Copyright Maldives English

8/10/2019 Copyright Maldives English

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Copyrights&RelatedRightsActofMaldives

Lawnumber:23/2010

THECOPYRIGHT&RELATEDRIGHTSACT

CourtesytranslationprovidedbyWIPO,2011

SECTION:1

INTRODUCTION

Introductionandname:1. (a) ThisActprotectsthecopyrightsandrelatedrightsinthe

Maldivesandstipulatestheactionsandpenaltiesresultingfrom

infringementof

these.

(b) ThisActshallbereferredastheCopyright&RelatedRights

Act.

ApplicationoftheAct: 2. (a) Uponcomingintoeffect,thisActwillprotecttheworks

producedinMaldivesandtheworksproducedbysignatoriesof

internationalconventionswhichMaldivesispartyto.

(b) WorksthatwereproducedbeforethisActcameintoforcewill

beprotected

under

the

following

circumstances.

(1)Thedurationforwhichtheworkwasprotectedunderany

regulation,priortothisActcomingintoforce,hasnotexpired;

or

(2)Thedurationofsuchworksprotectedbylegislationofa

signatorytowhichMaldivesispartytohasnotexpired.

(c) Whencalculatingthedurationofcopyrightandrelatedrights

forthisSection(b),theregistrationdate,ifregistered,shallbe

thedatetheworkwasregisteredandifnotregistered,shallbe

thedateonwhichtheworkwasfirstmadeavailabletothe

public.


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SECTION2

COPYRIGHTS

WORKSPROTECTEDUNDERTHISACT

3.The

following

types

of

works

stated

below

have

been

protected

under

this

Act.

(a) Literaryandartisticworksthatfallunderintellectualandprofessionaldomain,andparticularly

thefollowingworks:

(1) Books,pamphlets,articlesandotherwritings;

(2) Academic,literaryandartisticspeechesandaddresses;

(3)Drama,musicals,stageperformances,choreography,stepsandotherpresentations

andotherworksforstageproductions;

(4)Poems,songs,tunes,andothermusicalproducts:

(5)Featurefilms,documentaryfilms,drama,videosongsandothervideovisual

presentationsandworks:

(6)Worksofartandarchitecture:

(7)Photographicworks;

(8)Worksofappliedarts;

(9)Illustrations,charts,plans,sketchesandthreedimensionalworksrelatedto

geography,topography,architectureorscience;

(10)Computerprograms(evenifrepresentedassourcecodesorobjectcodes).

(b) UnderthisAct,worksshallbeprotectedbythesolefactoftheircreation,irrespectiveoftheir

modeorformofexpression,aswellasoftheircontent,qualityandpurpose.

DERIVATIVEWORKS

4.(a) ThefollowingderivativeworksshallalsobeprotectedunderthisAct.

(1)Translations,adaptations,arrangementsandothertransformationsor

modificationsofworks;


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(2)Collectionsofworks,collectionsofdata(databases)inwhateverform,and

collectionsofexpressionsoffolklorethatareoriginalbyselectionor

arrangement.

(b) TheprotectionofanyworkreferredtoinSubsection(a)shallnotinanywayaffectany

protectionof

pre

existing

work

or

expression

of

folklore

incorporated

in

or

utilized

for

the

making

of

suchawork.

ORIGINALITYOFWORKS

5. TheprotectionofanyproductorworksreferredtoinSections3and4ofthisRegulationshall

onlyextendtooriginallycreatedproductsorwork.

WORKSNOTPROTECTED

6. NotwithstandingtheprovisionsofSection3and4,noprotectionshallextendunderthis

Regulationto:

(a)anyidea,procedure,system,methodofoperation,concept,principle,discoveryor

meredata,evenifexpressed,described,explained,illustratedorembodiedinawork;

and

(b)anyofficialtextofalegislative,administrativeorlegalnature,aswellasanyofficial

translationofsuchdocuments.

REGISTRATIONOFCOPYRIGHT

7.(a) ThisActdoesnotdeemitcompulsoryforpartiestoregistertheirworkinaGovernment

authorityin

order

to

gain

protection

under

this

Act.

However,

the

Act

allows

those

parties

who

desiretoregistersuchworks,toberegisteredintheallocatedGovernmentauthority.

(b) Asper(a)ofthisSection,therightsofthoseworksnotregisteredwillnotbeaffectedinanyway

bynotchoosingtoseekregistrationofcopyrights.Themainpurposeofsucharegistrationisto

provideameansforarightholdertoconveyinacourtjudgmentthattheworkishiscreation.

(c) (a)ofhisSectionallowstheallocatedGovernmentauthoritytolevyaregistrationfeetoregister

copyrightsunderthisAct.

REGISTEREDCOPYRIGHTWORKSTOBEFIXEDINAMEDIUM

8. (a) AllworksregisteredunderthisActhastobefixedinamediumtoberegistered.

HowevertherightsofartistsasstipulatedinSection2willnotbeaffectedduetothe

conditionsimposedbythissubject.


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(b) Programsthatcanbecopiedautomaticallyfortherepairandmaintenanceof

computersarenotfixed,butthesenotbeingfixedshallnotaffectcopyrightsunderthis

Act.

(c) AnypersonwhodoesnotdesiretoregisteraworkunderthisActbutwantstoprovein

acourt

of

law

that

it

is

his

own

work,

can

fix

the

work

in

amedium

and

post

the

work

throughregisteredposttohispersonaladdress.Howeverselfpostedpackagescanonly

beadmittedasevidenceinsuchacourtoflaw,ifthepostisunopenedandintact,andif

thedateofpostagecanbedeterminedfromthecoverofthepost.

