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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Sympathy and EmpathySympathy and Empathy
Sympathy Feeling of concern or
sorrow for another’s plight
Sympathy Feeling of concern or
sorrow for another’s plight
Empathy Feeling same or similar
emotions as another person Complex mix of
cognition and emotion Must detect emotions,
take other’s perspective
Empathy Feeling same or similar
emotions as another person Complex mix of
cognition and emotion Must detect emotions,
take other’s perspective
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Individual Differences in EmpathyIndividual Differences in Empathy
Temperament Sociable, assertive, good at emotional regulation
More likely to display sympathy and prosocial behavior
Temperament Sociable, assertive, good at emotional regulation
More likely to display sympathy and prosocial behavior
Parenting Warm, sensitive parents
who encourage emotional expressiveness
Parenting Warm, sensitive parents
who encourage emotional expressiveness
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Perspectives on Moral DevelopmentPerspectives on Moral Development
Psychoanalytic
• Freud: superego and guilt• Today: induction, empathy-based guilt
Social Learning • Modeling moral behavior
Behaviorist • Rewards and Punishment
Cognitive-Developmental
• Children as active thinkers about social rules
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Characteristics of Good Models of Moral BehaviorCharacteristics of Good Models of Moral Behavior
Warmth and responsiveness
Competence and power Consistency between
words and behavior
Warmth and responsiveness
Competence and power Consistency between
words and behavior
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Punishment in Early ChildhoodPunishment in Early ChildhoodFrequent and harsh physical punishment has undesirable and negative side effects
Alternatives to harsh punishment:
Time OutWithdrawing privilegesPositive Discipline
Parents can increase effectiveness of punishment:
Consistency Warm parent-child relationship Explanations
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Corporal Punishment and Age of ChildCorporal Punishment and Age of Child
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Positive DisciplinePositive Discipline Use transgressions as opportunities to teach
Reduce opportunities for misbehavior
Have children participate in family duties, routines
Try compromising and problem solving
Encourage mature behavior
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Moral Imperatives, Social Conventions, & Personal ChoiceMoral Imperatives, Social Conventions, & Personal Choice
Moral Imperatives
Actions that protect people’s rights and welfare
Social Conventions
Customs determined solely by social consensus
Matters of Personal Choice
Do not violate rights Not socially regulated Up to the individual
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Types of AggressionTypes of Aggression
Instrumental Meant to help the child
get something he or she wants
Hostile Meant to hurt someone
else
Instrumental Meant to help the child
get something he or she wants
Hostile Meant to hurt someone
else
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Types of Hostile AggressionTypes of Hostile Aggression
Type How the Harm is CausedDirect or Indirect?
Physical Physical injury Either
Verbal
Threats of physical aggression Name-calling Teasing
Always direct
Relational
Social exclusionMalicious gossipFriendship manipulation
Either
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Sources of AggressionSources of Aggression
Individual Differences Gender Temperament
Family Harsh, inconsistent discipline Cycles of discipline,
whining and giving in
Media violence
Individual Differences Gender Temperament
Family Harsh, inconsistent discipline Cycles of discipline,
whining and giving in
Media violence
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Dangers of Media ViolenceDangers of Media Violence
“Hardens” children to aggression “Hardens” children to aggression
Young children believe fictional violence is real
Short-term problems with parents, peers Long-term link to aggressive behavior
Young children believe fictional violence is real
Short-term problems with parents, peers Long-term link to aggressive behavior
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Helping Control AggressionHelping Control Aggression
Pair commands with reasons Avoid “giving in” Avoid verbal insults, physical punishment
Time-out Withdraw privileges
Social problem-solving training
Reduce family stress
Pair commands with reasons Avoid “giving in” Avoid verbal insults, physical punishment
Time-out Withdraw privileges
Social problem-solving training
Reduce family stress
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Gender Stereotypes in Early ChildhoodGender Stereotypes in Early Childhood Begin around 18 months
Men: sharp, rough Women: soft, round
Strengthen & become rigid
through early childhood
Begin around 18 months Men: sharp, rough Women: soft, round
Strengthen & become rigid
through early childhood Divide toys, clothing, tools, jobs, games, emotions, and
more by gender One-sided judgments are joint product of gender
stereotyping in environment and cognitive limitations
Divide toys, clothing, tools, jobs, games, emotions, and more by gender
One-sided judgments are joint product of gender stereotyping in environment and cognitive limitations
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Influences on Gender TypingInfluences on Gender Typing
Genetic Evolutionary adaptiveness Hormones
Environmental Family Teachers Peers Broader social environment
Genetic Evolutionary adaptiveness Hormones
Environmental Family Teachers Peers Broader social environment
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Child-Rearing StylesChild-Rearing Styles
Authoritative Authoritarian Permissive Uninvolved
Authoritative Authoritarian Permissive Uninvolved
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Characteristics of Child-Rearing StylesCharacteristics of Child-Rearing Styles
Acceptance Involvement Control Autonomy
Authoritative High High Adaptive Appropriate
Authoritarian Low Low High Low
Permissive HighToo low or too
highLow High
Uninvolved Low Low Low Indifference
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Cultural Variations in Child-RearingCultural Variations in Child-Rearing
Compared to middle-class European-Americans, some groups might use More firm control More physical punishment Can seem less warm
May be more appropriate to context
Compared to middle-class European-Americans, some groups might use More firm control More physical punishment Can seem less warm
May be more appropriate to context
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Child MaltreatmentChild Maltreatment
Physical abuse Sexual abuse Neglect Emotional abuse
Physical abuse Sexual abuse Neglect Emotional abuse
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Factors Related to Child MaltreatmentFactors Related to Child Maltreatment
Parent characteristics Child characteristics Family characteristics Community Culture
Parent characteristics Child characteristics Family characteristics Community Culture
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Consequences of Child MaltreatmentConsequences of Child Maltreatment Emotional problems
Poor emotional self-regulation Depression
Adjustment difficulties Aggression Peer problems Substance abuse Delinquency
School, learning problems Brain damage
Emotional problems Poor emotional self-regulation Depression
Adjustment difficulties Aggression Peer problems Substance abuse Delinquency
School, learning problems Brain damage
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Preventing Child MaltreatmentPreventing Child Maltreatment
Separating families that cannot change
Separating families that cannot change
Training high-risk parents Social supports for families
Parents Anonymous Home visitation
Training high-risk parents Social supports for families
Parents Anonymous Home visitation