Corrected Project Frontpage and Abstract

7/27/2019 Corrected Project Frontpage and Abstract

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PRODUCTION OF BASE MAP OF PART OF OYO TOWNSHIP

USING REMOTE SENSING GIS TECHNOLOGIES.

BY

ALAO, MICHAEL ADEYEMI

MATRIC NO: 2007/2528

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN SURVEYING AND

GEOINFORMATICS TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING &

GEOINFORMATICS, FEDERAL SCHOOL OF SURVEYING, OYO.

OCTOBER, 2012

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CERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that the information contained in this project report were obtained as a

result of the observations and measurements carried out by me and that the project was done in

accordance with all survey rules and regulations and departmental instructions.

Students Signature:

Students Name: Alao, Michael Adeyemi

Matric No: 2007/2528

Date of Completion:

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CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that Mr. Alao, Michael Adeyemi with Matric. No 2007/2528 has

satisfactory carried out his project under my instructions and direct supervision.

Signature: . Signature: ..

Supervisor: Surv. Dr. K. O. Odedare Co-Supervisor: Mr. I. O. Amusa

Date: Date: ..

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DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to Almighty God.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A failure is a man that has given up; if you are still making efforts to rise above your

present position, you are not a failure

I acknowledge and appreciate the presence of Almighty God in my life, who has made it

possible for me to accomplish the task of writing this project. The road seems rough and tough

yet He saw me through. Through His love, favor, compassion, goodness and mercy, He

preserved me throughout the duration of this course. His name is worship and adored.

I am also deeply grateful to my mentor, Surv. J. M. Oduola for his love and concern

towards me in order to remain on right professional track, thanks for being there. Remain

blessed.

Also, I cannot but acknowledge and express my gratitude to my amiable visionary and

spiritual leader, Rev. P. O. Olayiwola and his associate, Rev. Sanjo Aderibigbe for their

encouragement and unrelenting supports both spiritually and morally during the period of my

studies. You have been a source of inspiration, your oil of anointing shall not run dry.

The contribution of my friend and brother, Evang. Kola Agboola cannot be

overemphasized; a friend indeed. Stay blessed.

My profound gratitude goes to my supervisors, Surv. Dr. K. O. Odedare who despite his

tight schedule has been immensely helpful to make this a success and Mr. I. A. Amusa for his

invaluable contribution upon this project, may the good Lord help you.

My heartfelt thanks and gratitude goes to my parents, Pa J. A. Alao and Late Mama F. O.

Alao and my siblings for their love and support, may the Lord continue to strengthen you all.

To my friends and colleagues, B. Titilola, D. Akinteye, A. Olorode, L. Tiamiyu, O. Ajayi,Elder F. Oluyide, Mrs. K. Omole, Mrs. P. Oni among others too numerous to mention for their

supports and assistance, I am indeed very grateful. I should not forget to express my gratitude to

Fatai, Goke, Medinat and Sukurat for holding the forte, you shall not be disappointed in

life.

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My appreciation will not be complete without thanking all members of my project group

Bello Muritala, Ogunjinmi Ibrahim, Adeniran Segun, Kabiawu Samiat, Ogbamudu Ayo-Maria,

Tijani Abdul-Jelil, Idowu Joseph and Ossai Jude for their cooperation during the course of this

project, sky is your beginning.

Finally, special gratitude to my wife, Mrs. Temitayo A. Alao and children Folashade,

IyanuOluwa and IbukunOluwa for their love, care, understanding, assistance, perseverance and

unflinching support. I say a big thank you for enduring a disrupted family budget and creating a

conducive atmosphere during the period of my studies, millions of thanks for being there.

God bless you all.

Alao, Michael Adeyemi

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ABSTRACT

This project report focused on the execution of Production of Base map of part of Oyo township

using Remote Sensing & GIS Technologies. The project is aimed at producing a Base map of Oyo

town from IKONOS Satellite imagery for an accurate update of the old Oyo township map. It also

involves database design, database creation and GIS analyses and its applications and

improvements in human development. The project covers aspects of Surveying method for

capturing attribute data using handheld GPS and GIS such as field update and completion,

digitizing, spatial analyses, database design and creation was performed using ArcGIS 9.3

version software. The database was tested to produce a digitally prepared map for good decision

making

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TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

Title Page . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... i

Certificate . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ii

Certification... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... iii

Dedication.......... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... iv

Acknowledgements ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. v-vi

Abstract . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... vii

Table of Contents ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... viii- x

List of Figures........... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... xi-xii