AUTHORSRIGHTS

9. (a) Unlesswrittenandspecifiedotherwise,thecopyrightofaworkbelongstothe

authorofthework.

(b) Unlesswrittenandspecifiedunderacontract,theauthorhastherightto

publishand

or

determine

how

his

work

shall

be

published.

(c) Unlesswrittenandspecifiedunderacontract,theauthorofaworkhastheright

toexploithisworkforeconomicpurposesanduseitforcommercialgain.

ECONOMICRIGHTS

10.(a) SubjecttotheprovisionsofSection13to20,theexclusiverighttocarryoutortoauthorizethe

followingactsinrelationtotheworkrestswiththeauthororthecopyrightholder.

(1)reproduction

of

the

work;

(2)translationofthework;

(3)adaptationortransformationofthework;

(4)thedistributiontothepublicbysale,rental,publiclendingorotherwiseofthe

originaloracopyoftheworkthathasnotalreadybeenauthorizedbytheownerof

copyrightforthesametoanotherparty.

(5)rentalorpubliclendingoftheoriginaloracopyofanaudiovisualwork,awork

includedinasoundrecording,acomputerprogram,adatabaseoramusicalworkinthe

formofnotation,irrespectiveoftheownershipoftheoriginalorcopyconcerned;

(6)publicdisplayoftheoriginaloracopyofthework;


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(7)publicperformanceofthework;

(8)broadcastingofthework;

(9)publicizingoftheworkthroughothercommunicativemedia.

(b) Therightsofrentalandlendingunderitem(a)of(5)donotapplytorentalorlendingof

computerprogramswheretheprogramitselfisnotthemainobjectoftherentalorlending.

MORALRIGHTS

11.(a) Independentofhiseconomicrights,andevenwhereheisnolongertheownerofthesaid

rights,theauthorofaworkisentitledto:

(1) Therighttohavehisnameindicatedprominentlyonthecopiesofhisproduct

andinanypublicuseofhiswork;

(2) Therighttonothavehisnameindicatedonthecopiesofhisproductandin

publicuseofhiswork,andtherighttouseapseudonym;and

(3) therighttoobjecttoanydistortionofhisworkwhichcouldcausedamagetohis

honororreputationandtherighttoobjecttoanyunjustifiedmodificationsofhiswork.

(b) NoneoftherightsmentionedintheSubsection(a)shallbetransferredtoanotherpersonduring

thelifeoftheauthor.However,theaforementionedrightscanbetransferredbytestamentary

dispositionorbyoperationoflawfollowingthedeathoftheauthor.

(c) TheauthormaywaivealloranyofthemoralrightsmentioninSubsection(a),providedthatitis

clearlyspecifiedinwritingtherightorrightswaivedandthecircumstancesthewaiveris

applicableto,andprovidedfurtherthatanywaiveroftherightunderitem(3)ofSubsection(a)

specifiesthenatureandextentofthemodification.

(d)

Followingthe

death

of

the

author,

the

physical

person

or

the

legal

entity

upon

whom

the

rights

restcanactasper(c)ofthisRegulation.

PRIVATEREPRODUCTIONFORPERSONALPURPOSES

12.(a) NotwithstandingtheprovisionsofSection10(a)(1),andsubjecttotheprovisionsofSubsection

(b), theprivatereproductionofapublishedworkinasinglecopyshallbepermittedwithoutthe


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authorizationoftheauthororownerofcopyright,wherethereproductionismadebyaperson

exclusivelyforhisownpersonalpurposes.

(b)ThepermissionunderSubsection(a)shallnotextendtothefollowing.

(1)tothereproductionofaworkofarchitectureintheformofbuildingorotherconstruction;

(2)toreproductionintheformofthewholeorasubstantialpartofabookorofamusicalwork

intheformofnotation;

(3)toreproductionofthewholeorasubstantialpartofadatabaseindigitalform;

(4)toreproductionofacomputerprogram,exceptasprovidedinSection18ofthisregulation;

and

(5)toreproductionofanyworkincaseswherereproductionwouldaffectthenormal

proceedingstheworkmaygenerateandcouldprejudicethelegitimateinterestsoftheauthor

orotherownerofthecopyright.

(6)toreproductionoffeaturefilms,documentaryfilms,dramas,videosongsandother

audiovisualpresentationscreatedforcommercialuse.

TEMPORARYREPRODUCTION

13. NotwithstandingtheprovisionsofSection10(a)(1),thetemporaryreproductionofaworkshall

bepermittedifallthefollowingconditionsaremet;

(a) thereproductionismadeintheprocessofadigitaltransmissionoftheworkorwhile

makingadigitallystoredworkperceptible,

(b) thereproductionis byapersonorentitywiththeauthorizationoftheownerof

copyrightorisentitledtoitbylaw.

(c) itisanaccessorytothattransmissionormakingperceptible,thatoccursduringthe

normaloperationoftheequipmentusedandresultsintheautomaticdeletionofthe

copywithoutenablingtheretrievaloftheworkforanyotherpurposethanthose

specifiedinitems(a)and(b).


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QUOTATION

14.(a) NotwithstandingtheprovisionsofSection10(a)(1),thereproduction,intheformof

quotation,ofashortpartofapublishedworkshallbepermittedwithoutauthorization

of

the

author

or

other

owner

of

copyright,

provided

that

the

reproduction

is

compatible

withfairpracticeanddoesnotexceedtheextentjustifiedbythepurpose.

(b) Thequotationshallbeaccompaniedbyanindicationofsource,thenameoftheauthor,

andformofpublicationasfaraspracticableoftheprovisionsspecifiedin(a)ofthis

Section.

REPRODUCTIONFORTEACHING

15.

