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36 30' 00"78 15' 00" 36 30' 00"

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Warre nton

Ge ologic Map of the Southe aste rn Q uad rantof the Warre nton 7.5-Minute Q uad rangle ,

Warre n County, North CarolinaBy David E. Blake and P atrick C. Finne rty

2017

Geology mapped under STATEMAP between January and May, 2017.Digital representation by Michael A. Medina and Philip J. Bradley

T his ge ologic map was funde d in part by the U S G S N ational Coope rative G e ologic Mapping P rogramGeologic Map of the Southeastern Quadrant of the Warrenton 7.5-minute Quadrangle, Open File Report 2017-09

N.C.

N orth Carolina G e ological S urve yO pe n File Re port 2017-09

Produced by the United States Geological Survey.Altered by the North Carolina Geological Survey for use with map.

REFEREN CESAllm e nd inge r, R. W., Card ozo, N. C., and Fishe r, D., 2013,S tructural G e ology Algorithms:V e ctors and T e nsors: Cambridge , England, Cambridge U nive rsity P re ss, 289 pp.Blake , D.E., Stod d ard , E.F., Brad le y, P.J., and Clark, T.W., 2012, N e oprote rozoic to Me sozoicpe trologic and ductile -brittle structural re lationships along the Alle ghanian N utbush Cre e k faultzone and De e p Rive r T riassic basin in N orth Carolina, in Eppe s, M.C., and Bartholom e w, M.J.,e ds., From the Blue Ridge to the Coastal P lain: Fie ld Excursions in the S outhe aste rn U nite dS tate s: G S A Fie ld G uide 29, p. 219–261.Bobyarc hic k, A.R., 1981,T he Easte rn P ie dmont fault syste m and its re lationship to Alle ghaniante ctonics in the S outhe rn Appalachians: Journal of G e ology, v. 89, p. 335-347.Boltin, W.R. 1985,G e ology of the Holliste r 7 1/2-minute quadrangle , W arre n and Halifaxcountie s, N orth Carolina: Me tamorphic transition in the Easte rn slate be lt: [M.S . the sis], N orthCarolina S tate U nive rsity, Rale igh, N orth Carolina, 87 p.Buford , C.L., Stod d ard , E.F., and Blake , D.E., 2007,G e ologic map of the Middle burg 7.5-minuteQuadrangle , V ance and W arre n Countie s, N orth Carolina: N orth Carolina G e ological S urve yO pe n-file R e port 2007-xx, scale 1:24,000, in color.Card ozo, N., and Allm e nd inge r, R. W., 2013, S phe rical proje ctions with O S X S te re one t:Compute rs and G e oscie nce s, v. 51, no. 0, p. 193 - 205, doi: 10.1016/j.cage o.2012.07.021Farrar, S.S., 1985a,S tratigraphy of the northe aste rn N orth Carolina P ie dmont: S outhe aste rnG e ology, v. 25, p. 159-183.Farrar, S.S., 1985b,T e ctonic e volution of the e aste rnmost P ie dmont, N orth Carolina: G e ologicalS ocie ty of Am e rica Bulle tin, v. 96, p. 362-380.Farrar, S.S., and Owe ns, B.E., 2001,A north-south transe ct of the G oochland T e rrane andassociate d A-type granite s, V irginia-N orth Carolina, in Hoffm an, C.W ., e d., Fie ld T rip G uide book,50th Annual Me e ting, S outhe aste rn S e ction of the G e ological S ocie ty of Am e rica, v. 50, p. 75-92.Hatc he r, R.D., Jr., 2010,T he Appalachian oroge n: A brie f summary, in Tollo R.P., Bartholom e w,M. J., Hibbard, J. P., and Karabinos, P. M., e ds., From Rodinia to P ange a. T he lithote ctonicre cord of the Appalachian re gion: G e ological S ocie ty of Am e rica Me moir 206. p. 1-19. doi.10.1130/2010.1206(01).Hatc he r, R.D., Jr., Howe ll, D.E., and Talwani, P., 1977,Easte rn P ie dmont fault syste m:S pe culations on its e xte nt: G e ology, v. 5, p. 636- 640.Hibbard , J.P., Stod d ard , E.F., Se c or, D.T., and De nnis, A.J., 2002, T he Carolina Zone :O ve rvie w of N e oprote rozoic to Early P ale ozoic pe ri-G ondw anan te rrane s along the e aste rn flankof the southe rn Appalachians: Earth S cie nce R e vie ws, v. 57, p. 299-339.Hibbard , J., van Staal, C., Rankin, D.W., and William s, H.H., 2006,Lithote ctonic map of theAppalachian oroge n (S outh), Canada-U nite d S tate s of Am e rica: G e ological S urve y of CanadaMap 02096A, scale 1:1500000.Hughe s, K.S., Hibbard , J.P., Saue r, R.T., and Burton, W.C., 2014, S titching the w e ste rnP ie dmont of V irginia: Early P ale ozoic te ctonic history of the Ellisville pluton and the P otom ac andChopaw amsic te rrane s: V irginia Muse um of N atural History G uide book N o. 9 for the 44th AnnualV irginia G e ological Confe re