CORRESPONDENCE OF RAJA OF AMBER AND HIS AGENTS OF …ir.amu.ac.in/5305/1/DS 960.pdf · correspondence of raja of amber

CORRESPONDENCE OF RAJA OF AMBER AND HIS AGENTS OF THE MUGHAL COUI^T: "A CALENDER OF WAKICS LETTERS TO THE

RULERS" (1681-1715)

DISSERTATION SUBMITTED FOR THE

M. Phjl Degree

BY

Sumbul Halim Khan 84 HS M. Phil~01

Enrolment No L—3726

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

Dr, S. P. Gupta

CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY IN HISTORY

ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH

1986

,,(4f i'''[j-lB^fj

DS960

CEN'TRE OF ADVi^. CED STUDY

AI;GARI; N"

•S jli-i

Thia 1« to certify that

the diaaertation on Correapondence Of

Raja Of Amber And Hia Agenta Of Tha Pkighal

Court "A Calendar Of Uakila* Lattara To

Tha Rulara" (1661.1715), aubnittad by niaa

Sunbul Halln Khan ia the oriyinaX work of

the candidate and ia auitabla for aubniaaion

for the award of ri.PhiX, degree.

(S,P. Ujp'ta) Superviaor

Page

ABBREVIATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

INTRODUCTION . . . i

CHARTS . . . • . XXV i i

^ AP . . . x X Y i l l

SECTION I : CALENDAR OF PERSIAN . . . 1 'ÂRZDASHTS

SECTION I I ; CALENDAR OF HINDI . . . 52 'ARZQfliSHTS

APPENDIX . . . ' 136

GLOSSARY . . . 1 4 1

BIBLIOGRAPHY , , , 147

* * *

CONTENTS

P a g e

ABBREVIATION

ACKNO V7L E DG EMEN TS

INTRODUCTION . , , i

CHARTS . . . x x v i i

MAP . . . XXXiii

SECTION I : CALENDAR OF PERSIAN ... 1 'ARZDASHTS

SECTIOI^ II; CALENDAR OF HINDI ... 52 'ARZDASHTS

ÂPPENDIX ... 136

GLOSSARY ... 141

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 147

***

ABBREVIATIONS

BM : B r i t i s h Museum

CAS : Cen t re of Advanced S t u d i e s

lOL : I n d i a Of f i ce L i b r a r y

MA : Ma'asir~i Âlamgf r l

MU . Ma'asir u l Umara

N : New J a g i r

Nuslsba; Nuskha- i D'flkusha

p : p r e s e n t J a g i r

PIHC : p r o c e e d i n g s of I n d i a n H i s t o r y Congress

RSA I Raj a s t h a n S t a t e Archives

W : V i r Vinod

WR : v ;aki l ' s r e p o r t

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

F i r s t and f o r e m o s t I f i n d my p l e a s a n t d u t y t o

a cknowledge Dr S . P , Gup ta f o r h i s a b l e s u p e r v i s i o n , I owe

t o him w h a t e v e r I know o f R a j a s t h a n h i s t o r y and l a n g u a g e t o

which he i n t r o d u c e d me a n d p a t i e n t l y b o r e my i n c a p a b i l i t i e s ,

Prof . . I r f a n Hab ib who s e l e c t e d t h e t o p i c of

my M . p h i l , was e s p e c i a l l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h my w o r k . He

s a n c t i o n e d t h e r e q u i s i t e amount f o r g e t t i n g t h e m i c r o f i l m s

of t h e a r c h i v a l m a t e r i a l . He a l s o c o r r e c t e d t h e m a n u s c r i p t s

of my work and gave v a l u a b l e s u g g e s t i o n s , I am s i n c e r e l y

g r a t e f u l f o r a l l he d i d f o r me,.

Words f a i l t o e x p r e s s my g r a t i t u d e f o r Dr S h i r e e n

Moosvi who s p a r i n g l y d e v o t e d h e r v a l u a b l e t i m e and g e n u i n e

c o n c e r n f o r a l l s o r t s o f p r o b l e m s w i t h wh ich I a p p r o a c h e d

h e r .