(a)

Notwithstanding

the

provisions

of

Section

10

(a)

(1),

a

limited

portion

of

a

published

workcanbereproducedandpresentedasaquotationwithouttheauthorizationofthe

authororotherownerofcopyright,providedthatsuchreproductioniscompatiblewith

fairpracticeanddoesnotexceedtheextentjustifiedbythepurpose;

(b) Thereproductionshallbeaccompaniedbyanindicationofsource,thenameofthe

author,andformofpublicationasfaraspracticableoftheprovisionsspecifiedin(a)of

thisSection.

REPROGRAPHICREPRODUCTION

BY

LIBRARIES

AND

ARCHIVES

16. NotwithstandingtheprovisionsofSection10(a)(1),anylibraryorarchivewhoseactivitiesdonot

servedirectorindirectcommercialgainmay,withouttheauthorizationoftheauthororotherownerof

copyright,makeasinglecopyoftheworkbyreprographicreproductioninthefollowingways.

(a) wheretheworkreproducedisapublishedarticle,othershortworkorshortextractofawork,

andwherethepurposeofthereproductionistosatisfytherequestofaparticularperson,

providedthat;

(1) thelibraryorarchiveissatisfiedthatthecopywillbeusedsolelyforthepurposeof

study,scholarshiporprivateresearch,

(2) theactofreproductionisanisolatedcaseoccurring,ifrepeated,onseparateand

unrelatedoccasions,and


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(3) thereisnocollectivelicenseavailablethatis,offeredbyacollectiveadministration

organizationofwhichthelibraryorarchiveisorshouldbeaware,underwhichsuch

copiescanbemade;or

(b)

Where

the

copy

is

made

in

order

to

preserve

and

if

necessary,

replace

a

copy

or

to

replace

a

copywhichhasbeenlost,destroyedorrenderedunusableinthepermanentcollectionof

anothersimilarlibraryorarchive,providedthatitisimpossibletoobtainsuchacopyunder

reasonableconditions,andprovidedfurtherthattheactofreprographicreproductionisan

isolatedcaseoccurring,ifrepeated,onseparateandunrelatedoccasions.

REPRODUCTION,BROADCASTINGANDOTHERCOMMUNICATIONTOTHEPUBLICFORINFORMATORY

PURPOSES

17.

Notwithstandingthe

provisions

of

Section

10

(a),

(8)

and

(9),

the

following

acts

shall

be

permittedinrespectofaworkwithouttheauthorizationoftheauthorortheotherownerof

thecopyright,subjecttotheobligationtoindicatethesourceandthenameoftheauthorasfar

aspracticable:

(a) thereproductioninanewspaperorperiodical,thebroadcastingorothercommunicationto

thepublicofanarticlepublishedinanewspaperorperiodicaloncurrenteconomic,politicalor

religioustopicsorabroadcastworkofthesamecharacter.Thispermissionshallnotapply

wherethe

right

to

authorize

reproduction,

broadcasting

or

other

communication

to

the

public

is

expresslyreservedonthecopiesbytheauthororotherownerofcopyright,orinconnection

withbroadcastingorothercommunicationtothepublicofthework;

(b)thereproductioninanewspaperorperiodical,thebroadcastingorothercommunicationto

thepublic ofapoliticalspeech,alecture,sermonorotherworkofsimilarnature deliveredin

public,oraspeechdeliveredduringlegalproceedings,totheextentjustifiedbythepurposeof

providingcurrentinformation;and

(c)forthepurposeofreportingcurrentevents,thereproductionandthebroadcastingorother

communicationtothepublicofshortexcerptsofaworkseenorheardinthecourseofsuch

events,totheextentjustifiedbythepurpose.


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REPRODUCTIONANDADAPTATIONOFCOMPUTERPROGRAMS

18. (a)NotwithstandingSection10(a)(1)and(3),thereproduction,inasinglecopy,orthe

adaptationofacomputerprogrambythelawfulownerofacopyofthatcomputerprogram

shall

be

permitted

without

the

authorization

of

the

author

or

other

owner

of

copyright,

providedthatthecopyoradaptationisnecessaryforthefollowing.

(1) foruseofthecomputerprogramwithacomputer,forthepurposeandextent

forwhichthecomputerprogramhasbeenobtained;or

(2) forarchivalpurposesandforthereplacementofthelawfullyownedcopyofthe

computerprogramintheeventthatthesaidcopyofthecomputerprogramis

lost,destroyedorrenderedunusable.

(b)Nocopyoradaptationofacomputerprogramshallbeusedforanypurposeotherthan

thosespecifiedin(a)ofthisSection.Intheeventthatcontinuedpossessionofthecopyofthe

computerprogramceasestobelawful,therelevantgovernmentauthorityhasthepowerto

destroyanysuchcopyoradaptationwithoutcompensation.

DISPLAYOFWORKS

19. NotwithstandingtheprovisionsofSection10(6) of(a),thepublicdisplayoforiginalsorcopies

ofworks

shall

be

permitted

without

the

authorization

of

the

author,

provided

that

the

display

is

madeotherthanbymeansofafilm,slide,televisionimageorotherwiseonscreenorbymeans

ofanyotherdeviseorprocess,andprovidedfurtherthattheworkhasbeenpublishedorthe

originalorthecopydisplayedhasbeensold,givenawayorotherwisetransferredtoanother

personbytheauthororhissuccessorintitle.

DURATIONOFCOPYRIGHT

20. (a) Subjectto(b),(c),(d)and(e),theeconomicandmoralrightsshallbeprotectedduring

thelifeoftheauthorandforfullfiftyyearsafterhisdeath.