nce , Louisa County, V irginia, 33 p.Le Maitre , R.W., e d ., 2002,Igne ous Rocks: A Classification and G lossary of T e rms:Re comm e ndations of the Inte rnational U nion of G e ological S cie nce s (IU G S ) S ubcommission onthe S yste m atics of Igne ous Rocks: Cambridge , Cambridge U nive rsity P re ss, 252p.Mc Danie l, R.D., 1980,G e ologic map of R e gion K: N orth Carolina De partm e nt of N aturalR e source s and Comm unity De ve lopm e nt, G e ological S urve y S e ction, O pe n File Map N CG S 80-2[scale 1:100,000].Morrow, R.M. IV, 2015,T he Macon fault zone : A folde d de xtral she ar strand of the e aste rnP ie dmont fault syste m, (M.S . T he sis) W ilmington, U nive rsity of N orth Carolina W ilmington, 116 p.Morrow, R.M.IV., Stod d ard , E.F., and Blake , D.E., 2016,G e ologic Map of the Ine z 1:24,000Quadrangle , W arre n County, N orth Carolina: N orth Carolina G e ological S urve y O pe n-file R e port2016-12, scale 1:24,000, in color.Owe ns, B.E., Buc hwald t, R., and Shirve ll, C.R., 2010,G e oche mical and ge ochronologicale vide nce for De vonian magmatism re ve ale d in the Maide ns gne iss, G oochland te rrane , V irginia: inTollo R.P., Bartholom e w, M.J., Hibbard, J. P., and Karabinos, P.M., e ds., From Rodinia toP ange a: T he Lithote ctonic Re cord of the Appalachian Re gion G e ological S ocie ty of Am e ricaMe moir 206, p. 725–738.Parke r, J.M., III, 1968,S tructure of e aste rnmost N orth Carolina P ie dmont: S outhe aste rn G e ology,v. 9, p. 117-131.Pe ac h, B.T, and Blake , D.E., 2016,G e ologic Map of the Easte rn P ortion of the Afton 1:24KQuadrangle , W arre n County, N orth Carolina: U S G S EDMAP O pe n-file R e port for 2016, scale1:24,000, in color.Pe ac h, B.T., Blake , D.E., and LaMaskin, T.A., 2017,Zircon ge ochronology of the Rale ighte rrane in the N orth Carolina e aste rn P ie dmont: G e ological S ocie ty of Am e rica Abstracts withP rograms, v. 49, doi: 10.1130/abs/2017S E-289947.Sac ks, P.E., 1996a,G e ologic map of the Brace y 7.5-minute Quadrangle , Me ckle nburg County,V irginia, and W arre n County, N orth Carolina: U .S . G e ological S urve y Misce llane ous Fie ld S tudie sMap MF-2285, scale 1:24,000.Sac ks, P.E., 1996b,G e ologic map of the S outh Hill S E 7.5-minute Quadrangle , Me ckle nburg andBrunswick countie s, V irginia, and W arre n County, N orth Carolina: U .S . G e ological S urve yMisce llane ous Fie ld S tudie s Map MF-2286, scale 1:24,000.Sac ks, P.E., 1996c ,G e ologic map of the G asburg 7.5-minute quadrangle , Brunswick County,V irginia, and W arre n, N orthampton, and Halifax Countie s, N orth Carolina: U .S . G e ologicalS urve y, Misce llane ous Fie ld S tudie s Map MF-2287, scale 1:24,000.Sac ks, P.E., 1999,G e ologic ove rvie w of the e aste rn Appalachian P ie dmont along Lake G aston,N orth Carolina and V irginia, in S acks, P.E., e d., G e ology of the Fall Zone re gion along the N orthCarolina-V irginia state line : Carolina G e ological S ocie ty Fie ld T rip G uide book, p. 1-15.Sac ks, P.E., W.R. Boltin, and E.F. Stod d ard , 2011,Be drock ge ologic map of the Holliste r 7.5-minute quadrangle , W arre n and Halifax Countie s, N orth Carolina, N orth Carolina: N orth CarolinaG e ological S urve y O pe n-file R e port 2011-03, scale 1:24,000, in color.Stod d ard , E.F., Farrar, S.S., Horton, J.W., Jr., Butle r, J.R., and Druhan, R.M., 1991, T heEaste rn P ie dmont in N orth Carolina in Horton, J.W ., Jr.and Zullo, V . A., e ditors, T he G e ology ofthe Carolinas, Carolina G e ological S ocie ty Fiftie th Annive rsary volum e : Knoxville , U nive rsity ofT e nne sse e P re ss, p.79-92.Stod d ard , E.F., Fue m m e le r, S., Be c hte l, R., Clark, T.W., and Sprinkle II, D.P., 2009,P re liminary be drock ge ologic map of the G old S and, Ce nte rville , Castalia, and Justice 7.5-minutequadrangle s, Franklin, N ash, W arre n and Halifax Countie s, N orth Carolina: N orth CarolinaG e ological S urve y O pe n-file R e port 2009-03, scale 1:24,000, in color.Stod d ard , E.F., Sac ks, P.E., Clark, T.W., and Be c hte l, R., 2011,Be drock ge ologic map of theLittle ton 7.5-minute quadrangle , W arre n and Halifax Countie s, N orth Carolina: N orth CarolinaG e ological S urve y O pe n-file R e port 2011-02, scale 1:24,000, in color.