List of Tables .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... xiii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1

1.1 Background to the Study .. ... ... ... ... ... 1

1.2 Statement of Problem ... ... ... ... ... 3

1.3 Aim and objectives .. ... ... ... ... ... 4

1.3.1 Aim ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .., ... 4

1.3.2 Objectives . ... ... ... ... .. .. ... ... 4

1.4 Significance of the Study . ... ... ... ... ... 4

1.5 Scope of the Project.. ... ... ... ... ... ............... 4

1.6 Personnel .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5

1.7 Study Area. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5

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CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review.. ... ... ... ... ............... ... 7

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Methodology. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 20

3.1 Reconnainssance/Planning ........................... ... ... 20

3.1.1 Office Planning . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 20

3.1.2 Field Reconnaissance ... ... ... ... ... ... 20

3.2 Database Design ... ... ... ... ... ... 21

3.2.1 View of Reality ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 22

3.2.2 Conceptual Design ... 24

3.2.3 Logical Design ..25

3.3 Data Acquisition ...27

3.3.1 Data Sources .27

3.3.2 Equipment Used/System Selection and Software .27

3.3.3 Test of Instruments ....28

3.3.4 Control Check ....29

3.3.5 Geometric Data Acquisition .30

3.3.6 Attribute Data Acquisition ....30

3.4 Data Processing .....30

3.4.1 Digitizing Procedure 31

3.5 Physical Design .31

3.6 Database Implementation . 32

3.7 Database Management .,,,,,,,,,,..33

3.7.1 Data Security .33

3.7.2 Data Integrity 343.7.3 Database Maintenance ...34

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CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Analysis And Presentation ....35

4.1 Cartographic Model .. ....35

4.2 Testing of Database . ... ... ... ... ... ... 37

4.2.1 Query and Presentation of Analysis .... ... ... 37

4.2.1.1 Single Criterion Query ...... ... ... ... ... ... 37

4.2.1.2 Multiple Criteria Query .... ... ... ... ... 37

4.3 Results Analysis ...... ... ... ... ... ... 38

4.4 Application of Products ... ... ... ... ... ... 38

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations...... ... ... 51

5.1 Summary ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 51

5.2 Conclusion ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 52

5.3 Recommendations ........ ... ... ... ... 52

References . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 53

Appendices ....... ... ... ... ... ... ... 54

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LIST OF

FIGURES

Fig. 1.1 Map of the Study area in relationship with National map

Fig. 3.1 Design and Construction Phases of Spatial Database

Fig. 3.2 The Schematic diagram of Simple form of entity relationship of database

Fig. 3.3 Node Entity and its

attributes Fig. 3.4 Arc Entity and its

attributes Fig. 3.5 Area objects and its

attributes Fig. 3.6 Control pillars

Fig. 3.7 Entity Relationship of road network and Parcel of the study

area. Fig. 4.1a Generation of query to show Schools whose area is >=506.5m2

Fig. 4.1b Result showing Schools >=506.5m2

Fig. 4.1c Map of Schools with area greater or equal to 506.5m2

Fig. 4.2a Generation of Telecommunication Masts

Fig. 4.2b Result showing Telecommunication

Masts Fig. 4.2c Map of Telecommunication Masts

Fig. 4.3a Generation of Roads Buffered with 50m

Fig. 4.3b Result of the 50m Buffered roads

Fig. 4.3c Map of 50m Buffered roads

Fig. 4.4a Generation of Road status = Tarred and Road class = Trunk

C Fig.4.4b Result of Road status = Tarred and Road class = Trunk C

Fig. 4.4c Map of Road status = Tarred and Road class = Trunk C

Fig. 4.5a Generation of Religious centre with Area >=150 and its use = Worship andType

=Bungalow

Fig. 4.5b Result of Religious centre with area >=150 and use = Worship and Type

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= Bungalow

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Fig. 4.5c Map of Religious centre with area>=150 and use = Worship and Type =