(b) Inthecaseofcoandjointauthorship,theeconomicandmoralrightsshallbeprotected

underthisRegulation,duringthelifeofthelastsurvivingauthorandforfullfiftyyearsafterhis

death.


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(c)Inthecaseofcollectivework,otherthanaworkofappliedart,andinthecaseofan

audiovisualwork,theeconomicandmoralrightsshallbeprotectedforfiftyyearsfromthedate

onwhichtheworkwaseithermade,firstmadeavailabletothepublic,orfirstpublished,

whicheverdateislatest.

(d)Inthecaseofaworkpublishedanonymouslyorunderapseudonym,theeconomicand

moralrightsshallbeprotectedforfiftyyearsfromthedateonwhichtheworkwaswithermade,

firstmadeavailabletothepublicorfirstpublished,whicheverdateisthelatest.Providedwhere

theauthorsidentityisrevealedorisnolongerdoubtfulbeforetheexpirationofthesaidperiod,

theprovisionsofsubsection(a)or(b)shallapply.

(e)Inthecaseofaworkofappliedart,theeconomicandmoralrightsshallbeprotectedfor

twenty

five

years

from

the

making

of

the

work.

(f)Allperiodsmentionedintheprecedingsubsectionsshallruntotheendofthecalendaryear

inwhichitwouldotherwiseexpire

ORIGINALOWNERSHIPOFECONOMICRIGHTS

21. (a) Subjecttotheprovisionsofsubsections(a)to(e),theoriginalowneroftheeconomic

rightsistheauthorwhohascreatedthework.

(b)In

the

case

of

awork

of

joint

authorship,

the

co

authors

shall

be

the

original

owners

of

the

economicrights.If,however,aworkofjointauthorshipconsistsofpartsthatcanbeused

separatelyandtheauthorofeachpartcanbeidentified,theauthorofeachpartshallbethe

originalowneroftheeconomicrightsinthepartthathehascreated.

(c)Inthecaseofacollectivework,theindividualorlegalentityunderwhoseinitiativeand

directionwhichtheworkhasbeencreatedshallbetheoriginalowneroftheeconomicrights.

(d)Inthecaseofworkcreatedbyanauthoremployedbyanindividualorlegalentityinthe

courseofhisemployment,theoriginalowneroftheeconomicrightsshallbe,unlessprovided

otherwiseinacontract,theemployer.

(e)Inthecaseofaudiovisualwork,theoriginalowneroftheeconomicrightsshallbethe

producer,unlessprovidedotherwiseinacontract.Thecoauthorsoftheaudiovisualworkandif

thenewproductionincorporatedanadaptationofapreexistingwork,therightsofauthors


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shallbeprotectedtotheextentoftheircontributionortotheextenttotheireconomicrights

areprotected.

PRESUMPTIONOFAUTHORSHIPANDREPRESENTATIONOFTHEAUTHOR

22. (a) Intheabsenceofprooftothecontrary,thepersonwhosenameisindicatedasthe

authoronaworkintheusualmannershallbepresumedtobetheauthorofthework.This

provisionshallbeapplicableevenifthenameisapseudonym,wherethepseudonymleavesno

doubtastotheidentityoftheauthor.

(b) Incaseofananonymousorpseudonymouswork,subjecttotheprovisioninthelatter

partof(a)ofthisSection,thepublisherwhosenameappearsontheworkshall,intheabsence

ofprooftothecontrary,bepresumedtorepresenttheauthorand,inthiscapacity,shallbe

entitledto

exercise

and

enforce

the

moral

and

economic

rights

of

the

author.

This

presumption

shallceasetoapplywhentheauthorrevealshisidentity.

ASSIGNMENTANDLICENSEOFAUTHORSRIGHTS

23. (a) Theeconomicrightsofanauthorcanbeassignableinwholeorinparttoanotherparty.

(b) Anyassignmentofaneconomicright,andanylicensetodoanactsubjectto

authorizationbytheauthororotherownerofcopyright,shallbeinwritingsignedbythe

assignorand

the

assignee,

or

by

the

licenser

and

the

licensee.

(c) Inthecaseofanassignmentinwholeorinpartofanyeconomicright,orofalicenseto

doanactisauthorizedbytheauthororotherownerofcopyright,itshallnotbepresumedto

includetheassignmentorlicenseofanyotherrightsnotexplicitlyreferredinit.

THEORGANIZATIONTHATREPRESENTSTHEOWNERSOFCOPYRIGHT

24. AspertheprovisionsofthisRegulation,anorganizationcanbecreatedtorepresenttheowners

ofcopyright.

The

organization

that

represents

the

owners

of

copyright

shall

be

one

jointly

createdbyownersofcopyrightsandrelatedrights,orpotentialownersofcopyrightsand

relatedrights,ortheagentsofsaidowners,orpotentialagentsoftheseowners.The

organizationshallworktogetherandnegotiatewiththerelevantbodies,oneofthemain

objectsofwhichwouldbetoissuelicensesforotherpartiestoaccesstheworksprotected

underthisRegulation.


