Copyright Aatif Kamal, NIIT (2006-07) 1 Software Project Management Lecture 01 Introduction to SPM Instructor: Aatif Kamal Dated: Sept 4 th, 2006

Copyright Aatif Kamal, NIIT (2006-07)

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Software Project ManagementLecture 01Lecture 01

Introduction to SPMIntroduction to SPM

Instructor: Aatif Kamal

Dated: Sept 4th , 2006


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Objective Course Introduction (learning objectives) Course Contents & Grading Policy Motivation of Studying SPM What is Project What is Project Management


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Course Objectives Understand the fundamental principles of Software Project

management & will also have a good knowledge of responsibilities of project manager and how to handle these.

Be familiar with the different methods and techniques used for project management.

By the end of this course student will have good knowledge of the issues and challenges faced while doing the Software project Management and will also be able to understand why majority of the software projects fails and how that failure probability can be reduced effectively. Will be able to do the Project Scheduling, tracking, Risk analysis, Quality management and Project Cost estimation using different techniques


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Text Books Text books:

A Guide to theProject Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)By Project Management Institute

Quality Software Project ManagementBy: Robert T. Futrell, Donald ShaferPublisher: Prentice Hall

Reference books: Software Project Management in Practice

By: Pankaj JalotePublisher: Pearson Education

Software Project Management (Third Edition )By: Bob Hughes & Mike Cotterell, Publisher: McGraw-Hill

Software Project ManagementA Unified FrameworkBy: Walker RoycePublisher: Addision-wesely


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Subject Assessments

Quizzes : 10% One Hour Tests : 30% Assignments : 05% Project/Report : 10% Final Test : 45%


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Motivation for Studying Project Management IT Projects have terrible track record

A 1995 Standish Group study (CHAOS) found that only 16.2% of IT projects were successful and over 31% were canceled before completion, costing over 81B$ in US alone

The need for IT Projects keeps increasing In 1998, corporate America issued 200,000 new

application development projects In 2001, there were 300,000 new IT projects In 2003, over 500,000 new IT projects were

started


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SPM Study Topics Project Management - Study Topics

What is project management? Project Selection The role of Project Manager Project Organization Project Costing, Planning, Budgeting, Scheduling Resource Allocation Project Monitoring and Controlling Risk management Software quality assurance plans Quality assurance, Legal issues


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What is a Project Daily, organizations are asked to accomplish tasks

that do not fit neatly into business-as-usual

A software group may be asked to develop an application program that will access Government data on certain commodity prices and generate records on the value of the commodity inventories held by the firm; the software must be available for use on 26 Nov 2004.

The Ministry of Health may require an annually updated census of all Punjab resident children, aged 17 years or younger, living with an illiterate parents; the census must happen in 18 months.

Develop a web page within the next four days that provides information about the departmental timetable to new incoming students.


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Project – Definition In the broadest sense, a project is a specific,

finite task to be accomplished. Any activity that results in a deliverable or a product.

Projects always begin with a problem. The project is to provide the solution to this problem.

When the project is finished it must be evaluated to determine whether it satisfies the objectives and goals.


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Another Definition of Project A project is a temporary endeavor

undertaken to accomplish a unique purpose

Attributes of projects unique purpose temporary require resources, often from various areas should have a primary sponsor and/or customer involve uncertainty


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Example of IT Projects Northwest Airlines developed a new

reservation system called ResNet Many Organizations upgrade hardware,

software and networks via projects Organizations develop new software or

enhance existing systems to perform many business functions

Note: “IT projects” refers to projects involving hardware, software and networks


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What is Management? Management can be defined as all activities and

tasks undertaken by one or more persons for the purpose of planning and controlling the activities of others in order to achieve objectives or complete an activity that could not be achieved by others acting independently. Management functions can be categorized as

Planning Organizing Staffing Directing Controlling


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Management Functions Planning

Predetermining a course of action for accomplishing organizational Objectives

OrganizingArranging the relationships among work units for accomplishment of objectives and the granting of responsibility and authority to obtain those objectives

StaffingSelecting and training people for positions in the organization

DirectingCreating an atmosphere that will assist and motivate people to achieve desired end results

ControllingEstablishing, measuring, and evaluating performance of activities toward planned objectives


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What is Project Management (1) According to *PMI, PMBOK Guide 2003

“The application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities in order to meet project requirements”

* The Project management Institute (PMI) is an independent professional society http://www.pmi.org


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What is Project Management (2) Project management is a system of

management procedures, practices, technologies, skills, and experience

that are necessary to successfully manage a project.


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Software Project Management Concerned with activities involved in ensuring

that software is delivered: on time on schedule in accordance with the requirements of the

organization developing and procuring the software


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Laws of Project Management No major project is ever installed on time, within budget, with the same

staff that started it. Yours will not be the first.

