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Corn Silage Hybrids for Best Performance
Joe LauerUniversity of Wisconsin
Lauer, © 1994-2002University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Th UW C Sil TThe UW Corn Silage Team
Dr. Jim CoorsCorn Breeder
Dr. Joe LauerC A iCorn Breeder Corn Agronomist
Dr. Randy ShaverD i N t iti i t
Lauer, © 1994-2002University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Dairy Nutritionist
D i bl F Ch t i tiDesirable Forage Characteristics
• What makes a good forage? (Carter et al., 1991)High yieldHigh energy (high digestibility)High intake potential (low fiber)High proteinProper moisture at harvest for storage
• Ultimate test is animal performanceMilk2000 is our best predictor for performance (SchwabMilk2000 is our best predictor for performance (Schwab - Shaver equation)
Lauer, © 1994-2002University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
What Do We Want in Grain versus SilageWhat Do We Want in Grain versus Silage Hybrids?
Trait Grain Silage
Grain yield High Adequate
Forage yield Adequate High
Hybrid range 60 bu/A 8 000 lb Milk/AHybrid range 60 bu/A 8,000 lb Milk/A
Stalks Standability Digestibility
Leaves Unknown Digestibility
Kernel hardness Hard Soft
Plant drydown “Stay-green” Synchronous
Plant maturity “Full-season” 5-10 d longerLauer, © 1994-2002
University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Plant maturity Full-season 5-10 d longer
Corn SilageGrain = ~40-45% DM Stover= ~55-60% DM
Leaves= 15% DM
g
Stem= 10% DMCob+Shank+Husk=
20% DM20% DM
? Kinetics ?
80 to 100% digestible• Kernel maturity
40 to 55% digestible• Cell wall digestibility
• Starch digestibilityCell wall digestibility
8Whole-plant
Stovery = 0.76x + 2.90R² = 0.93
6
7
A)
Stover
5
ter y
ield
(T/A
4
age
dry
mat
t
y = 0.25x + 2.12R² = 0.93
3Fora
1
2
01900-1929 1930-1944 1945-1959 1960-1974 1975-1989 1990-present1900 1929 1930 1944 1945 1959 1960 1974 1975 1989 1990 present
Relationship between corn forage dry matter yield and era of release for whole-plant and stover.
80
Whole-plant
%)
Stover
y = 0.83x + 73R2 = 0 88
75
gest
ibili
ty (%
R 0.88
vitr
otr
ue d
ig
70
In v
651900-1929 1930-1944 1945-1959 1960-1974 1975-1989 1990-present
Relationship between corn forage in vitro true digestibility and era of release for whole-plant and stover. p
NIRS Global Equation Calibration for inNIRS Global Equation Calibration for in vitro True Digestibility (602 samples submitted)
85
90
tion 1990-1998
R2 = 0 93
75
80
obal
Equ
a R2 0.93n = 571
65
70
d fr
om G
lo(%
)
60
65
Pred
icte
d
5555 60 65 70 75 80 85 90IVTD
P
IVTD Measured in Lab (%)
Lauer, © 1994-2002University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
( )
Wisconsin Corn HybridWisconsin Corn Hybrid Silage Performance Trials
1995-presentAshland o 1995 presentAshland o
o Marshfieldo Marshfield
Valders oo Galesville
o Arlington
Fond du Lac o
o Lancaster
2001 Wisconsin Corn Performance Trials -2001 Wisconsin Corn Performance Trials Silage Summary
1991 2000 2001 Percent1991-2000 2001 PercentLocation N Yield N Yield Change
T/A T/AArlington 463 9.5 75 10.5 + 11Lancaster 386 7.8 75 8.0 + 3
Fond du Lac 352 8.6 68 8.2 - 5Galesville 352 8 3 68 9 6 + 16Galesville 352 8.3 68 9.6 + 16
Marshfield 428 6.8 55 7.3 + 7Valders 387 6.7 57 4.1 - 39
Ashland 125 6 8 16 7 3 + 7Lauer, © 1994-2002
University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Ashland 125 6.8 16 7.3 + 7
Table 15. North Central Zone - Early MaturityTable 15. North Central Zone Early Maturity Silage Trial 2000
Kernel MAR VALYield Moist Milk CP ADF NDF IVD CWD Starch MILK PER Yield YieldYield Moist Milk CP ADF NDF IVD CWD Starch MILK PER Yield Yield