Bungalow

Fig. 4.6a Generation of Utilities whose Shape_Type = Bungalow

Fig. 4.6b Result of Utilities with Shape_Type = Bungalow

Fig. 4.6c Map of Utilities with Shape_Type = Bungalow

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 Collimation test

Table 3.2 Control check computed

Table 3.3 Control check observed

Table 3.4 Line entity and its attribute data

Table 3.5 Area entity and its attribute data

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO STUDY

Mapping usually refers to map-making and often used instead of Cartography. Mapping term is

also sometimes used for geospatial data collection (e.g. LIDAR mapping) but in fact it is not

mapping because a map is created through some cartographic works (i.e. determining the

scale/level of detail and content of geographic or cartographic database, entry criteria and symbol

specification for geospatial objects, generalization, layout designs). In other words, the

acquisition of data with (geographic) coordinates directly from terrain or imagery does not mean

mapping but surveying. Mapping is a major project that could be done either by the use of aerial

photographs (analogue or digital) or satellite imageries

Modern GIS technologies use digital information, for which various digitized data creation

methods are used. The most common method of data creation is digitization, where a hard copy

map or survey plan is transformed into a digital medium through the use of a Computer-aided

design (CAD) program and geo-referencing capabilities. With the wide availability or Ortho-

rectified imagery (both from satellite and aerial sources), heads-up digitizing is becoming the

main avenue through which geographic data is extracted.

Heads-up digitizing involves the tracing of geographic data directly on top of the aerial imagery

instead of by the traditional method of tracing the geographic form on a separate digitizing tablet

(head-down digitizing).

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH

WHAT IS REMOTE SENSING?

Remote sensing covers all techniques related to the analysis and use of data from environmental

and earth resources satellites (such as Meteosat, NOAA-AVHRR, Landsat Thematic Mapper

(TM), SPOT and ERS-SAR) and from aerial photograph.

The main function of Remote Sensing is to map and monitor the earths resources. Compared

with traditional survey techniques, satellite remote sensing is accurate, timely and cost-effective.

Remotely sensed data also plays an important role in data collection and consist of sensorattached to a platform sensors include cameras, digital scanners and LIDAR, while platforms

usually consist aircraft and satellites.

Recently with the development of Miniature UAVs, aerial data collection is becoming possible at

much lower costs, and on a more frequent basis. For example, the Argon Scout was used to map a

50 acre with a Ground sample distance of 1 inch (2.54cm) in only minutes.

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The majority of digital data currently comes from Photo interpretation of aerial photographs. Soft

copy workstations are used to digitize features directly from stereo pairs of digital photographs.

These systems allow data to be captured in two and three dimensions with elevations measured

directly from a stereo pair using principles of Photogrammetry. Analogue aerial photos must be

scanned before being entered into a soft-copy system, for high quality digital cameras step is

skipped.

Satellite Remote Sensing provides another important source of spatial data. Here satellite use

different sensor packages to passively measure the reflectance from parts of the electromagnetic

spectrum, or radio waves that were sent out from an active sensor such as radar. Remote Sensing

collects raster data can be further processed using different bands to identify objects and classes

of interest, such as land cover.

WHAT IS GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)?

The term geographic information system is currently applied to computerized informationstorage, processing, analyzing and retrieval system that have hardware and software specifically

designed to cope with geographically referenced spatial data and corresponding attribute

information. Spatial data are commonly in the form of maps depicting topography, water

availability, soil types, forests and grasslands, climate, geology, population, land ownership,

administrative boundaries, infrastructure (highways, railways, electricity or communications

system), etc. The capability of combining different maps in a single operation, known as

overlaying, is one of the most important GIS functions, together with modeling and site

selection.

GIS uses spatio-temporal (space-time) location as the key index variable for all otherinformation. Just as a relational database containing text or numbers can relate many different

tables using common key index variables. GIS can relate otherwise unrelated information by

using location as the key index variable. The key is the location and/or extent in space-time.

Any variable that can be located spatially, and increasingly also temporally, can be referenced

using a GIS. Locations or extents in Earth space-time may be recorded as dates/times of

occurrence and x, y and z coordinates representing longitude, latitude, and elevation,

respectively. These GIS coordinates may represent other quantified systems of temporal-spatial

reference (for example, film frame number, stream, gauge station, highway mile-marker,

surveyor benchmark, building address, street intersection, entrance gate, water depth sounding.

Data capture entering information into the system consumes much of the time of GIS

practitioners. There are a variety of methods used to enter data into a GIS where it is stored in a

digital format.

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Existing data printed on paper or PET film maps can be digitized or scanned to produce digital

data. A digitizer produces vector data as an operator traces points, lines and polygon boundaries

from a map.

Scanning a map results in raster data that could be further processed to produce vector data.

Survey data can be directly entered into a GIS from digital data collection systems on survey

instruments using a technique called Coordinate Geometry (COGO). Position from a Global

Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) like GPS, another survey tool, can also be collected and then

imported into a GIS. A current trend in data collection gives users the ability to utilize field

computers with the ability to edit live data using wireless connections or disconnected editing

sessions. This has been enhanced by the availability of low cost mapping grade GPS units with

decimeter accuracy in real time. This eliminates the need to post process, import, and update the

data in the office after fieldwork has been collected. This includes the ability to incorporate

positions collected using a Laser Ranger Finder. New technologies also allow users to create

maps as well as analysis directly in the field, making projects more efficient and mapping moreaccurate.