Dr p u s h p a P r a s a d h a s c o r r e c t e d my c o n v e r s i o n

t a b l e of Samwat e r a w i t h p a i n s t a k i n g e f f o r t s , I o f f e r my

t h a n k s t o h e r ,

I am g r a t e f u l t o Dr Shamoon I s r a e l i f o r c h e c k i n g

my P e r s i a n t r a n s l a t i o n .

S p e c i a l t h a n k s a r e due t o t h e D i r e c t o r and s t a f f

of R a j a s t h a n S t a t e A r c h i v e s , B i k a n e r f o r e x t e n d i n g t h e i r

c o o p e r a t i o n w h i l e I was w o r k i n g a t t h e A r c h i v e s ,

I am e x t r e m e l y g r a t e f u l t o t h e L i b r a r y S t a f f

e s p e c i a l l y Mr J a l a l Abbas of C e n t r e of Advanced S tudy i n

- i i -

History , A.M.U. for ungrudgingly a s s i s t i n g to the be s t

of t h e i r c a p a b i l i t i e s . I owe special vote of thanks to

Mr Arshad All for t r an sc r i b ing the Pers ian t e x t given in

the Appendix and helping in o ther ways.

Among my f r iends and senior col leagues I extend

my deep g r a t i t u d e for Mr S, A, Nadeem Rezavi for helping

me in the decipherment of shikd>st _ s c r i p t and the Pers ian

t r a n s l a t i o n . Among o the r s I acknowledge the encouragements

and cooperat ion which I received from Dr B L Bhadani,

Dr Fatma Zehra Bilgrami, Ms Abha Singh, Ms Seema Singh,

Mr jawaid Akhtar, MG Fatma Ahmed Imam, Mr Reyaz Ahmed and

Mr Javel Hasan,

I am thankful to Mr Zahoor Al i Khan for preparing

the Map.

I am indebted to Mr Suhail Ahmad for typing

my M. Phi l d i s s e r t a t i o n with appreciable speed and

accuracy.

I N T R O D U C T I O N

The l e t t e r s (krzdashts) of the waklls of the r u l e r s

of Amber of the Mughal Court are preserved in the Rajasthan

Sta te Archives, Bikaner. These a re wr i t t en in Pers ian as

well a s Rajasthani ( the waklls ca l l ed i t Hindawi i . e . Hindi)^

and begin from 1589 (but now ava i l ab le only from 1681) . These

cover day to day development in the p o l i t i c a l , soc i a l ,

economic and admin i s t ra t ive spheres of the Mughal Empire,

Scholars have a l ready u t i l i z e d the information contained in

these ârzdashts, so t h a t we come ac ross references to these 3

in some of the pioneering works on Mugjjal I n d i a .

The p resen t d i s s e r t a t i o n aims a t providing a

calendar of the wakl l s ' ' a rzdasht from 1681 to 1715. This

includes a de ta i l ed t r a n s l a t i o n of the se lec ted 'arzda'shts.

I have a l s o t r i e d to provide annotat ion conprising i d e n t i f i

cat ion of names and p laces and references to o ther sources .

In an a t tempt to do j u s t i c e to a t l e a s t a few of

these , a se lec t ion has been made keeping in view the p o l i t i c a l ,

admin i s t r a t i ve , soc ia l and economic s ign i f icance and the

1 . These 'arzdashts have become popular ly known as * wakl l s ' report's"' (henceforth abbreviated WR. The calendered WR have been mentioned here in as Calender No •• —) .

2. of the 'arzdaahts about 1446 a re in Pers ian (dated) , 971 Pers ian (undated); in addi t ion there a re 500 Hindi r e p o r t s . Department of His tory , A.M.U., Aligarh, has microfilms (nos . 438, 439 and 455) and t r a n s c r i p t (no. 85 ) of the same.

3 . For exatrple see Sa t i sh Chandra, p a r t i e s and P o l i t i c s a t the Mughal Court, 1707-1740, New Delhi , 1979j V.S. Bhatnagar, Life and Times of Sawai j a i s i n q h , Delhi, 1974; a l so G.D. sharma, Ralput P o l i t y , New Delhi, 1977.