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SECTION3

PROTECTIONOFPERFORMERS,PRODUCERSOFSOUNDRECORDINGANDBROADCASTING

ORGANIZATIONS

ACTSREQUIRINGAUTHORIZATIONOFPERFORMERS

25.(a) SubjecttotheprovisionsofSection29,aperformershallhavetheexclusiverighttocarryoutor

authorizeanyofthefollowingacts:

(1)thebroadcastingorothercommunicationtothepublicofhisperformance,exceptwherethe

broadcastingorothercommunication;

(a) ismadefromafixationoftheperformance,otherthanafixationmadeunder

theterms

of

Section

29

or

otherwise

made

without

the

authorization

of

the

performeror

(b) isarebroadcastingmadeorauthorizedbytheorganizationinitially

broadcastingtheperformance;

(2)thefixationofhisunfixedperformance:

(3)thedirectorindirectreproductionofafixationofhisperformance,inanymannerorform;

(4)thefirstmakingavailabletothepublicofafixationofhisperformance,orcopiesofit,

throughsaleorothertransferorownership;

(5)rentaltothepublicorpubliclendingofafixationofhisperformance,orcopiesofit,

irrespectiveoftheownershipofthecopyrentedorlent;and

(6)themakingavailabletothepublicofhisfixedperformance,bywireorwirelessmeans,in

suchawaythatmembersofthepublicmayaccessthemfromaplaceoratatimeindividually

chosenby

them.

(b) Oncetheperformerhasauthorizedtheincorporationofhisperformanceinanaudiovisual

fixation,theprovisionsofsubsection(a)shallceasetobeapplicable.

(c) Independentoftheperformerseconomicrightsandevenafterthetransferofthoserights,the

performershall,withregardtohisliveperformancesandfixationofperformances,havethe


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righttoclaimtobeidentifiedastheperformerofsaidperformance;andtoobjecttoany

distortionormodificationofhisperformancesthatwouldbeprejudicialtohisreputation.The

provisionsofsubsections(b)and(c)ofSection11applyinconsiderationoftheeventtothe

rightsgrantedunderthissubsection.

(d) Indrawingupcontractsbyperformers,notermsinthisSectionshalldeprivethemoftheright

toagreeontermsandconditionsmorefavourablefortheminregardtotheirperformances.

(e) TherightsunderthisSectionshallbeprotecteduntiltheendofthefiftiethcalendaryear

followingtheyearinwhichtheperformancewasfixedinaphonogram,orintheabsenceof

suchafixation,fromtheendoftheyearinwhichtheperformancetookplace.

ACTSREQUIRINGAUTHORIZATIONOFPRODUCERSOFSOUNDRECORDINGS

26. (a) SubjecttotheprovisionsofSection29,aproducerofasoundrecordingshallhavethe

exclusiverighttocarryoutortoauthorizeanyofthefollowingacts:

(1) directorindirectreproductionofsoundrecordinginanymannerorform;

(2) themakingavailabletothepublicbysaleorothertransferofownership,ofthe

originalorcopiesofthesoundrecordingthathasnotalreadybeensubjecttoa

distributionauthorizedbytheproducer;

(3) rentaltothepublicorpubliclendingofacopyofthesoundrecording,

irrespectiveoftheownershipofthecopyrentedorlent;

(4) themakingavailabletothepublicofthesoundrecording,bywireorwireless

means,insuchawaythatmembersofthepublicmayaccessitfromaplaceoratatime

individuallychosenbythem.

(b) TherightsunderSubsection(a)shallbeprotectedfromthepublicationofthesound

recordinguntil

the

end

of

the

fiftieth

calendar

year

following

the

year

of

publication

or,

ifthesoundrecordinghasnotbeenpublishedfromthefixationofthesoundrecording

untiltheendofthefiftiethcalendaryear,followingtheyearoffixation.


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EQUITABLEREMUNERATIONFORUSEOFSOUNDRECORDING

27. (a)Ifasoundrecordingpublishedforcommercialpurposes,orareproductionofsuchrecording

isuseddirectlyforbroadcastingorothercommunicationtothepublic,orispubliclyperformed,

a

single

equitable

remuneration

for

the

performer

or

performers

and

the

producer

of

the

sound

recordingshallbepaidbytheusertotheproducer.

(b)Unlessotherwiseagreedbetweentheperformersandtheproducer,halfoftheamount

receivedbytheproducerunderSubsection(a)shallbepaidbytheproducertotheproducerto

theperformerorperformers.

(c)TherighttoequitableremunerationunderthisSectionshallbeginfromthedateof

publicationofthesoundrecordinguntiltheendofthefiftiethcalendaryearfollowingtheyear

ofpublication

or,

if

sound

recording

has

not

been

published

from

the

date

of

fixation

of

the

soundrecordinguntiltheendofthefiftiethcalendaryearfollowingtheyearoffixation.

(d)ForthepurposesofthisSection,soundrecordingsthathavebeenmadeavailabletothe

publicbywireorwirelessmeansinsuchawaythatmembersofthepublicmayaccessthem

fromaplaceandatatimeindividuallychosenbythemshallberegardedashavingbeen

publishedforcommercialpurposes.

ACTSREQUIRINGAUTHORIZATIONOFTHEBROADCASTINGORGANIZATIONS

28. (a) SubjecttotheprovisionsofSection29abroadcastingorganizationshallhavethe

exclusiverighttocarryoutortoauthorizeanyofthefollowingacts:

(1) therebroadcastingofitsbroadcast;

(2) thecommunicationtothepublicofitsbroadcast;

(3) thefixationofitsbroadcast;and

(4) thereproductionofitsbroadcast.

(b) TherightsunderthisSectionshallbeprotectedfromthemomentwhenthe

broadcastingtakesplaceuntiltheendofthefiftiethcalendaryear.


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WORKSNOTPROTECTED

29. Section25,26,27and28shallnotapplywheretheactsreferredtointhosesectionsarerelated

to

(a) usingshortexcerptsforreportingcurrenteventstotheextentjustifiedbythepurpose

ofprovidingcurrentinformation;

(b) reproductionsolelyforscientificresearch;

(c) reproductionsolelyforthepurposeoffacefaceteachingactivities,exceptfor

performances andphonogramswhichhavebeenpublishedasteachingorinstructional

materials;and

(d)

caseswhere,

under

Section

2,

awork

can

be

used

without

the

authorization

of

the

authororotherownerofcopyright.