Projects progress quickly until they become 90% complete, then they remain at 90% complete forever.

One advantage of fuzzy project objectives is that they let you avoid the embarrassment of estimating the corresponding costs.

When things are going well, something will go wrong. When things just can’t get any worse, they will When things appear to be going better you have overlooked something

If project content is allowed to change freely, the rate of change will exceed the rate of progress.

No system is ever completely debugged: attempts to debug a system inevitably introduce new bugs that are even harder to find

A carelessly planned project will take three times longer to complete than expected, a planned project will take only twice as long.


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Project Stakeholders Stakeholders are the people involved in or

affected by the project actives Stakeholders include

The project sponsor and project team Support staff Customers Users Suppliers Opponents to the project


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Project Characteristics One clear objective

A well defined set of end results Goal oriented End product or service must result

Finite Fixed timeline, start date, end date, milestone dates

Limited Budget, Resources, Time

Life Cycle Recognizable sequence of phases


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Project Characteristics (cont..)

Interdependences (source of conflict) Cross-functional, cross-project, cross-activity

Uniqueness No practice or rehearsal, one time set of events

A team of people Non trivial number & organizational structure Cross-functional origins, interests & allegiances


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Project Characteristics (cont..)

Divisible into subtasks (called activities) often numerous, essentially unique and non-

repetitive sequenced by precedence relationship require careful co-ordination and monitoring

Change (source of Conflict)

A single point of responsibility (the Project Manager)


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Potential for Conflict Resource conflict

Interdependences Activities, Projects, Projects and Operations

Limited Resources People, Equipment, Time, Money, Facilities

People conflict As a result of resource conflict Resistance to Change

Project Manager Must be a Conflict Manager


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Potential for Conflict (cont..) Client

Max Flexibility, Max Quality at Min Price in Min Time

Organization Max Profit, Min disruption to Operations

Public Obeisance of all relevant Government

Regulations Min Environmental Impact


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Negotiation & Conflict resolutionTwo different types of negotiations win-lose

your savings are other party’s losses

win-win both parties try to understand the other party

needs The win-win approach is a set of principles and

practices which enable a set of Interdependent stakeholders to work out a mutually satisfactory (win-win) set of shared commitments.


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Negotiation & Conflict resolution (cont..) Win-lose Generally Becomes Lose-lose

Proposed Solution

“Winner” “Loser”

Quick, cheap & Sloppy product

Developer & Customer

User

Lots of “Bells & whistles ”

Developer & User

Customer

Driving too hard a bargain

Customer & User

Developer

Actually, nobody wins in these situations


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Win-Lose key concepts Win Condition:

Objective which makes a stakeholder feel like a winner

Issue: Conflict or constraint on a win condition

Option: A way of overcoming an issue

Agreement: Mutual commitment to an option or win condition


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WinWin Negotiation Model

WinWin Equilibrium State All Win Conditions covered by Agreements No outstanding Issues

WinCondition

WinCondition IssueIssue

OptionOptionAgreementAgreement

involves

adopts

addressescovers


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9 Project Management Knowledge Areas Knowledge areas describes the key

competencies that project manager must develop 4 - core knowledge areas lead to specific project

objectives (scope, time, cost and quality) 4 - facilitating areas are the means through which

the project objectives are achieved (human resource, communication, risk and procurement management)

1- knowledge area (project integration management) affects and is affected by all of the other knowledge areas


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9 PM Knowledge Areas (cont..) Project Integration Management

Describes the processes required to ensure that various elements of the project are properly coordinated. It consist of project plan development, project execution and integrated change control.

Project Scope Management Describes the processes required to ensure that the project

includes all the work required and integrated change control.

Project Time Management Describes the processes required to ensure the timely

completion of the project. It consist of initiation, scope planning, scope definition, scope verification and scope change control.


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9 PM Knowledge Areas (cont..) Project Cost Management

Describes the processes required to ensure that the project is completed within the approved budget. It consist of resource planning, cost estimating, schedule development and schedule control.

Project Quality Management Describes the processes required to ensure that the project

will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken. It consists of quality planning, quality assurance and quality control.

Project Human Resource Management Describes the processes required to make the most

effective use of the people involved with the project. It consist of organizational planning, staff acquisition and team development.


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9 PM Knowledge Areas (cont..) Project Communication Management

Describes the processes required to ensure timely and appropriate generation, collection, dissemination, storage and ultimate disposition of project information. It consist of communications planning, information distribution, performance reporting and administrative closure,

Project Risk Management Describes the processes concerned with identifying, analyzing

and responding to project risk. It consist of risk management planning, risk identification, qualitative risk analysis, quantitative risk analysis, risk response planning and risk monitoring and control.

