Copyright May 20, 2013 by CH2M HILL • Company Confidential

Electrical Energy Lossesin Power Systems

Mark A. Sorrells, PE

February 17, 2015msorrells.ee85@ieee.org

IEEE-IAS Atlanta Section

Credits:

Cold Storage Freezer aka Electrical Room Co-author with Michael Seal, PE Update to Electrical Energy Losses in Power Systems by Herbert

N. Hickok, Member, IEEE published in IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. IA-14, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1978

Heads up: There are quizzes

Electrical Energy LossesThermal Efficiency In Power Generation

1978

Prime Mover Efficiency

Gas Turbine 28-36 %

Steam Turbine 25-35 %

CCPP – Non-Fired 25-34 %

CCPP – Fired 50-60 %

2015

Prime Mover Efficiency

Gas Turbine 32-42 %

Steam Turbine 30-40 %

CCPP – Non-Fired 50-60 %

CCPP –Fired 48-58 %

Electrical Energy LossesLosses For 3600-R/Min 13.8-kv Industrial Generators

Electrical Energy LossesEnergy Losses in Current-limiting Aircore Reactors

Electrical Energy LossesSingle Lines

Energy Losses in Current-limiting Aircore Reactors

Voltage Reactor Voltage Drop %

3 Ø kVA Equivalent (kVA)

Losses (%)

480 1000A 3.61 830 10 .227

2400 1200A 8.65 5000 144 .180

4160 1200A 5.00 8640 144 .105

13,800 1200A 7.53 28,600 864 .094

Electrical Energy LossesTransformer Losses

DOE Regulations– Low-voltage Dry-type Distribution Transformers since

2007– liquid-immersed and medium-voltage dry-type

distribution transformers since 2010– Beginning in 2016, newly amended energy efficiency

standards for distribution transformers

Electrical Energy LossesTransformer Losses, Dry Type Distribution

20071

Single Ø Three Ø

kVA Efficiency kVA Efficiency

15 97.70 15 97.00

25 98.00 30 97.50

37.5 98.20 45 97.70

50 98.30 75 98.00

75 98.50 112.5 98.20

100 98.60 150 98.30

167 98.70 225 98.50

250 98.80 300 98.60

333 98.90 500 98.70

750 98.80

1000 98.90

20162

Single Ø Three Ø

kVA Efficiency kVA Efficiency

15 97.70 15 97.89

25 98.00 30 98.23

37.5 98.20 45 98.40

50 98.30 75 98.60

75 98.50 112.5 98.74

100 98.60 150 98.83

167 98.70 225 98.94

250 98.80 300 99.02

333 98.90 500 99.14

750 99.23

1000 99.28

Electrical Energy LossesTransformer Losses, Load Center Type, Liquid Filled

2010A 1978 Single Ø Three Ø

kVA Efficiency kVA Efficiency

100 99.23 225 99.17

167 99.25 300 99.23

250 99.32 500 99.25

333 99.36 750 99.32 98.21

500 99.42 1000 99.36 98.40

667 99.46 1500 99.42 98.49

833 99.49 2000 99.46 98.66

2500 99.49 98.73

2016B

Single Ø Three Ø

kVA Efficiency kVA Efficiency

100 99.25 225 99.23

167 99.33 300 99.27

250 99.39 500 99.35

333 99.43 750 99.40

500 99.49 1000 99.43

667 99.52 1500 99.48

833 99.55 2000 99.51

2500 99.53

Electrical Energy LossesTransformer Losses, Substation Type, Liquid Filled

Primary Secondary Size (kVA) Losses (%)

2.4-13.8 kV 480, 480Y/277V 2500 1.10

6.9-13.8 kV 2400, 4160Y/2400V 2500 1.00

22.9-34.4 kV 2400 - 14,400V Y or Δ 2500 1.07

6.9-13.8 kV 2400, 4160V Y or Δ 10,000 0.71

22.9-34.4 kV 2400, 14,400V Y or Δ 10,000 0.76

Electrical Energy Losses#THWg

The Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct) set minimum efficiency levels for all motors up to 200 horsepower (hp) purchased after October 1997

The U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 updated the EPAct standards starting December 2010, including 201-500 hp motors. EISA assigns minimum, nominal, full-load efficiency ratings according to motor subtype and size.