SECTION4

ENFORCEMENTOFRIGHTS

MEASURES

30. (a) ThecourthavingjurisdictionofcivilactionarisingunderthisRegulation,shallhavethe

authority,toactasperlawandorderandfairpracticeonthefollowing.

(1) tograntinjunctionstoprohibitthecommitting,orcontinuationofcommitting,

ofinfringementofanyrightprotectedunderthisRegulation;and

(2) toorderimpoundingofcopiesofworksorsoundrecordingssuspectedofbeing

madeorimportedwithouttheauthorizationofanownerofanyrightprotected

underthisregulation.

(b) ForrelevantGovernmentauthoritiestocheck,investigateandtakenecessarystepsas

percivilandcriminalproceduresofthecountryininstanceswherethereisreasontosuspect

infringementoftherightsprotectedunderthisAct.


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31.CIVILREMEDIES

(a) TheownerofanyrightprotectedunderthisRegulationwhoserighthasbeeninfringed

shallbeentitledtopayment,bytheinfringer,ofdamagesforthepropertyandthe

prejudice

sustained

as

a

consequence

of

infringement,

as

well

as

the

payment

of

expensescausedbytheseacts,inclusiveoflegalcostsincurredinobtainingthe

damages.

(b) Theamountofdamagesspecifiedin(a)ofthisSectionshallbefixedafterassessingthe

extentofdamagessufferedbytheowneroftheright,aswellastheinfringersprofits

attributabletotheinfringement.

(c) Wheretheinfringerdidnotknoworhadnowayofknowingthathewasengagedin

infringingactivity,

the

court

may

limit

damages

to

the

profits

of

the

infringer

attributabletotheinfringement.

(d) Whereinfringingcopiesexist,andiftheownersofrightsdonotrequestotherwise,the

courtshallhavetheauthoritytoorderthedestructionofthosecopiesinamanner

whichdoesnotharmtherightholder.Thisprovisionshallnotbeapplicabletocopies

whichwereacquiredbyathirdpartyingoodfaith,withnointentionofinfringingofthe

rightsofanyone.

(e) Wherethereisreasontobelievethatthereisdangerthatamaterialmaybeusedto

commitorcontinuetocommitactsofinfringementagainsttherightsofanindividual,

thecourtshall,ordertheirdestructionororderthemtobereturnedtotheownerofthe

right.

(f) Wherethereisreasontobelievethatthereisadangerthatactsofinfringementmaybe

continued,thecourthastheauthoritytoordersuchactsnotbecommitted.Further,if

theorder

is

not

respected,

the

court

shall

fix

afine

of

between

10.000/

(ten

thousand)

Rufiyaaand300,000/ (threelaks)Rufiyaa,whichshallbepaiddependingontheextent

oftheviolation.


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JUDICIALMEASURES

32. (a) DeliberateorinadvertentinfringementofanyrightsprotectedunderthisRegulationwill

resultinalevyofafinebetween50,000/ (fiftythousand)Rufiyaaand 300,000/ (Three

hundredthousand)

Rufiyaa

by

the

court.

The

amount

of

fine

shall

be

fixed

based

on

the

damagesincurredtotherightholderorofthedamagesthatareforeseentoincuron

therightholder.

(b) Ifanyinfringerwhowasproventohaveinfringedarightstatedin(a)ofthisSection,

commitsanysubsequentinfringementswithin5(five)yearsofthefirstinfringement,

thecourthasthepowertolevytwotimesthehighestamountoffineasstatedin

subsection(a).

(c) Duringjudicialproceedings,andifcivilproceedingsasstatedinsubsection(30)

and(31)ofthisSectionhasnotbeencompleted,theproceedingsforcivildamagescan

alsobecontinuedwiththejudicialproceedings.

MEASURES,REMEDIESANDSANCTIONSAGAINSTABUSESINRESPECTOFTECHNICALMEANSOF

PROTECTIONANDRIGHTSMANAGEMENTINFORMATION

33.(a)The

following

acts

shall

be

considered

unlawful

and

in

the

application

of

Sections

30,

31

and

32,

shallbeconsideredasinfringementsofrightsprotectedunderthisRegulation:

(1) Themanufactureforsaleorrentalofanydeviceormeansspecificallydesignedor

adaptedtopreventanydeviceormeansintendedtoimpairthequalityofcopiesmade

orpreventmakingcopies;

(2) Themanufactureforsaleorrentalofanydeviceormeansthatfacilitateorenablethe

receptionof

an

encrypted

program,

which

is

broadcast

or

transmitted

through

satellite,

orotherwisecommunicatedtothepublic,bythosewhoarenotentitledtoreceivethe

program;

(3) Theremovalormodificationofanyelectronicrightsmanagementinformationwithout

authorization;


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(4) Unauthorizeddistribution,importfordistribution,broadcasting,communicationtothe

publicormakingavailabletothepublic,ofworks,performances,soundrecordingsor

broadcasts,knowingorhavingreasontoknowthatelectronicrightsmanagement

informationhasbeenremovedormodifiedwithoutauthority.

(b) Ifanypartyconductsanyactsstatedinsubsection(a)ofthisSection,itshallbeconsideredas

aninfringementofcopyrightorrelatedrightsandtheinfringerwillbefinedanamountbetween

1000/ (onethousand)Rufiyaaand100,000/ (onehundredthousand)Rufiyaa.Therightholder

alsohastheoptiontotakeactionundersanctionsprovidedforinSections30and31ofthisAct.

