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Corn By-Product Diversity and Feeding Value to Non-Ruminants
Jerry Shurson1, Sally Noll1, and John Goihl2Dept. of Animal Science1 and Agri-Nutrition Services2
CornCorn Wet-Milling Process Overview
steepwater
germ
Feed Industry Co-Products
Corn Cleaning
Steep Tanks
Germ Seperation
Grinding Mills
Washing Screens
Centrifugal Separators
Starch washing
Steepwater Evaporation
Germ Extraction
Corn Oil
Starch and Nutritive
Sw eetners
Corn Gluten Meal
Corn Gluten Feed
Corn Germ Meal
Cond. FermentedExtractive
CornCorn Dry-Milling Process Overview
alpha amylase enzyme
CO2
Yeast andGlucoamylaseEnzyme
whole stillage
thin stillage
coarse solids
Feed Industry Co-products
Corn Cleaning
Hammermill Mix SlurryLiquefaction
Cooker
Centrifuge Evaporator
Fermentation
Dist illat ion
Ethyl Alcohol
Cond. DistillersSolubles
Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles
Distillers Wet Grains
Rotary Dryer
What is DDGS?Distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS)
By-product of the dry-milling ethanol industry
Nutrient composition is different between dry-mill, wet-mill and beverage alcohol by-products
DDGS – fuel ethanolDDGS - whiskey distilleriesCorn gluten feed – wet millCorn gluten meal – wet millBrewer’s dried grains – beer manufacturing
Nutrient content depends on the grain source usedCorn DDGS - Midwestern USWheat DDGS - CanadaSorghum (milo) DDGS - Great Plains USBarley DDGS
Comparison of Nutrient Composition (100% Dry Matter Basis) of Golden DDGS to Corn Gluten Feed, Corn Gluten Meal, Corn Germ Meal, and Brewer’s Dried Grains
0.210.170.080.540.80Available P, %
0.350.330.060.240.06Ca, %
0.280.220.340.080.24Trp, %
1.031.222.310.821.13Thr, %
0.490.671.590.390.55Met, %
1.171.001.130.700.83Lys, %
21303222425628943827ME, kcal/kg
2283No data469433224011DE, kcal/kg
52.9No data9.737.043.6NDF, %
7.91.13.23.310.7Fat, %
28.822.266.923.930.6Protein, %
Brewer’s Dried Grains (NRC)
Corn Germ Meal (Feedstuffs)
Corn Gluten Meal (NRC)
Corn Gluten Feed (NRC)
Golden DDGS (UM)
Types of Distiller’s By-Products from Dry-Grind Ethanol PlantsWet distiller’s grains
Fed primarily to beef, some dairy
Dry distiller’s grainsFed to beef and dairy
Wet distiller’s grains with solublesFed to beef and dairy
Dried distiller’s grains with solublesFed to dairy, swine, poultry, some beef
Modified wet cake (blend of wet and dry distiller’s grains)Fed primarily to beef, some dairy
Condensed distiller’s solublesFed to beef and dairyOntario, Canada - swine liquid feeding systems
Distillers Products Definitions27.6 Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles is the product obtained after the removal of ethyl alcohol by distillation from the yeast fermentation of a grain or a grain mixture by condensing and drying at least ¾ of the solids of the resultant whole stillageand drying it by methods employed in the grain distilling industry. The predominating grain shall be declared as the first word in the name.
Averages and Ranges of Selected Nutrients Among 32 U.S. DDGS Sources (100% Dry Matter Basis)
0.42 – 0.990.75 (19.4)Phosphorus, %0.61 – 1.060.90 (11.4)Lysine, %3504 – 40483810 (3.5)Swine ME, kcal/kg
3.0 – 9.86.0 (26.6)Ash, %5.4 – 10.47.2 (18.0)Crude fiber, %8.8 – 12.410.7 (16.4)Crude fat, %28.7 – 32.930.9 (4.7)Crude protein, %87.3 – 92.489.3Dry matter, %
RangeAverageNutrient
Comparison of the Nutrient Content of Corn Distiller’s Grains and Corn Condensed Distiller’s Solubles
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Grains Solubles
DM, %CP, %Fat, %CF, %Ash, %Ca, %P, %
Color Extremes of DDGS
High Quality,Highly DigestibleDDGS
Lower Quality,Less DigestibleDDGS
DDGS Varies Nutrient Content and Digestibility, Color, and Particle Size Among U.S. Sources
Fig. 1. Regression of digestible lys (%) and color (L*, b*)
R2 = 0.71
R2 = 0.74
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80
Lys (%)
L*, b
* sc
ore L*
b*Linear (L*)Linear (b*)
Source: Dr. Sally Noll (2003)
Comparison of Nutrient Composition of Golden DDGS to Other “DDGS Sources” (100% Dry Matter Basis)
0.620.570.680.890.780.77P, %
0.170.040.510.060.120.07Ca, %
No data0.270.250.230.180.25Trp, %
No data1.101.131.041.011.17Thr, %
No data0.610.660.540.540.62Met, %
No data0.990.830.900.610.92Lys, %
No data37893560No data35773781ME, kcal/kg*
No dataNo data3796No data38084053DE, kcal/kg*
4.283.77.34.65.36.9Ash, %
No data20.221.017.911.812.4ADF, %
15.1010.67.8No data7.96.3Crude fiber, %
9.008.88.915.33.511.3Fat, %
27.029.930.131.629.331.8Protein, %
PelletedDDGS
Whiskey DDGS
Partial De-germed
DDGS
High Fat DDGS“DDGS”
Golden Corn
DDGS
*Calculated energy values for swine
Benefits and Limitations of DDGS for Swine
Energy value = cornHigh available P
Reduce diet P supplementationReduce manure P excretion