LARGE SCALE MAPPING

The flexibility and accuracy of satellite mapping were demonstrated by using a different kind of

satellite data, which is more expensive but offers the possibility of mapping at a scale (1:5,000).

For an area of particular interest, IKONOS very high-resolution satellite data (1m-pam sharp)

were used successfully to:

Update existing large-scale soil and topographic maps (road network, building, etc).

Update large-scale land cover/land use inventory and monitoring of social and

economical dynamics.

ADVANTAGES OF LAND COVER MAPS AND ASSOCIATED DATABASE

Land cover maps constitute necessary tools for the development, planning and

management of the territory. As land cover/land use maps require more frequent revision

than topographic maps, which is particularly true in countries, states, cities or towns with

ongoing transformation of their economies, revision at five-year intervals may be

adequate. Satellite remote sensing provides a cost-effective and accurate tool for their

updating and , by using the FAO LCCS, the map legend is developed in parallel with thesatellite data interpretation as opposed to land cover classifications using a predefined

legend. This underlines the flexibility and precision of the LCCS methodology.

When a comprehensive database is also prepared, the land cover maps and associated

database from the baseline information for the application of social, economic,

agricultural, etc statistics.

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As the maps and database are geo-referenced to the national topographic grid, for each

mapped unit (polygon), it is possible to ascertain the exact location, its inherent land

cover, the soil type occurring there and forms of erosion affecting the area.

By adding municipal and district boundaries to the database, it will be possible to extract

interested statistics concerning the land cover features of the area.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Land cover maps constitutes necessary tools for development, planning and management of the

territory. Furthermore, land cover maps depicting the current reality are essential in countries,

cities or towns where, due to political changes, rapid dynamics phenomena have taken place,

resulting in a complete restructuring of the social, economic, agricultural and other sectors.

Due to the rate of changes in developments such as new buildings, structures and other man-

made features in Oyo township, there is need for an updated map showing the current existing

features and their actual position on the field hence the purpose for which the map is beingproduce at a large scale.

The scale of such maps should be large enough to provide detailed information; however, it

should allow for regional assessment, statistics and subsequent planning. The 1:5,000 scale is the

most suited for this exercise.

For optimal use, land cover maps should be in digital format, which allows easy updating, and

associated with a GIS, such as soil units, erosion features and provincial/municipal boundaries.

The resulting database is an essential tool for decision-making in land management.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

1.3.1 AIM

The aim of the project is to present new possibilities of using Remote sensing and GIS

techniques to aid planning for, and management of, and produce an updated large scale map of

part of Oyo town. This issue is specifically intended for decision-makers concerned with land

covers mapping and land management.

1.3.2 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the project shall include the following:

i. Database Design: This is achieved through data modeling which is a process by

which the real world entities and their relationships are analyzed and represented in

such a way that maximum benefits are derived while utilizing a minimum amount of

data.

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6. OGBAMUDU, AYO-MARIA O. 2007/26

7. TIJANI, ABDUL JELIL A. 2007/27

8. IDOWU, JOSEPH O. 2010/33

9. OSSAI, JUDE E. 2010/34

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1.7 STUDY AREA

The study area is part of Oyo township covering part of Awe in Afijio local government

area in the south, stretching along Awe road and cross Oyo/Ogbomosho road towards Akesan

road via Agboye/Baago road in Oyo East local government area in the west. Bordered with Oke-

Olola road/Boroboro area in the north to link Oyo/Ogbomosho road in Atiba local governmentarea in the east on the geographical location that lies between latitude 07 49 17.95 to latitude

07 51 33.18 North of the Equator; & within longitude 03 5603.98 to longitude 03 58 06.44

East of Greenwich Meridian. The approximate total land area is .

Oyo is a city in Oyo state, Nigeria, founded as the capital of Oyo kingdom in the 1830s and

known as New Oyo (Oyo Atiba) to distinguish it from the former capital to the North, Old

Oyo (Oyo Ile) which had been deserted as a result of rumors of war. Its inhabitants are mostly of

the Yoruba people and its ceremonial ruler is Alaafin of Oyo.

The city is on the A1 highway, North of Ibadan, the Oyo state capital.

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Corrected Project Frontpage and Abstract