IN T R O DU CT IO NT he W arre nton 1:24,000 Quadrangle lie s in the northe aste rn N orth Carolina P ie dmont e ntire ly within rural W arre n County. It is locate d 75 km northe ast ofRale igh in the He nde rson 1:100,000 she e t be tw e e n the I-85 and I-95 urban corridors. Fishing Cre e k, the large st tributary to the T ar Rive r, P ossumquarte r Cre e k,and the uppe r re ache s of R e e dy Cre e k incise the southe aste rn portion of the quadrangle , crossing it from northw e st to southe ast. T he county se at of W arre ntonoccupie s the high ground north and w e st of Fishing and P ossumquarte r Cre e ks, re spe ctive ly. N atural e xposure s of crystalline rocks occur almost e xclusive lyalong the se drainage s and the ir num e rous unnam e d tributarie s. T he highe r are as above drainage divide s constitute broad ge ne rally flat surface s commonlyunde rlain by unconsolidate d Ce nozoic se dim e ntary de posits. T he re gion be tw e e n unincorporate d crossroads comm unitie s of S now Hill and W arre n P lains justnorthw e st of W arre nton and southe ast of N orlina is the topographically highe st portion of the southe aste rn W arre nton quadrangle and is unde rlain by lateP ale ozoic granite as w e ll as Ce nozoic de posits. Ele vations in the map are a range from approximate ly 450 fe e t above se a le ve l in the are a around theinte rse ction of U .S . 158 and W arre n P lains Road, to le ss than 250 fe e t along P ossumquarte r Cre e k at the southe aste rn corne r of the quadrangle . U .S . Highway401 and Busine ss U .S . Highway 158 e xte nd north-south and e ast-w e st, re spe ctive ly, across the quadrangle and m e e t in downtown W arre nton. U .S . 401 andU .S . 158 continue northw e st from W arre nton to N orlina. U .S . 401 continue s southw e st of W arre nton to the county se at of Louisburg in Franklin County, while N C58 starts in W arre nton and continue s southe ast to the county se at of N ashville in N ash County.G EO LO G IC FRAMEW O RKP re -Me sozoic crystalline rocks of the southe aste rn W arre nton Quadrangle are inte rpre te d to lie within the Rale igh te rrane or be parts of the P e nnsylvanian-P e rmian W ise granite pluton. T he e aste rn portion and pe rhaps much of the Rale igh te rrane is ove rprinte d by the late P ale ozoic and Alle ghanian oroge ny Maconfault zone (Farrar, 1985b; S acks, 1999; Morrow, 2015). It is a northe ast-southw e st-orie nte d, de xtral crystal-plastic and pote ntially normal brittle strand of thee aste rn P ie dmont fault syste m (EP FS ) in e aste rn N orth Carolina. T he Macon fault zone se parate s the lithote ctonic Rale igh and S pring Hope te rrane s (Hatche r e tal. 1977; Bobyarchick, 1981; S acks, 1999). In the W arre nton Quadrangle , som e Rale igh te rrane m e tamorphic rocks are inte rpre te d to be e ithe r phylloniticm e tase dim e ntary or highly transpose d and mylonitic to ultramylonitic m e ta-igne ous rocks that achie ve d the garne t-sillimanite zone of the amphibolite facie sduring middle to late P ale ozoic te ctonothe rm al activity. Many e xposure s also re cord a chlorite zone of the gre e nschist facie s re trograde ove rprint, like ly lateP ale ozoic in timing. In othe r localitie s, protomylonitic m e ta-igne ous rocks re cord low e r te m pe rature dynamic re crystallization, se ricitization and/orsaussuritization of fe ldspars, and minor topotaxial re place m e nt of biotite by chlorite zone , or little e vide nce of dynamic re crystallization sugge sting a younge r age .U nm e tamorphose d granite of the W ise pluton unde rlie s the northw e ste rn portion of the m appe d are a. P ost-P ale ozoic Jurassic diabase dike s are alsounm e tamorphose d and ge ne rally orie nte d northw e st-southe ast as the y crosscut Rale igh te rrane m e tamorphic rocks and granite of the W ise pluton.In se ve ral pale oge ographic and lithote ctonic re constructions of the southe rn Appalachian oroge n and the e aste rn P ie dmont physiographic province , the Rale ighte rrane , which unde rlie s approximate ly one half of the southe aste rn W arre nton Quadrangle , is groupe d with the 633-528 Ma Carolinia supe rte rrane (S toddard e tal., 1991; Hibbard e t al., 2002, 2006; Blake e t al., 2012). Carolinia is one of se ve ral e xotic, first-orde r pe ri-G ondw anan re alm and circum-Atlantic island-arcsyste ms that w e re am algamate d to e aste rn Laure ntia during mid-P ale ozoic arc-contine nt collision. It is a se cond-orde r lithote ctonic domain that was disse cte dinto third-orde r te rrane s by the EP FS during Laure ntian-G ondw anan contine nt-contine nt collision in the late P ale ozoic. T he lithote ctonic te rrane s diffe r in the irproportions of magmatic and volcanoge nic se dim e ntary rocks, e nvironm e nts of form ation, major and trace e le m e nt, isotopic and zircon U -P b ge oche micalsignature s, and crustal le ve ls of te ctonothe rmal ove rprinting. Both the EP FS and the te rrane s are now e xpose d across the W ake -W arre n antiform, a re gional-scale foliation arch in the e aste rn P ie dmont. Carolinia suprastructural te rrane s re m aine d at uppe r-crustal le ve ls during Alle ghanian oroge ne sis, re cordinggre e nschist facie s m e tamorphism. Infrastructural te rrane s, including the Rale igh te rrane , re ache d mid-crustal le ve ls and w e re subje cte d to middle to uppe ramphibolite facie s m e tamorphism. In contrast, Farrar (1985a, 1985b; Farrar and O w e ns, 2001; Hatche