BRAND HYBRID T/A % % % % % % % % TON ACRE T/A T/ATrelay 2008 8.3 * 55.3 30 7.0 25 52 72 46 28 2670 22300 * 8.3 * 8.3 *Carhart's Blue Top CX8500A 7.4 58.7 50 7.3 24 49 73 46 29 2770 * 20700 7.9 * 7.0NK Brand N27-M3 7.0 59.2 30 7.1 24 48 74 45 31 2810 * 19800 7.4 6.7Pioneer 39D81 5.2 59.6 10 7.1 26 53 71 45 26 2620 13600 5.7 4.6Renk RK394 7.8 * 59.6 30 7.0 28 55 70 46 24 2580 20200 8.3 * 7.3
Dairyland Stealth 1280 7 7 * 59 9 30 7 1 25 52 72 45 28 2690 20800 8 3 * 7 1Dairyland Stealth 1280 7.7 * 59.9 30 7.1 25 52 72 45 28 2690 20800 8.3 * 7.185-DAY HYBRID TRIAL AVERAGE## 60.3LG Seeds LG2367 7.3 60.4 30 6.9 26 53 72 47 27 2700 19800 8.3 * 6.3Carhart's Blue Top CX290A 7.4 60.6 40 7.2 22 46 75 45 34 2900 * 21300 7.2 7.5 *Dairyland Stealth 1289 7 0 60 7 20 8 1 28 55 70 46 24 2570 18100 7 3 6 7Dairyland Stealth 1289 7.0 60.7 20 8.1 28 55 70 46 24 2570 18100 7.3 6.7
Brow n 2080 6.8 61.3 40 7.0 23 48 74 45 31 2830 * 19200 6.5 7.1Carhart's Blue Top CX1187A 6.9 61.4 30 7.2 25 51 73 46 29 2780 * 19200 6.8 7.090-DAY HYBRID TRIAL AVERAGE## 62.990 G ## 6 9Dekalb DKC39-45 7.1 63.8 40 6.8 23 47 74 45 31 2920 * 20600 6.7 7.4 *NK Brand N2555BT 7.1 64.2 40 7.4 26 51 72 45 27 2760 * 19800 7.7 * 6.6
Ramy Seed PG1455 8.6 * 64.6 60 7.3 25 50 73 46 28 2850 * 24500 * 8.7 * 8.4 *Golden Harvest H6675 8.2 * 66.4 40 7.7 25 50 72 44 26 2780 * 22900 * 8.4 * 8.1 *MEAN 7.3 61.1 40 7.2 25 51 72 46 28 2750 20200 7.6 7.1LSD(0.10)** 0.9 3.9 10 0.5 3 4 3 1 4 200 3100 1.1 1.1
Calculating Milk per TonCalculating Milk per Ton Milk per Acre = Yield x Milk per Ton
Milk1991 Milk2000Milk1991• Dry matter intake estimated
using NDF
Milk2000• Dry matter intake estimated
using NDF and Cell wall di tibilit
g• Net energy of lactation (Mcal/lb)
estimated using ADF
digestibilityBase dry matter intake adjusted 0.374 lb. per 1% unit change in CWD abo e or belo the trial
Milk1995• Dry matter intake estimated
CWD above or below the trial average CWD (Allen et al.)
• Starch digestibility is adjusted for dry matter content andDry matter intake estimated
using NDF• Net energy of lactation (Mcal/lb)
ti t d i IVD
for dry matter content and kernel processing
• Net energy of lactation (Mcal/lb) ti t d i ltiestimated using IVD estimated using multi-
component summative equation approach
Lauer, © 1994-2002University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
2001 Wisconsin Corn Hybrid Performance STrial Results – Table 12 Southern Zone,
Late Maturity Trial at Arlington and Lancaster
31000 Highyield
High yield
&
27000
29000
e (lb
/A)
Hybrid n=47Dent Mean n=24
quality
25000
27000
k pe
r Acr Bt Mean n=11
leafy Mean n=4bmr
23000Milk High
quality
210002500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100
Milk per Ton (lb/T)
Lauer, © 1994-2002University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Milk per Ton (lb/T)
http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/select/Lauer, © 1994-2002
University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Dent (due to soft floury endosperm)
Floury endosperm.More “open” in
structure yet opaque in appearance
Vitreous endosperm.Also called horneous,
corneous or hard endosperm. P i t h i fli tappearance.
Dent corn has about equal proportions of horny to floury starch ( / l
Primary starch in flint corn.Source of dry milling grits. Tightly compacted and
translucent. (vs popcorn w/ mostly vitreous starch.
Higher in CP than floury starch.
More of this starch in mature high test weight
Pericarp(bran)mature, high test weight kernels.
The last starch laid down in the kernel during the last few
Germ scutellum and embryonic axis.
gweeks of development.
Hilum or abscission layer.Also Germ larger in short season corn and
in HOC (at the expense of starch). In HOC, each 1% unit increase in oil,
expect 1 3% unit lower starch
called black layer. Caused by collapse and
compression of several layers of cells at physiological maturityexpect 1.3% unit lower starch.
