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Chapter 14Health Psychology
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Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine
Making Positive Life Changes
Resources for Effective Life Change
Toward a Healthier Mind (and Body): Controlling Stress
Toward a Healthier Body (and Mind): Behaving as If Your Life Depends upon It
Psychology and Your Good Life
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Health Psychology & Behavioral Medicine
Health Psychology Emphasizes psychology’s role in . . .
Establishing and maintaining health Preventing and treating illness
Focus on behavioral and cognitive factors
Behavioral Medicine Interdisciplinary field to . . .
Promote health Reduce illness
Focus on behavioral and biomedical knowledge
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Health Psychology & Behavioral Medicine
Biopsychosocial model Integration of biological, psychological, and
social factors in health
Relationship between mind and body Strongly intertwined, and deeply connected
Psychological Processes Health & Disease
Health & Illness Psychological Experience
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Theoretical Models of Change
Health Behaviors Practices that have an impact on physical well-being
Theory of Reasoned Action Effective change requires individuals to have specific
intentions and positive attitudes about their behaviors.
Theory of Planned Behavior Includes theory of reasoned action Adds person’s perceptions of control over outcome
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Stages of Change Model
Describes process by which individuals give up bad habits and adopt healthier lifestyles
Precontemplation Not yet genuinely thinking about changing
Contemplation Acknowledge problem but not ready to commit to change
Preparation/Determination Getting ready to take action
Action/Willpower Commit to making real change, and enact plan
Maintenance Avoid temptation, and pursue healthy behaviors
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Stages of Change Model
Relapse Challenge during maintenance stage Return to former unhealthy patterns Common aspect of change
Evaluation of Stages of Change Model Has been applied successfully to broad range
of behaviors But remains controversial
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Resources for Effective Life Change
Motivation
Social Relationships
Religious Faith
Personality Characteristics
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Motivation
‘Why’ of behavior
Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation Control, autonomy, and competence associated
with enhanced outcomes for health behaviors
Implementation Intentions Specific strategies for dealing with challenges
of making life changes
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Social Relationships
Social ties important in predicting health
Social Support Information and feedback from others indicating . . .
Love and care Esteem and value Inclusion in network of communication and mutual obligation
Benefits include . . Tangible assistance Information Emotional support
Social Sharing Turning to others for sounding board or willing ear
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Religious Faith
Strongly related to . . . Maintaining healthy lifestyle
Good health
Related to social support Sense of life meaning Buffer against effects of stressful life events
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Personality Characteristics
Conscientiousness Tendency to do things that are good for health
Personal Control Can reduce stress and lead to problem solving
Self-Efficacy Influences development of healthy habits, persistence
in face of obstacles, and experience of stress
Optimism Bad events as external, unstable, and specific
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Stress and Its Stages
Stress Response of individuals to stressors, circumstances
and events that threaten them and tax their coping
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Common effects on body when demands placed on it
Alarm Resistance Exhaustion
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General Adaptation Syndrome
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Stress and the Immune System
Serious implications of chronic (vs. acute) stress
Psychoneurimmunology Explores connections among brain and immune system
Stress . . . Lowers efficiency of immune system Directly promotes disease-producing processes May activate dormant viruses
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Stress and the Risk of a Cold
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Stress and Cardiovascular Disease
Chronic emotional stress associated with . . . High blood pressure Heart disease Early death
Stress-related behaviors also risky
Personality characteristics Impatient, quick to anger Type A behavior pattern & hostility
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Stress and Cancer
Association of stress with poor health behaviors
Physiological effects of stress inhibit cellular immune responses Diminished natural killer (NK) cell activity in
cancer patients
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Cognitive Appraisal
Perception of events in determining stress Interpretation of events and determination
of resources to cope effectively Coping as a form of problem solving
Primary Appraisal Interpret event as harm, threat, or challenge
Secondary Appraisal Evaluate resources and their effectiveness
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Coping with Stress
Problem-Focused Coping Cognitive strategy of squarely facing troubles and
trying to solve them Works best over long term
Emotion-Focused Coping Responding to stress by trying to manage emotional
reaction, rather than confronting problem Denial as main protective psychological mechanism
for navigating overwhelming feelings
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Successful Coping
Sense of personal control Healthy immune system Personal resources Positive emotions
Optimism
Hardiness Sense of commitment and of control Perception of problems as challenges
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Stress Management Programs
Teach individuals how to . . . Appraise stressful events Develop coping skills Put skills into use
May . . . Be broad in scope Teach specific technique
Often taught through workshops
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Toward a Healthier Body
Becoming physically active Exercise
Aerobic exercise
Eating right Quitting smoking Practicing safe sex
Preventing unwanted pregnancy
Protecting against sexually transmitted infections
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Physical Fitness & Mortality
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Lung Cancer Risk in Former Smokers