r, 2010) maintain that the Rale igh te rrane is re late d to theMe soprote rozoic G oochland te rrane in V irginia whe re O w e ns e t al. (2010) obtaine d 1.1 G a and 385 Ma zircon U -P b age s on the S tate Farm and Maide nsG ne isse s, re spe ctive ly. T he se te rrane s are inte rpre te d to have a Laure ntian rathe r than pe ri-G ondw anan affinity e ast of the contine nt-island arc suture zone(Hughe s e t al., 2014).Re ce ntly, how e ve r, the se cond-orde r Carolinia affinity of the Rale igh te rrane has com e unde r que stion base d upon ne w mapping and zircon U -P b analyse s.P e ach e t al. (2017) re port ne w LA-ICP -MS U -P b magmatic and de trital zircon age s for thre e m appe d localitie s of amphibolite facie s schist and gne iss from thenorthe rn Rale igh te rrane in the Middle burg, Afton, and Little ton Quadrangle s. T he inform al S oul City amphibolite gne iss from the e aste rn portion of theMiddle burg Quadrangle yie lde d 60 age s from 2.9 G a–336 Ma, arrange d in thre e cluste rs ca. 2.0 –1.1 G a, 1.6–1.3 G a, and 1.2– 1.1 G a. T he maximumde positional age for the de trital zircon grains can be inte rpre te d as ca. 1.1 G a. T he 336 Ma age s may be re late d to P e nnsylvanian-P e rmian age granitic micro-diking from the W ise pluton. In the e aste rn portion of the Afton Quadrangle , the inform al P arktown gne iss is inte rpre te d to be m e ta-igne ous base d on a unimodalage distribution of 35 zircon grains. T he w e ighte d m e an age is 410.5 ± 3.7 Ma corre sponding with the Early De vonian pe riod. An age range of 1.8 G a – 410 Mase parate d into two cluste rs ca. 650 – 540 Ma and 465 – 410 Ma and a maximum de positional age of ca. 410 Ma in the Early De vonian pe riod characte rize theLittle ton schist in the w e ste rn portion of the Little ton Quadrangle .T he re striction of de trital zircon age s to 2.0–1.0 G a and a Me soprote rozoic de positional age in the S oul City amphibolite gne iss sugge sts a diffe re nce inprove nance compare d to othe r Rale igh te rrane sample s. T he gne iss protolith may be a fragm e nt of G oochland te rrane or pe rhaps anothe r pe ri-Laure ntian orpe ri-G ondw anan lithote ctonic domain displace d along the de xtral crystal-plastic N utbush Cre e k-Lake G ordon fault zone (P e ach e t al., 2017). T he P arktowngne iss and Little ton schist have a younge st age and coe val mode at 415–410 Ma and an age spre ad from 450-350 Ma, similar to othe r m e ta-igne ous rocks inthe southe rn Appalachian oroge n within and be yond Carolinia. T he ca. 2.0–1.0 G a and 650–540 Ma age s in the Little ton schist are also propose d to beconsiste nt with both magmatic source s and se dim e ntary re cycling of zircon grains into a syn- to post-Early De vonian Rale igh te rrane de positional basin having are gional source are a in Carolinia or pe rhaps othe r pe ri-G ondw anan dom ains. T he re sults of P e ach e t al. (2017) sugge st that portions of the e aste rn P ie dmontmappe d as a single Carolinia-re late d Rale igh te rrane may in fact re pre se nt diffe re nt structural blocks that have distinct and se parable Laure ntian ve rsusG ondw anan dom ainal affinitie s.N e w mapping in the Rale igh te rrane has also yie lde d data on two and possibly thre e de form ation e ve nts associate d with the amphibolite facie s m e tamorphism.N orthw e st- or southe ast-plunging F1 folds and S 1 foliation ove rprint m e soscale transpose d compositional laye rs, S 0, but are rare ly obse rve d. More commonly,northw e st-to-southe ast-plunging tight to isoclinal folds ove rprint compositional laye ring, S 0, and have the dominant re gional foliation, S 2, as the ir axial surface . Itis not cle ar if this foliation is a re gional de xtral phyllonitic or de xtral mylonitic ove rprint associate d with the Alle ghanian oroge ny Macon fault zone or a prior mid-to-late P ale ozoic de form ation. A stre tching line ation is commonly orie nte d subparalle l to the F2 fold hinge s. T he S 2 re gional phyllonitic or mylonitic foliation isre folde d by ge ne rally north-northe ast to south-southw e st plunging, upright to e ast-ve rge nt tight to che vron to ope n F3 folds. Lithologic corre lations and magmaticand de trital zircon U -P b analyse s that may be able to e lucidate the timing of structural e ve nts and contrasting te ctonic mode ls await future ge ologic mapping.P REV IO U S G EO LO G IC MAP P IN GP rior ge ologic inve stigations pe rtine nt to the southe aste rn W arre nton Quadrangle include se ve ral re gional and re connaissance studie s. P arke r (1968) de fine dthe structural fram e work of the N orth Carolina Easte rn P ie dmont. A multi-county map by McDanie l (1980) include s W arre n County at the 1:100,000 scale . Farrar(1985a, 1985b) mappe d the e ntire e aste rn P ie dmont of N orth Carolina, de fine d map units, and propose d a re gional stratigraphy and te ctonic mode l. T he1:24,000-scale maps surrounding the southe aste rn W arre nton Quadrangle include a four-quadrangle are a by S toddard and othe rs (2009) in the G old S and andCe nte rville Quadrangle s to the south of W arre nton in the Rale igh and S pring Hope te rrane s. P e ach and Blake (2016) have mappe d the e aste rn portion of theAfton Quadrangle in the Rale igh te rrane dire ctly south of W arre nton. T he Ine z, Holliste r, and Little ton Quadrangle s (Boltin, 1985; S acks and othe rs, 2011;S toddard e t al., 2011; Morrow, 2015; Morrow e t al., 2016) lie to the