: i i :

corroborative value. Seventy such reports including twenty-

five Persian and forty five Hindi have been sampled out .

I t appears that arzdasht of the waklls had survived

for the period stretching a t l eas t from 1589 to 1715. The

ea r l i e r portion i s now no longer traceable due to shi f t of

ajTchives from Jaipur to Bikaner or to some misplacement. Some

documents previously c lass i f ied xinder •Amber records' are

not l i s t e d in the descriptive l i s t . Now i t i s only from 1681

that we have an almost complete col lect ion in the Rajasthan

State Archives t i l l the year 1715,

Our calendar i s chronologically arranged. I t s t a r t s

with the Persian arzdashts of 1681. These continue unt i l

1706-1707. Prom th is year down to 1715 the 'arzdashts

calendared are in Hindi. The dates in Hi j r i and Samvat era

have been converted into Christian e ra .

Though the l e t t e r s have been nuntoered so that they

are easy to be referred; s t i l l the old and ser ia l numbers of

Persian arzdashts as entered by the archives have also been

mentioned for conveniences* sake.

while scanning the period from 1681 to 1715 some

arzdashts have been fo\ind in ei ther moth-eaten form or in

1. See infra p . vi for tracing the office of wakll to Mansingh's time.

: i i i »

tindeclpherable w r i t i n g . This has made complete t r ans l a t i on

of some very important a radashts d i f f i c u l t ; in some cases

t r a n s l a t i o n could not be provided, because the sense i s not

a t a l l c l e a r .

Wherever t r a n s l a t i o n has not been found necessary,

a p r e c i s of the o r i g i n a l has been g iven . The high sounding

t i t l e s and formal words of p r a i s e have been de le ted .

While t r a n s l a t i n g , the c o r r e c t Pers ian nomenclature

has been maintained in t r a n s l i t e r a t i o n , usual ly ignoring the

spe l l ings in the Hindi a r z d a s h t s .

The c h a r t j a t the end of the in t roduct ion gives a

record of the g ran t s of mansabs and j a g I r s and appointments

to o f f i ces recorded in the a r z d a s h t s . There i s a separate

sketch of the tenures of 1 ja radars of var ious parganas. A

map of the places r e fe r red to in the a rzdash t s has a l s o been

a t t ached ,

I

The a rzdashts of the wakll provide information

of va r ious kinds which otherwise we would have to glean from

aj^lârats . farnans, parwinas, yaddashts, i l t i m a s , s iyahs ,

a p a r t from several o ther ca tegor ies l i k e muchalka, nahzar,

a r z i s , n i shans , hasbu'l hukms and waqias. In addi t ion there

: i v :

i s much f i r s t hand personal information and the conveyance

of opinions from the Mughal po in t of view a s well as t h a t of

Antoer r u l e r ' s own i n t e r e s t s .

The name of the w r i t e r / w r i t e r s and the Raja to

whom i t was addressed were wr i t ten within the f i r s t phase

of the a rzdash t or separa te ly a t the beginning. In the

subsequent l i n e s however the Maharaja i s re fe r red to as

e i t h e r Maharaja j i v or Maharaja Sahib j i v ( in Persian) and

Shri j i o r Shri Maharaja j_± salamat ( in Hindi) .

In the Pers ian as well a s Hindi 'arzdasht the f i r s t

few l i n e s are general ly devoted to corrpliments. The substance

s t a r t s with the words apranchi or Shri j i salamat in Hindi ,

The main body of the repor t dea ls with miscellaneous

i ssues in which sometimes preceding information has no

connection with the following one. Sometimes the i ssue i s

i n i t i a l l y taken up a t the very beginning of the r epor t and

then i s continued a t the very l a s t paragraph. The o r i g i n a l

t e x t of the arzdaTsht does not have paragraphing, bu t fresh

i s sues a re taken up by s t a r t i n g with words such as dfgar

gl\arlb nawaz salamat in Pers ian and Shri î. saiaroat in Hindi .