SECTION5

MISCELLENEOUS

SCOPEOFAPPLICATION

34.(a) TheprovisionsofthisActconcerningtheprotectionofliteraryandartisticworksshallapplyto;

(1) worksofauthorswhoarenationalsof,orresideintheRepublicofMaldives;

(2) worksthatareeligibleforprotectionintheRepublicofMaldivesinaccordancewithany

internationalconventionorinternationalagreementtowhichtheRepublicofMaldives

ispartyto.

(3) audiovisualworksofproducerswhohavehisheadofficeestablishedinorisaresident

oftheRepublicofMaldives;and

(4) architecturalworksintheRepublicofMaldivesandotherartisticworksincorporatedin

buildingsandotherstructureslocatedintheRepublicofMaldives.

(b) TheprovisionsofthisActshallprotecttheworksofthefollowingperformers:

(1)

performerswho

are

nationals

of

the

Republic

of

Maldives;

(2) performerswhoarenationalsofRepublicofMaldivesbutwhoseperformances;

(a) takeplacewithintheterritoryoftheRepublicofMaldives;or

(b) areincorporatedinsoundrecordingsthatareprotectedunderthisAct;or


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(c) havenotbeenfixedinasoundrecordingbutareincludedinbroadcast

qualifyingforprotectionunderthisAct.

(c)TheprovisionsofthisActprotectthefollowingsoundrecordings;

(1) soundrecordingsproducedbynationalsoftheRepublicofMaldives;

(2) soundrecordingsfirstfixedintheRepublicofMaldives;

(3) soundrecordingsfirstpublishedintheRepublicofMaldives.

(d)TheprovisionsofthisActprotectthefollowingbroadcasts;

(1) broadcastsofbroadcastorganizations,theheadofficesofwhicharesituatedin

theRepublicofMaldives;and

(2) broadcaststransmittedfromtransmitterssituatedintheRepublicofMaldives

(e) TheprovisionsinthisActshallalsoapplytoperformers,producersofsoundrecordingsand

broadcastingorganizationsthatareeligibleforprotectioninaccordancewithanyinternational

conventionotherinternationalagreementtowhichtheRepublicofMaldivesispartyto.

WORKSPROTECTEDBEFORETHEACTCAMEINTOFORCE

35.(a)

Works

that

were

produced

before

this

Act

came

into

force

will

be

protected

under

the

following

circumstances.

(1)Thedurationforwhichtheworkwasprotectedunderanyregulation,priortothisActcame

intoforce,hasnotexpired.

(2)ThedurationofsuchworksprotectedbylegislationofasignatorytowhichMaldivesisparty

tohasnotexpired.

(b)WhencalculatingthedurationofcopyrightandrelatedrightsforthisSection,theregistrationdate,if

registered,shallbethedatetheworkwasregisteredandifnotregistered,shallbethedateonwhich

theworkwasfirstmadeavailabletothepublic.


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WORKSNOTINCLUDED

36. Protectionofliteraryandartisticworks,performers,producersofsoundrecordingsand

broadcastingorganizations,books,pamphlets,articles,libraryandarchivematerials,teachingaidsand

other

writings

produced

before

this

Act

came

into

force

ceases

to

have

effect.

APPLICATIONOFINTERNATIONALTREATIES

37.TheprovisionsofanyinternationaltreatiesoncopyrightandrelatedrightstowhichtheRepublicof

Maldivesisparty,shallapplytomattersspecifiedinthisActand,incaseofconflictbetweenthetwo,

theprovisionsoftheinternationaltreatyshallprevailoverthisAct.

ENACTMENTANDENFORCEMENTOFREGULATIONSUNDERTHEACT

38.The

regulations

governing

the

implementation

of

this

Act

shall

be

formulated

within

six

(6)

months

ofthisActcomingintoforce.TheRegulationshallbepromulgatedbytheMinistrydesignatedbythe

PresidentoftheRepublicofMaldives.

DATEACTCOMESINTOFORCE

39.ThisActshallcomeintoforceuponpassingfromtheParliamentandratificationoftheActbythe

Presidentandonbeinggazetted.TheActshallbefullycompliedwith,within180(onehundredand

eighty)daysofratification.

ACTSBEINGREPEALED

40.OncethisActcomesintoforce,thefollowingRegulationsstatedinAnnex1ofthisAct,ActNumber

6/2008(GeneralRegulationsAct),willberepealed.

(a)Regulationnumber51,(TheRegulationgoverningbooksproducedintheMaldives)

(b)Regulationnumber52,(TheRegulationgoverningapprovalofsongsandpoetry)

(c)Regulationnumber53,(TheRegulationgoverningregistrationoforiginalmusicandmusical

compilations)

(d)Regulationnumber54,(TheRegulationgoverningtheregistrationofaudioalbums).


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INTERPRETATIONS

41.ForthepurposeofthisAct,thefollowingtermshavethefollowingmeaning:

Reproductiverights,orreproductionisstatedtomean;

(a) iftheeconomicrightsareavailabletotheauthor,thensuchrights,

(b) iftheeconomicrightsaretransferredtoanotherperson(s)orlegalentities,

otherthantheauthor,thensuchrights,

Notationmeansmusicwrittentobeperformed;

Rightsmanagementinformationisanyinformationwhichidentifiestheworksspecifiedunderthis

Regulation,theauthorsofthework,theperformer,theperformanceoftheperformer,thesound

recording,theproducerofthesoundrecording,thebroadcast,thebroadcaster,andinformationthat

identifiestherightsandtheownerofanyrightunderthisAct,orinformationaboutthetermsand

conditionsofuseofthework,theperformance,thesoundrecordingorthebroadcast.Ifsuchnumbers

orcodesrepresentsuchinformation,thesearealsoincludedinthemeaningofthisterm.