Project Procurement Management Describes the processes required to acquire goods and services

from the outside the performing organization. It consist of procurement planning, solicitation planning, solicitation, source selection, contract administration and contract closeout


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A Hierarchy of ActivitiesWBS (Work Breakdown Structure)

The backbone of any project is WBS. It describes the steps necessary to carry out the project and their relationship to each other, Not easy and straight forward.

System: (IEEE) collection of components organized to accomplish a specific function or set of function.

Program > Project > Work Package > Task > Work Unit

Program A Group of Related Projects that is managed together, Programs

usually include an Element of Ongoing activity An exceptionally large, long range objective that can be broken

into projects E.g. Govt. of Pakistan Poverty reduction program


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A Hierarchy of Activities (cont..)Program > Project > Work Package > Task > Work Unit

Projects A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique

product or service A specific finite task

Work Package Project major set of activities / Modules Each WP has clear set of Objectives, Task and deliverables Each WP must have WP leader One continuous set of work units with a clearly defined and

observable beginning and end


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A Hierarchy of Activities (cont..)Program > Project > Work Package > Task > Work Unit

Activity An element of work performed during the course of a project. An

activity has an expected duration, cost and resource requirement Any Task, Job or Operation that must be completed to finish a

project Synonym for Task Must Result in a Tangible deliverable

Task A subdivision of an activity Synonym for activity Task must have one or more responsible person

Work Unit Subdivision of a work package Not recognized as a term


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What is Project Management (3) The application of Knowledge, Skills, Tools and

Techniques in order to Meet or Exceed Stakeholder Requirements from a Project Meeting or Exceeding stakeholder requirements means

Balancing (trade-off) competing demands among: Scope, Time, Cost, Quality and other objectives

Primary objectives are: within Budget, on Schedule, to Specification

A Method and a Set of Techniques Based on Accepted Principles of Management used for Planning, Estimating and Controlling Work Activities to reach a desired End Result on Time, within Budget and according to Specification


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The Triple Constraints Every project is constrained in different ways

by its Scope goals Time goals Cost goals

It is the project manager’s duty to balance these three often competing goals


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SPM Primary Objectives

Budget Limit

Cost

Time (Schedule)

Due Date

Performance

Required Performance

Implicit Trade-off Functions

Performance = f (Time, Budget)Time = f (Budget, Perf)Budget = f (Perf, Time)


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PM & SPM

Accepted PM Knowledge & Practices

General Management

Knowledge & PracticesApplication Area

Knowledge & Practices

S/W development

practices

Conceptual Diagram: Intersection is Conceptual Not Proportional

PMBOK


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What is Project Management (4) Project Management focuses the Responsibility and

Authority for the attainment of a Project’s Goals on an Individual or Small Group. The object of the focus is, the Project Manager uses Project Management Methods, Techniques and Tools (& Organizational Structure) to

Co-ordinate and Integrate all Project Activities Be responsive to the Project’s Client Identify and Correct Problems as soon as they become

Visible Make timely decisions about Trade-Offs between

Conflicting Project Goals Prevent Sub-optimization


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What is Project Management (5) Project Management is Interface

Management. The important Interfaces are Personal Interfaces Organizational Interfaces and System Interfaces

The goal of Project Management is Integration of all Project Components to Create

Seamless Interfaces.


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Project Management - Advantages Responsiveness to Clients and the

Environment Ability to make Timely Trade-off Decisions Central Locus of Decisions to insure overall

Project Optimality Better control, better customer relations,

Shorter development time, lower costs, Higher quality and reliability, higher profit margins, better co-ordination, higher morale


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Project Management -Advantages (cont..) Bosses, customers, and other stakeholders do not

like surprises. Good project management (PM) provides assurance and reduces risk

PM provides the tools and environment to plan, monitor, track, and manage schedules, resources, costs, and quality

PM provides a history or metrics base for future planning as well as good documentation

Project members learn and grow by working in a cross functional team environment


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Project Management - Disadvantages Greater Organizational Complexity Lower Personnel Utilization More Managerial Conflicts


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The Project Management Profession A 1996 Fortune article called project management

the “number one career choice”

Other authors and IT Gurus stress that Project managers are who add value to organizations

Professional societies like the Project Management Institute (PMI) have grown tremendously

Average Salaries for Project managers are over 81K US$ per year


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Project Management Certification PMI provides certification as a Project Management

Professional (PMP) A PMP has documented sufficient project

experience, agreed to follow a code of ethics, and passed the PMP exam

The number of people earning PMP certification is increasing quickly, and the certification program department received ISO approval in 1999

Other groups, like the Singapore Computer Society, have their own IT PM Certification programs


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Assignment 01 Define Project, Project Management and

Process Write a note on W5HH Principle

Documents

Copyright Aatif Kamal, NIIT (2006-07) 1 Software Project Management Lecture 01 Introduction to SPM Instructor: Aatif Kamal Dated: Sept 4 th, 2006