Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Chapter 1 Statistics, Data, and Statistical Thinking

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Chapter 1

Statistics, Data, and Statistical Thinking


1.1

The Science of Statistics

1 - 3 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.. All rights reserved.

Definition


1.2

Two Types of Statistical Applications


Definition

1 - 6

Example: Cost of physician exam

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.. All rights reserved.


Example MINITAB graph of the best-selling Girl Scout Cookies


Definition

1 - 9

Example: White blood cell count



1.3

Fundamental Elements of Statistics


Definition


Definition


Definition


Definition


Figure 1.2 A sample of voter registration cards for all registered voters

1 - 16

Population: All diseased persons Sample: 25 people selected at random Experimental unit: One diseased person Variable: White blood cell count



Definition


Definition

1 - 19

Statistical inference might be that the population of ALL diseased individuals has a white blood cell count of 4200 plus or minus 75 with confidence level 95%. Roughly speaking, we are 95% confident that the true value of the population mean lies in the interval 4200 – 75 to 4200 + 75, I,e, in the interval [ 4125, 4275 ]


1 - 20

An example from Hockey


1 - 21

In the previous example …..

Population was all Manitobans Sample was the 802 individuals polled Inference was that 42% of ALL Manitobans

believe that the players and owners are equally responsible

Measure of reliability was that the pollsters are 95% confident that the estimate of 42% is within 3.5% of the true value



Definition


Definition


1.4

Types of Data


Definition


Definition

1 - 27

Example

Survey taken of 1000 StFX students. The information collected included

• Age• Year• Gender• Major• Whether or not they exercised regularly• Weight



1.5

Two Different Methods of Collecting Data


Definition


Definition

1 - 31

Example (Observational study)

In an effort to understand the link between weight gain and exercise, 100 students are followed for four years, and a record is kept of each student’s weight and the number of minutes they exercised weekly.


1 - 32

Example (Designed experiment)

100 students are selected at random. Half if the students are placed on a regular exercise program and the other half do not participate in any exercise program. Each student’s weight is recorded weekly.


1 - 33

Example from the news last night


1 - 34

Which type is best???

Each has advantages and disadvantages Usually it is easier and less expensive to do

an observational study There may be ethical considerations which

prohibit use of a designed experiment. Designed experiments often lead to results

with greater statistical significance.


Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reservedCopyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.. All rights reserved.

International Journal of Epidemiology


Definition


Definition


The Role of Statistics in Critical Thinking and Ethics

1.6


Definition


Definition

1 - 41

Obvious problems with 0n-line polls



Definition


Definition

Documents

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Chapter 1 Statistics, Data, and Statistical Thinking