e ast and northe ast of W arre nton and also include e xposure s of the Rale igh and S pring Hopete rrane s along the Macon and Holliste r fault zone s. Mapping by S acks (1996a, 1996b, 1996c) include lithologie s of the Rale igh te rrane to the north and northe astof W arre nton as w e ll in the Brace y, S outh Hill S E, and G asburg Quadrangle s. Buford e t al. (2007) mappe d the w e ste rn portion of the Rale igh te rrane along theN utbush Cre e k-Lake G ordon fault zone in the Middle burg Quadrangle just to the w e st of W arre nton.DES CRIP T IO N O F MAP U N IT ST he pre -Me sozoic crystalline rocks of the southe aste rn portion of the W arre nton 1:24,000 Quadrangle appe ar to be units within the Rale igh te rrane or granite ofthe W ise pluton. T he late P ale ozoic and Alle ghanian oroge ny Macon fault zone se parating the Rale igh te rrane from the S pring Hope te rrane to its e ast (Farrar,1985b; S acks, 1999; Morrow, 2015) may ove rprint the Rale igh te rrane he re . W hile subje cte d to a variable re gional m e tamorphic ove rprint, most crystalline schistand gne iss have e xpe rie nce d som e de gre e of dynamic re crystallization and locally display fracture , foliation, and line ation in protomylonite to ultramylonite andphyllonite . Local outcrops of highly silicifie d or silicifie d-e pidotize d cataclasite rock have uncle ar protolith affinity. S om e localitie s pre se rve re lict plutonic andpossibly se dim e ntary te xture s, which whe n com bine d with bulk mine ral asse mblage s provide crite ria for pote ntial protolith ide ntification. T he classification ofigne ous rocks use s the nom e nclature of the Inte rnational U nion of G e ological S cie nce s (IU G S ) subcommission on the syste m atics of igne ous rocks afte r LeMaitre (2002). All the Ce nozoic-age d ge ologic mate rials ide ntifie d on the map have a de trital origin involving mud- to grave l-size d clasts and occur as part ofT e rtiary upland se dim e nt de posits or Quate rnary stre am and floodplain de posits.S EDIMEN T ARY U N IT SQ al – alluvium :T an-brown, unconsolidate d, poorly sorte d, angular to subrounde d clay, silt, sand and grave l- to cobble size d clasts. Clasts de rive d fromsurrounding olde r m e tamorphic and plutonic units. De posite d within and along stre am drainage s as point bar, natural le ve e , and floodplain se dim e nts.HYDR O T HERMAL U N IT SPzCbq – bull q uartz:W hite to dark gray, grave l to boulde r size d clasts of milky and smoky quartz. O utcrops range in size from isolate d boulde r pile s to large rhilltop e xposure s. Line ar ridge s of quartz can be ide ntifie d ide ntifie d using re gularly space d outcrops. O ccurre nce s of such ridge s are possibly re late d tomine ralization along te nsion gashe s and brittle faults.PzCsc – silic ifie d c atac lasite :G re e n-gray to white , fine ly crystalline quartz + e pidote rock. Locally, this mine ral asse mblage comple te ly re place s the host rock.O utcrops are ge ne rally massive and highly fracture d. Its occurre nce is sugge ste d to be re late d to brittle faulting.IN T R U S IV E RO CKSJd – d iabase :Me lanocratic (CI gre ate r than 80), dark gray to black, fine to m e dium aphyric to phyric, de nse diabase consisting primarily of plagioclase , augiteand locally olivine . May be plagioclase phyric. Crops out typically as sphe roidally w e athe re d stre am and hillside boulde rs and cobble s. W e athe re d surface s arege ne rally tan gray, grayish or brownish in color. Forms ve rtically to ste e ply dipping dike s. Re d dashe d line s link individual station locations whe re stre am outcropsor boulde rs of diabase are e xpose d. Re d dots indicate isolate d outcrops or float occurre nce s.PPgw – granite of the Wise pluton:Holole ucocratic (CI=5-7), tan to pink white to pink gray, phane ritic and m e dium crystalline , xe nomorphic e quigranularbiotite granite . T he primary mine ral asse m blage include s N a-plagioclase , microcline , quartz, biotite , and more minor muscovite and garne t. Mostly unde form e d,although locally a ve ry w e ak biotite foliation may be pre se rve d. Commonly associate d with holole ucocratic (CI le ss than 5) pe gmatitic microcline , quartz, N a-plagioclase , and m uscovite granite pods and dike s in outcrop. N e ar its e aste rn borde r, small e nclave s and large r pe ndants of amphibolite facie s schist andgne iss are e ntraine d within the biotite granite . P ave m e nt outcrops and e xfoliate d stre am bank outcrops are common north and south of Fishing Cre e k and e astand w e st of U .S . 401 northw e st of W arre nton. N um e rous boulde r fie lds and crosscutting te nsion fracture s are locate d within the biotite granite .METAMO R P HIC R O CKS O F T HE RALEIG H T ERRAN EN ote : O rde r of liste d units doe s not imply a stratigraphic se que nce , although units that cle arly pre se rve m e ta-plutonic te xture s and re lationships are liste d first.PzZlgg – Libe ria granod iorite and granod ioritic gne iss:Holole ucocratic to le ucocratic (CI=5-25), light tan to gray white brown, phane ritic m e dium-to-coarse -crystalline protomylonitic to mylonitic biotite m uscovite granodiorite and locally biotite m uscovite granite . P rimary mine ral asse m blage include s re lict phane ritic tocrystalloblastic microcline , N a-plagioclase , quartz, muscovite , biotite , and locally garne t. May contain xe nomorphic prisms or ble ddy e pidote , allanite , monazite ,and apatite