Commonly fed at 10% of dietHigher levels can be used if amino acids are supplemented
Only “golden” DDGS should be used
High amino acid digestibilityAppears to reduce gut health problems due to ileitisMay increase litter size weaned when fed at high levels to sows
Low protein (lysine) qualityadd other supplements high in lys and trp
Manure N excretion increases Belly firmness and pork fat quality may become an issue when > 20% in the dietMycotoxin free grain should be used to produce ethanol and DDGSShort-term feed intake may be reduced when feeding high DDGS diets to sows
Benefits Limitations
Benefits and Limitations of DDGS for Poultry
Good energy and amino acid source when limited to < 15% of the dietSource of highly available P
Reduce manure PMay improve egg yolk and skin color (xanthophyll)Source of “unidentified growth factors” ?“Golden” DDGS gives best performanceHighly palatable
Energy value ~ 84% of cornLow protein quality
add other supplements high in lys, arg, trp
Sources high in sodium may increase litter moisture if adjustments to dietary salt levels are not made
Benefits Limitations
New Distiller’s Grains By-ProductsExamples of modified processes
Use of new enzyme technology to increase DDGS proteinRemoval of bran and/or germ prior to fermentationRemoval of phosphorus
Comparison of Nutrient Content of Dakota Gold DDGS with High Protein Dakota Gold (100% DM Basis)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Protein, % Fat, % NDF, % Ash, %
DDGSHP DDGS
Comparison of Amino Acid Content of Dakota Gold DDGS with High Protein Dakota Gold (100% DM Basis)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Lys, % Met, % Cys, % Thr, % Trp, %
DDGSHP DDGS
Comparison of Mineral Content of Dakota Gold DDGS with High Protein Dakota Gold (100% DM Basis)
00.1
0.20.30.40.5
0.60.70.80.9
Ca, % P, % Na, % S, %
DDGSHP DDGS
Comparison of Nutrient Content of DDGS with Glutenol and CPC (100% DM Basis)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Protein, % Fat, % NDF, % Ash, %
DDGSGlutenolCPC
Comparison of Amino Acid Content of DDGS with Glutenol and CPC (100% DM Basis)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Lys, % Met, % Cys, % Thr, % Trp, %
DDGSGlutenolCPC
Comparison of Calcium and Phosphorus Content of DDGS with Glutenol and CPC (100% DM Basis)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Ca, % P, %
DDGSGlutenolCPC
Ingredient Price Assumptions
1.00VTM premix120.00DL-methionine145.00L-threonine80.00L-lysine HCl6.00Salt2.00Limestone13.00Dicalcium phosphate17.00Choice white grease4.00DDGS10.50Soybean meal (47)3.50Corn
$/cwtIngredient
Swine Grower Diet Formulation Assumptions
Assumed lower ME valuesHigh protein DDGS – 1300 kcal/lbGlutenol – 1200 kcal/lbCPC – 1258 kcal/lb
Assumed the same amino acid digestibility coefficients for all distiller’s by-products
Lys – 53%Trp – 64%Thr – 55%Met+cys – 52%
Assumed available P in all distiller’s by-products was 85%
Swine Grower Diet Formulation Assumptions
All diets contained:1553 kcal ME/lb1.0% total lysMin. 0.84% dig. lysMin. 0.48% dig. thrMin. 0.14% dig. trpSynthetic amino acids were used to meet minimum digestible amino acid levels as needed
L-lysine HCl (78.8%)DL-methionine (99%)L-threonine (98.5%)
Minimum ratios of digestible amino acids relative to digestible lysine were:Met+cys – 55%Thr – 55%Trp – 16.6%
0.58% Ca0.26% avail. PEquivalent salt, vitamins, and trace minerals
Turkey Grower Tom Diet Formulation Assumptions
All diets contained:1428 kcal ME/lbMin. 1.15% dig lysMin. 0.74% dig met+cysMin. 0.74% dig thrSynthetic amino acids were used to meet minimum digestible aminoacid levels as needed
L-lysine HCl (78.8%)DL-methionine (99%)
1.12% Ca0.56% available PEquivalent vitamins and minerals
Opportunity Costs of Corn By-Products in Swine and Poultry Diets
$43.00$75.20$53.00$75.20$80.00Poultry
$61.60$63.40$51.00$78.00$80.00Swine
CPCGlutenolHP DDGS
DDGS Spec. 2
DDGS Spec. 1
Key Points for Evaluating and Using DDGS and New Distiller’s By-Products in Monogastric Diets
Remember the primary components that affect nutritional and economic value
Metabolizable energyLevel and digestibility of amino acidsLevel and availability of P
Minimize variability in nutrient content by limiting the number of sources used
Question generic nutrient specification values provided by the supplier when formulating diets
Key Points for Evaluating and Using DDGS and New Distiller’s By-Products in Monogastric Diets
Request current, complete nutrient profiles from source(s) being considered
www.ddgs.umn.edu
Request evidence of consistent quality and nutrient content from each source
Although higher protein distiller’s by-products may initially appear to have higher value, they are:
generally lower in fat and P contentstill have inferior protein quality