A separation from the end product of one’s labor.labor.


Loss of PrivacyLoss of Privacy

Modern technology opens the door for Modern technology opens the door for intrusion into people’s lives in massive intrusion into people’s lives in massive ways.ways.

Tracking internet usageTracking internet usage Computer storage of personal dataComputer storage of personal data Identity theftIdentity theft


The Case of Genetic The Case of Genetic EngineeringEngineering

BiotechnologyBiotechnology The use of organisms or parts of organisms to The use of organisms or parts of organisms to

make products or carry out tasksmake products or carry out tasks Based on the identification of DNABased on the identification of DNA

genetic engineering genetic engineering gene splicinggene splicing

ProblemsProblems with Biotechnologywith Biotechnology Potentially unpredictable consequencesPotentially unpredictable consequences Cloning and altering genesCloning and altering genes


Future Prospects for EducationFuture Prospects for Education

A number of reforms have been proposed A number of reforms have been proposed for schoolsfor schools parental choice and charter schools parental choice and charter schools back to basics curriculaback to basics curricula early childhood interventionsearly childhood interventions school integrationschool integration better communities and familiesbetter communities and families


Future Prospects for Future Prospects for Science and TechnologyScience and Technology

How can we live with and control the How can we live with and control the negative consequences of technology? negative consequences of technology? Legal protectionsLegal protections Appropriate technologyAppropriate technology Technology assessmentTechnology assessment FuturologyFuturology

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Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Education, Science and Technology Chapter 5 Education, Science and Technology This multimedia