crystals. Minor occurre nce s of biotite are topotaxially re place d by chlorite . G row th of chlorite “rose tte s” de monstrate s the gre e nschist facie sre trograde ove rprint of this unit.Compositionally laye re d ribbon quartz and porphyritic to porphyroclastic K-fe ldspar crystals that range from 1 cm to more than 10 cm occur within granodiorite togranodioritic gne iss protomylonite that m ay transition into granodioritic mylonite and ultramylonite in high-strain zone s. Muscovite and locally abundant biotitemark the pe ne trative mylonitic foliation that asymm e trically wrap winge d K-fe ldspar porphyroclasts and consiste ntly pre se rve a w e st-side north se nse of fish flashre gardle ss of the ste e p dip dire ction of the she ar foliation. Re crystallize d wings are commonly e longate in the dire ction of a locally pe ne trative mine ral stre tchline ation of quartz-fe ldspar rods and phyllosilicate aggre gate s. Locally, granodioritic gne iss is inte rlaye re d with m e socratic and porphyroclastic plagioclase biotitetonalite gne iss protomylonite to mylonite . T his unit appe ars to be corre lative to the CZmxg unit of S toddard e t al. (2009) and S acks e t al. (2011).PzZptd – Possum q uarte r biotite tonalite , q uartz d iorite , and d iorite and gne iss:Chie fly m e socratic (CI=25-50), brownish black to gre e nish black, phane riticm e dium crystalline and commonly white spotte d porphyritic to porphyroclastic plagioclase biotite tonalite and tonalite gne iss protomylonite . P rimary mine ralasse mblage include s re lict porphyritic plagioclase , biotite gre ate r than hornble nde , quartz, sphe ne , apatite , and opaque mine rals. Large re adily ide ntifiable K-fe ldspar crystals w e re not obse rve d, but may be pre se nt in the fine r graine d, re lict igne ous matrix. Locally, tonalite contains xe nomorphic, and locally zone de pidote crystals and xe noblastic and ske le tal garne t porphyroblasts up to 1 cm in diam e te r. Low e r amounts of quartz and biotite m ark quartz diorite w hilehornble nde and plagioclase dominate local and le ss common e xposure s of diorite . P rotomylonitic and mylonitic e quivale nts of the se rocks are commonlyobse rve d. A white mica-biotite and quartz ribbon she ar foliation as w e ll as de gre e of crystalloblastic matrix and plagioclase porphyroclast de ve lopm e nt mark thetransition into highly de form e d gne issic e quivale nts. Local winge d plagioclase porphyroclasts and asymm e tric she ar foliation indicate w e st-side northdisplace m e nts re gardle ss of the ste e p dip dire ction of the she ar foliation. Chlorite topotaxially re place s biotite or infill fracture s se parating ske le tal garne tporphyroblasts w hile plagioclase , e spe cially in diorite , may be saussuritize d and se ricitize d. G row th of chlorite “rose tte s” de monstrate s the gre e nschist facie sre trograde ove rprint of this unit.PzZts – ac tinolite -be aring talc sc hist:W hite to tannish white float cobble s and massive to foliate d chips of ve ry fine -crystalline talc schist and soapstone aree xpose d be tw e e n P ossumquarte r Cre e k and Baltimore Road on the southe aste rn side of W arre nton. P ale gre e n to white , thin actinolite porphyroblasts areprimarily visible microscopically as small e longate prisms. T he porphyroblasts are randomly distribute d in the fine talc matrix. T he talc schist is similar to othe rbodie s mappe d within the Little ton Quadrangle (S toddard e t al., 2011). T he re talc schist occurs within biotite gne iss. Contact re lationships with adjace nt rocktype s w e re not re adily obse rve d he re , and the schist lie s along the contact be tw e e n P ossumquarte r tonalitic gne iss and Mill Branch chlorite white mica schistde scribe d be low.PzYm bs – Mill Branc h sc hist: Le ucocratic (CI=20-30) silve r gre e n gray to re ddish gre e n gray to gray and orange brown, fine -to-m e dium-crystalline andcrystalloblastic quartz white mica schist. W hite mica, like ly muscovite , in any give n sample may be large randomly orde re d to rose tte s of plate s be tw e e n cluste rsof othe r mine rals, or de fine s random plate s and rose tte s be tw e e n she ar foliation domains in phyllonite . Fish flash typically indicate s w e st-side north displace m e ntin a ste e ply dipping foliation. Quartz ribbons, local foxy re d biotite plate s, e longate crystals and aggre gate s of opaque mine rals, and ve ry minor e pidote contributeto the she ar foliation in phyllonite . Domains of quartz-rich ve rsus white mica-rich mine ralization appe ar to be a re lict compositional laye ring, although it is notcle ar if is a pre se rve d primary se dim e ntary or she ar laye ring. In som e white mica-rich domains, sillimanite prisms up to se ve ral cm long as w e ll as fibroliticsillimanite re side in the white mica matrix. In som e sample s, optically continuous, but disaggre gate d prisms of sillimanite appe ar to be cross cut and re place d bywhite mica. S mall prismatic chloritoid porphyroblasts w e re ide ntifie d in one sample . S om e fe lsic clumps in highly de form e d and w e athe re d schist appe ar to be K-fe ldspar and quartz le ucosom e s(?). G arne t porphyroblasts are locally de ve lope d as small xe noblastic and som e tim e s sie ve d porphyroblasts or xe noblasticske le tal or fracture d crystals that look like large individual porphyroblasts at the m e soscale . Chlorite re place s garne t along the se fracture s. Chlorite