Diagram Source: Hoseney, 1986. Principles of Cereal Scienceand Technology. Am Assoc of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN
cells at physiological maturity.Cool weather can cause
premature BL.
Corn Silage Yield and Quality ChangesCorn Silage Yield and Quality Changes During Development
Milk per Acre (lb/A)Milk per Ton (lb/T)
200002000
Milk per Acre (lb/A)Milk per Ton (lb/T)Pioneer 3578Arlington, WI - 1993
150001500
100001000
0
5000
0
500 Milk per TonMilk per Acre
00Jul 11 V11
Jul 21 V14
Jul 31 R1
Aug 10 R2
Aug 20 R3
Aug 30 R4
Sep 10 R5
Sep 21 R5.5
Oct 5 R5.8
Harvest dateLauer, © 1994-2002
University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Harvest date
Corn Silage Drydown Rate inCorn Silage Drydown Rate inManitowoc County, WI.
80
%)
1996= -0.4 R2=0.77
75
stur
e (%
R2 0.771997= -0.6 R2=0.96
1998= -0.6 R2=0.91
1999= -0.7 R2=0.9270
age
moi 2000= -0.7 R2=0.89
2001= -0.4 R2=0.93
60
65
Fora
6022-Aug 29-Aug 5-Sep 12-Sep 19-Sep 26-Sep 3-Oct
Sample date
Lauer, © 1994-2002University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Relationship Between Forage Moisture andRelationship Between Forage Moisture and Kernel Milk Stage (1990 - 2000)
8080
e (%
)
70
moi
stur
e
60
le p
lant
m
n = 224550
Who
l n = 2245
400255075100
Dent Black layer Kernel milk stage
Lauer, © 1994-2002University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
yg
In-season Guidelines for PredictingIn season Guidelines for Predicting Corn Silage Harvest Date
• N t h b id t it d l ti d t f fi ld• Note hybrid maturity and planting date of fields intended for silage.
• N t t li ( ilki ) d t• Note tasseling (silking) date. Kernels will be at 50% kernel milk (R5.5) about 42 to 47 days after silkingdays after silking.
• After milkline moves, use kernel milk triggers to time corn silage harvesttime corn silage harvest.
Use a drydown rate of 0.5% per day to predict date when field will be ready for the storage structure.y gSee http://cf.uwex.edu/ces/ag/silagedrydown/
• Do final check prior to chopping.Lauer, © 1994-2002
University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
p pp g
Relationship between corn silage yield andRelationship between corn silage yield and plant density in WI
8 08.0
d (T
/A)
7.0
lage
yie
l
Average of six locations1994-1996
6.0Si
5.018000 24000 30000 36000 42000
Harvest plant density (number/A)
Lauer, © 1994-2002University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Harvest plant density (number/A)Cusicanqui and Lauer, 1999
Relationship between corn silage Milk perRelationship between corn silage Milk per Ton and plant density in WI
2000
Average of six locations1994-1996
2000
on (l
b/T)
1900
lk p
er T
oM
i
180018000 24000 30000 36000 42000
Harvest plant density (number/A)
Lauer, © 1994-2002University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Harvest plant density (number/A)Cusicanqui and Lauer, 1999
Relationship between corn silage Milk perRelationship between corn silage Milk per Acre and plant density in WI
15000
)
14500cre
(lb/A
)
14000lk p
er A
c
14000
Mil
Average of six locations1994-1996
1350018000 24000 30000 36000 42000
Harvest plant density (number/A)
Lauer, © 1994-2002University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Harvest plant density (number/A)Cusicanqui and Lauer, 1999
Relative change in silage yield & quality atRelative change in silage yield & quality at different cutting heights during 1996
100Silage yield Milk per Ton Milk per acre
95
nge
(%)
90
cent
Cha
n
85Perc
806 12 18
Cutting height (inches)
Lauer, © 1994-2002University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Cutting height (inches)Cusicanqui and Lauer, 1996
Corn Silage Yield Response to RowCorn Silage Yield Response to Row Spacing in WI (UW and On-Farm trials)
20
15
20
ch (%
)
UW trialsOn-Farm trials
n = 13
5
10
over
30-
inc
0
5
ge in
Yie
ld
10
-5
Cha
ng
-10
Yi ld E i (Hi h L )
Lauer, © 1994-2002University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Yield Environment (Highest - Lowest)Lauer, 1999
SSummary
• Many ways to achieve high quality corn silageMany ways to “skin the cat”Hybrid selection depends upon objectives of farmerManagement and hybrid selection go hand-in-hand
• Future directionStarch degradationgStover digestibility (digestion kinetics)Continued improvement of Milk2000Continued improvement of Milk2000Key: Animal feeding verification studies
Lauer, © 1994-2002University of Wisconsin – Agronomy