Electrical Energy LossesMotors

Beginning in mid-2016, an updated standard established this year by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) for electric motors will once again increase the minimum efficiency of new motors

Electrical Energy LossesMotors

1978

Hp 6 Pole 4 Pole 2 Pole

1 73 75 74.5

5 78 84 80.5

10 82 83 82.5

25 Not Listed

50 91.5 91.5 88

100 91.5 93 91.5

200 93.5 93 92

2010

Hp 6 Pole 4 Pole 2 Pole

1 82.5 87.5 77

5 89.5 89.5 88.5

10 91 91.7 90.2

25 93 93.6 91.7

50 94.1 94.5 93

100 95 95.4 94.1

200 95.8 96.2 95.4

Electrical Energy LossesMotors

2010

Hp 6 Pole 4 Pole 2 Pole

1 82.5 87.5 77

5 89.5 89.5 88.5

10 91 91.7 90.2

25 93 93.6 91.7

50 94.1 94.5 93

100 95 95.4 94.1

200 95.8 96.2 95.4

2016

Hp 6 Pole 4 Pole 2 Pole

1 75.5 82.5 85.5

5 88.5 89.5 89.5

10 90.2 91.7 91.7

25 91.7 93.6 93

50 92.4 94.1 94.5

100 94.1 95.0 95.4

200 95.0 95.4 96.2

Electrical Energy LossesLighting

Section 321 of the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) establishes increased minimum energy efficiency standards for general service lamps.

EISA does not ban incandescent light bulbs, but its minimum efficiency standards are high enough that the incandescent lamps most commonly used by consumers today will not meet the new requirements.

Electrical Energy LossesLighting

General service lamps include:– General service incandescent lamps– Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs)– General service light-emitting diode (LED) or organic light

emitting diode (OLED) lamps– Any other lamps that the Secretary of the Department of

Energy (DOE) determines are used to satisfy lighting applications traditionally serviced by general service incandescent lamps

Electrical Energy LossesLighting

General service lamps are:– Intended for general service applications– Medium screw-base lamps– Designed for a light output between 310 and 2600 lumens– Capable of operating at a voltage range at least partially

within 110 and 130 V

Electrical Energy LossesLighting

The effective date for each phase listed above indicates the first date that non-compliant products are prohibited from being manufactured or imported into the United States. California will implement the standards one year before the rest of the country.

Electrical Energy LossesLighting

Electrical Energy LossesCable $

Hp AWG I R Dist $ hrs/yr Total $

½

14 1.1 3.14 150 0.15 8500 726.64

12 1.1 1.98 150 0.15 8500 458.20 $ 268.44

5

14 7.6 3.14 150 0.15 8500 34686.32

12 7.6 1.98 150 0.15 8500 21872.27 $ 12,814.06

10

12 14 1.98 150 0.15 8500 74220.30

10 14 1.24 150 0.15 8500 46481.40 $ 27,738.90

MCC2-300kcmil 600 0.02145 50 0.15 8500 492277.50

2-350kcmil 600 0.01835 50 0.15 8500 421132.50 $ 71,145.00

Electrical Energy LossesCable $

AWG

lb Cu / 1000Ft Dist $ Total $ Payback

14 12.4 150 2.60 14.51

12 19.8 150 2.60 23.17 $ (8.66) 0.03225

14 12.4 150 2.60 14.51

12 19.8 150 2.60 23.17 $ (8.66) 0.00068

12 19.8 150 2.60 23.17

10 31.4 150 2.60 36.74 $ (13.57) 0.00049

2-300kcmil 926.2 50 2.60 361.22

2-350kcmil 1080.6 50 2.60 421.43 $ (60.22) 0.00085

Electrical Energy LossesFull-load Losses For 5 And 15 Kv Breakers

1978

Size Watts Loss

1200 A 1000

2000 A 1500

3000 A 2500

---

Aux. Compt. 500

2015

Size Watts Loss

1200 A 675

2000 A 1335

3000 A 2030

3500 or 4000 A 2765

Low – High Device 150 - 300

Electrical Energy LossesBus Losses, Aluminum Or Copper

1978

Rating(Amperes)

Copper Aluminum

600 29 36

800 39 42

1000 40 50

1200 43 57

1350 52 60

1600 65 78

2000 82 94

2500 96 103

3000 111 132

2015

Rating(Amperes)

Copper Aluminum

600 27 49

800 50 48

1000 57 65

1200 64 75

1350 69 68

1600 77 86

2000 88 107

2500 107 154

3000 143 173

QUESTIONS?

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