plate s alsotopotaxially re place biotite and are aggre gate s in the she ar foliation. G row th of chlorite “rose tte s” de monstrate s the gre e nschist facie s re trograde ove rprint of thisunit. T he schist commonly w e athe rs to a rusty re d color due to Fe -oxide or Fe -hydroxide and may be a conse que nce of the bre akdown of abundant chlorite , asw e ll as biotite and garne t. T he protolith of the schist as a m e tase dim e ntary or m e ta-igne ous rock is still not cle ar, but hydrothe rmal m e tasom atism andbre akdown of re lict fe ldspars may be a factor in the m uscovite as w e ll as schist de ve lopm e nt. Be cause of the Me soprote rozoic de trital zircon date s obtaine d fromthe S oul City amphibolitic gne iss (P e ach e t al., 2017) and the uncle ar protolith re lationships in the Mill Branch schist, it is curre ntly infe rre d to range from theMe soprote rozoic to P ale ozoic, he nce the P zYm bs unit age notation.PzYm bsg – garne t-ric h m usc ovite biotite sc hist:Me socratic (CI=25-50) silve r brown to black brown, fine -to-m e dium-crystalline tourm aline -be aring garne tw hite mica biotite schist. T he abundance of plagioclase , biotite , garne t, and tourm aline prisms mark this unit. P lagioclase commonly occurs as large re lictigne ous phe nocrysts now porphyroclasts similar to those in the P ossum quarte r tonalite . Foxy re d-brown biotite and white mica form a she ar foliation that wrapsthe porphyroclasts and typically yie lds a w e st-side north se nse of displace m e nt whe re obse rve d. S m all se gm e nts and large r ribbons of polygonize d quartz alsocontribute to the she ar foliation. Biotite and white mica wrap abundant rounde d to e longate xe noblastic to subidioblastic garne t porphyroblasts. T he y arege ne rally up to 5 mm in diam e te r and distinctly purple re d. Microscopically, the ir core s are imbe dde d with fine sie ve inclusions, som e orie nte d paralle l to thee xte rnal foliation. Tourm aline prisms are trigonal and black at the m e soscale and are zone d at the microscale . S om e prisms have inclusion trails orie nte d at ahigh angle to the e xte rnal she ar foliation, and locally biotite and tourm aline are include d in plagioclase . Apatite and zircon are common acce ssory mine rals.Chlorite may impart a pale gre e n coloration to som e sample s. It topotaxially re place s biotite and joins white mica in the she ar foliation. Locally it may partiallysurround som e xe noblastic garne t. G row th of chlorite “rose tte s” de monstrate s the gre e nschist facie s re trograde ove rprint of this unit. T he protolith of the schist asa m e tase dim e ntary or m e ta-igne ous rock is still not cle ar. Re lict plagioclase te xture s sugge st that som e of the unit may be de form e d biotite tonalite , pe rhapscontaminate d with a m e tase dim e ntary country rock to produce the garne t. Be cause of the Me soprote rozoic de trital zircon date s obtaine d from the S oul Cityamphibolitic gne iss and the uncle ar protolith re lationships in the garne t-rich muscovite biotite schist unit, it is curre ntly infe rre d to range from the Me soprote rozoicto P ale ozoic, he nce the P zYmbsg unit age notation.PzYpg – Parktown gne iss:Compositionally dive rse inte rm e diate and fe lsic gne iss. S trongly laye re d m e socratic (CI=35-65) black gre e n to black blue , fine -to-m e dium crystalline hornble nde biotite tonalitic, biotite quartz dioritic, and dioritic gne iss. T he ir mine ralogy include s plagioclase , hornble nde , biotite , quartz, localclinopyroxe ne , magne tite , and e pidote . Biotite and white mica are compositionally laye re d with crystalloblastic quartz and plagioclase and produce a w e ll-de ve lope d gne issosity that varie s from a fe w cm to 10s of cm in thickne ss. P lagioclase porphyroclasts and le ucosom e stringe rs of fe ldspar and quartz arecommonly inte rlaye re d with more m e socratic gne iss and de fine trains of porphyroclasts orie nte d paralle l to the she ar foliation. Holole ucocratic to le ucocratic(CI=5-35) m e dium gray to gray white to tan white , fine -to-m e dium crystalline biotite granodioritic to granitic gne iss inte rlaye rs are common as w e ll. Locallyle ucocratic laye rs contain small re lict garne t phe nocrysts sugge sting a pe raluminous composition. W hite mica, like ly muscovite , and biotite contribute to theshe ar foliation that ove rprints fe lsic gne iss. Quartz-fe ldspar rods and e longate fe ldspar porphyroclasts com bine with phyllosilicate s to mark a mine ral stre tchline ation. S om e pink white laye rs are coarse r quartz-fe ldspar granitic gne iss and are commonly ope n to ptygmatically folde d. T he gne issic laye ring is stronglytranspose d due to strong mylonitization to ultramylonitization. It is uncle ar w he the r any of the laye rs had a se dim e ntary origin. Me soprote rozoic de trital zircondate s from the S oul City amphibolitic gne iss to the w e st of the P arktown gne iss sugge st a se dim e ntary protolith for that laye re d gne iss. How e ve r, num e rouslaye rs pre se rve re lict igne ous asse m blage s and fe ature s. T he Early De vonian magmatic zircon date s from the P arktown gne iss may support the hypothe sis thatat le ast som e laye rs are plutonic (P e ach e t al., 2017). Due to the uncle ar protolith re lationships in the P arktown gne iss, it is curre ntly infe rre d to range from theMe soprote rozoic to P ale ozoic, he nce the P zYpg unit age notation.