Broadcastingisthecommunicationofawork,aperformanceorasoundrecordingtothepublicby

wirelesstransmission,includingtransmissionbysatellite.

Rentalis

the

transfer

of

the

possession

of

the

original

or

acopy

of

awork

or

sound

recording

for

a

particularperiodoftimeforprofitmakingpurposes;

Acomputerisanelectronicorsimilardevicehavinginformationprocessingcapabilities;

Computerprogramisasetofinstructionsexpressedinwords,codes,schemesorinanyotherform,

whichisenablesacomputertoperformorachieveaparticulartaskorresult;

Acollectiveworkisaworkcreatedbytwoormorepersonsattheinitiativeandunderthedirectionof

aperson

or

legal

entity,

with

the

understanding

that

it

will

presented

by

the

person

or

entity

under

his

ownnameandthattheidentityofthecontributingpersonswillnotbeindicated;

Anexpressionoffolkloreisacreationofgroupsorindividualswhichrepresentsagroupstraditions,

itsculturalandsocialidentity,itsstandardsandvaluesthataretransmittedorally,byimitationorby

othermeans,including:


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(a) Folktales,folkpoetry,andfolkriddles;

(b) Folksongsandinstrumentalfolkmusic;

(c) Folkdancesandfolkplays;

(d) Productionsoffolkartsinparticular,drawings,paintings,carvings,sculptures,poetry,terra

cotta,mosaic,woodwork,metalware,jewelry,handicrafts,costumes,andindigenous

textiles.

AworkisanyliteraryorartisticworkunderSections3(a)and4(a).

Anartisticworkproducedtofacilitateanotherworkisanyworkthatisproducedeitherbyhandor

mechanicallytofacilitateanotherwork.

Reproductionismakingofoneormorecopiesofaworkorsoundrecordinginanymannerorform,

includingany

permanent

or

temporary

storage

of

the

work

or

sound

recording

in

electronic

form.

Anaudiovisualworkisaworkthatconsistsofaseriesofrelatedimageswithmotion,withorwithout

accompanyingsounds,whicharemadevisible.

Soundrecordingisanyexclusivelyauralfixationofthesoundsofaperformanceorofothersounds,or

ofarepresentationofsounds,regardlessofthemethodbywhichthesoundsarefixedorthemediumin

whichthesoundsareembodied.Audiovisualworksandsoundtracksthathaveafixationofsoundsand

imagesarenotincludedinthemeaningofthisterm.

EconomicrightsaretherightsmentionedinSection10;

MoralrightsaretherightsmentionedinSection11;

Authoristhepersonwhohascreatedthework;

Performersaresingers,musicians,andotherpersons,whosing,deliver,playin,orotherwiseperform

literaryandartisticandculturalworks.

Fixationmeanstheembodimentofsounds,oroftherepresentationofit,fromwhichtheycanbe

perceived,reproducedortransmittedthroughadevice;

Aphotographicworkisarecordingoflightorotherradiationonanymediumonwhichanimageis

producedorfromwhichanimagemaybeproduced,irrespectiveofthechemical,electronicorother


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techniquesbywhichsuchrecordingismade.Astillpictureextractedfromanaudiovisualworkwillnot

beconsideredasaphotographicwork,butasanaudiovisualwork.

Aworkofjointauthorshipisaworktothecreationofwhichtwoormoreauthorshavecontributed,

provided

the

work

does

not

qualify

as

a

collective

work

as

stated

in

the

interpretation

above;

Performmeansanypresentationbyanartist;

Performancemeanssongs,music,drama,andotherdramaticmusical,literaryandculturalworks.

Theproducerofanaudiovisualworkorasoundrecordingisthepersonorlegalentitythatundertakes

theinitiativeandresponsibilityforthemakingoftheaudiovisualworkorsoundrecording;

Publicperformanceiswhereaperformancecanbeperceivedataplaceoratplaceswherepersons

outsidethe

normal

circle

of

the

family

and

its

closest

acquaintances

are

or

can

be

present,

irrespective

ofwhethertheyareorcanbepresentatthesameplaceandtime,oratdifferentplacesand/ortimes,

withoutintendingitbeacommunicationtothepublicasspecifiedinthisSection,inthefollowingways:

(a) Inthecaseofaworkotherthananaudiovisualwork,therecitation,playing,dancing,acting

orotherwiseperformingthework,eitherdirectlyorbymeansofanydeviceorprocess;

(b) Inthecaseofanaudiovisualwork,theshowingofimagesinsequenceandofthemakingof

accompanyingsoundsaudible;and

(c)

Inthe

case

of

sound

recording,

making

the

recording

sounds

audible.

Communicationtothepublicisthetransmissionbywireorwithoutwireoftheimagesorsounds,or

both,ofawork,aperformance,asoundrecordingorabroadcast insuchawaythat imagesorsounds

canbeperceivedbypersonsoutsidethenormalcircleofafamilyanditsclosestsocialacquaintancesat

a place or places so distant from the place where the transmission originates that, without the

transmission,the imagesorsoundswouldnotbeperceivableand further, irrespectiveofwhetherthe

personscan receive the imagesor soundsat the sameplaceand time,oratdifferentplacesand/or

timesindividually

chosen

by

them;

Publicdisplayistheshowingoftheoriginaloracopyoftheworkwhereitcanbeperceivedataplace

oratplaceswherepersonsoutsidethenormalcircleofthefamilyanditsclosestacquaintancesareor

canbepresent,irrespectiveofwhethertheyareorcanbepresentatthesameplaceandtime,orat


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