Jd Jd

Qal QalQal

Qal

P P gwP P gw P zYpg

P zYpg

P zYm bs

P zZlggP zYm bs

P zYm bs

P zZlgg

P zZptdP zZptd

P zZlgg

P zYm bs

P zYm bs

P zZptdP zZlggP zYm bs

P zYm bsg

P zYm bs

400'0'

-1500'

-3000'

400'0'

-1500'

-3000'

A A'FishingCreek

MLK Jr.Blvd.

S . Main S t.(U S 401)

FishingCreek N C 58

P ossumquarte rCre e k

G RAN IT E O F T HE W IS E P LU T O NG RAN IT E O F T HE W IS E P LU T O NRALEIG H

T ERRAN E RALEIG H T ERRAN E

scale - 1 24000 no ve rtical e xagge ration

T his is an O pe n File Map. It has be e n re vie w e d inte rnally for conformity with N orth CarolinaG e ological S urve y mapping standards and with the N orth Am e rican S tratigraphic Code . Furthe rre visions or corre ctions to this O pe n File map may occur.Re se arch supporte d by the U .S . G e ological S urve y, N ational Coope rative G e ologic MappingP rogram, unde r U S G S aw ard numbe r G 16AC00288. T he vie w s and conclusions containe d inthis docum e nt are those of the authors and should not be inte rpre te d as ne ce ssarily re pre se ntingthe official policie s, e ithe r e xpre sse d or implie d, of the U .S . G ove rnm e nt.T his ge ologic map w as funde d in part by the U S G S N ational Coope rative G e ologic MappingP rogram unde r S tate Map award num be r G 16AC00288.Ac knowle d ge m e nts:Aaron Rice , Brandon P e ach, P hil Bradle y, S kip S toddard, and Mark Carte rprovide d fie ld assistance , fie ld re vie w, and te chnical support for this S tate Map proje ct.

P zZts

P zZptd

P zZlgg

P zYpg

P zYmbsg

P zYmbs

P P gw

Qal

Jd

Eq ual Are a Sc hm id t Ne t Proje c tionsand Rose Diagram

P lots and calculations cre ate d using S te re one t v. 8.6.0 base d onAllm e ndinge r e t al. (2013) and Cardozo and Allm e ndinge r (2013)

Jd

Qal

P zZts

P P gw

P zYpg

P zCsc

P zCbq

P zZlgg P zZptd

P zYmbs P zYmbsg

Mesoproterozoic - Paleozoic Rale igh Te rrane

m e tamorphose d se dim e ntary and igne ousrocks (stratigraphic re lations unce rtain)

Paleozoic

Mesozoic

Quaternary

Age unce rtain

CORRELATIONOF MAP UNITS

Equal Are a S chmidt N e t P roje ction ofLine ations (re d triangle s) and Contoure dP ole s to Foliation (black circle s)Contour Inte rval = 2 sigma

N foliations = 219; N line ations = 41

Equal Are a S chmidt N e t P roje ction of F2 andF3 Fold Hinge s (re d circle s) and Contoure d

P ole s to F2 and F3 Axial S urface s (black circle s)Contour Inte rval = 2 sigma N fold hinge s = 22;N axial surface s = 23

U nidire ctional Rose Diagram of Joints N = 60O ute r Circle = 11%

Me an ve ctor = 254.4° ± 23.3Max value =10% be tw e e n 331° and 340°

CONTACTS

EXPLANATION OF MAP SYMBOLS

conce ale d

contact diabase

diabase conce ale d

cross se ctionA A'

P zCbq

P zCsc

STRUCTURAL SYMBOLSO bse rvation site s are ce nte re d on the strike bar or are at the inte rse ction point of m ultiple symbols.

P lanar fe ature symbols may be comine d with line ar fe ature s.

strike and dip of fault plane

strike and dip of fracture or joint se t(multiple obse rvations at one location)

strike of ve rtical fracture or joint se t(multiple obse rvations at one location)

strike of ve rtical axial surface of fold

strike and dip of axial surface of fold

strike and dip of compositional laye ring

6586

55

62

78

mine

be aring and plunge of cre nulation line ation

be aring and plunge of slicke nline line ation

be aring and plunge of mine ral line ation

be aring and plunge of fold hinge

obse rvation station location

23

12

33

26

strike and dip of fracture or joint se t

strike of ve rtical fracture or joint se t

strike of ve rtical dike tre nd

88

strike and dip of cre nulation cle avage

strike and dip of space d cle avage(multiple obse rvations at one location)

strike and dip of she ar foliation

strike of ve rtical she ar foliation

strike and dip of she ar foliation(multiple obse rvations at one location)

strike of ve rtical she ar foliation(multiple obse rvations at one location)

strike and dip of foliation

strike and dip of foliation(multiple obse rvations at one location)

strike of ve rtical foliation(multiple obse rvations at one location)

7086

5361

58

65

25

49

N orth Carolina De partm e nt of Environm e ntal QualityP olicy and Innovation G roupMary P e nny Ke lle y, S e nior Advisor - P olicy and InnovationKe nne th B. Taylor, S tate G e ologist