The da te , day, and month are provided a t the very

end of the a r zdash t . Sometimes the date of receiving was

a l so entered by the o f f i ce of Maharaja,

: V :

I n t e r e s t i n g l y enough in an undated *arzdasht of the

wakll belonging to the post-Aurangzeb per iod we find tha t

the Maharaja had enpha t i ca l ly i n s t ruc t ed the wakil to send

'arzdashts to him in Hindi . The maintenance of Persian < —

arzdash t does not however appear to have stopped a l t o g e t h e r . in the Hindi a rzdashts p r i o r to 1707 the date was usual ly

2 mentioned according to both H i j r i and Samwat e r a . I t i s

again in the post-Aurangzeb period t h a t only Samvat era

began to be used in Hindi a r z d a s h t s . This i s corroborated

by the usage in o ther documents l i k e a r h s a t t a s and c h i t t h i s .

Although some e a r l i e r 'arzdashts in Persian a re

extremely important, i t i s in the pos t 'Aurangzeb times t h a t

these become more packed with d e t a i l s . They suggest a

g r e a t e r spread of cor rup t ion , f inanc ia l d i f f i c u l t i e s of

imperial exchequer and fact ional ism a t the c o u r t . The Hindi

a rzdashts of t h i s per iod a re genera l ly l e s s formal than the

preceding Hindi and Pers ian a r z d a s h t s .

I I

All p r inces and the more s u b s t a n t i a l nobles used — 3

to have t h e i r agents (wakils) a t the Mughal Court.

1. WR undated wr i t ten by panchauli jagj iwandas . 2. See infra appendix l e t t e r no. 1. 3 . Amir'Abdus Salam Mashhadi was the wakll of Prince

iûrram a t the Imperial Court in the 17th R.Y. of j ahang l r (1031 A.H.) , Khwaja Kamgar Hussain, Ma'asir-i j a h a n g l r i , ed. A. Alvi , Bombay, 1979, p . 3 5 1 .

c o n t d . . .

: v i :

The appointment of waklls a t the Ir tperial Court

by the r u l e r s of Antoer seems to have begxm from the time of - 1

Mansingh, and continued t i l l j a i Singh Sawai,

The wakTls were expected to represen t the i n t e r e s t

of t h e i r respec t ive employers a t the cou r t , to safeguard

t h e i r i n t e r e s t aga in s t t h e i r opponents, to plead for t h e i r

masters in case of a l l eged i r r e g u l a r i t i e s committed by them

and to j u s t i f y t h e i r mas te rs ' conduct in every way,

panchauli jagj iwandas in one of h i s arzdasht addre

ssed to the Maharaja, informs him t h a t "the wakri should be

p resen t in the i npe r i a l cou r t and c o l l e c t news from the

nobles , who come there and a lso from the drwiin of kachehr i ,

waqia nayfs , klûfia navrs and should a t t e n d every darbar . "

Among o the r things he ensured t h a t the Imperial Chancery 3

used a l l the t i t l e s ass igned to h i s Maharaja.

To acconplish these dut ies the wakll had to maintain

regular correspondence with the Mahajtaja. This correspondence

can broadly be c l a s s i f i e d in ce r t a in c a t e g o r i e s .

f . n , from prev , page

Sikandar MuTn a l so had a wakll in the reign of Shahjahan, Surat Singh, Tazk i ra - i p l r Hassu T a i l i , f. 122 (a) , w o ^ J a- - Ji , . J -X- I l iTf Ik Mi J ^ i - _ •

1. Calendar no, 30. 2 . Calendar no, 68. 3. WR dated Baisakh Vadi 12 1770/26 April 1713.

: v i l :

F i r s t l y , the waklls despatched a ] J ^ a r a t . These

were copied from akh|3arat~i da rba r - i imialla which included

every reques t pub l i c ly made, every order issued by the

Emperor and a l l enqu i r i e s made by him and read the next day

in the open cou r t . These documents cover the per iod from

the 20th R.Y. of 'Aurangzeb' s reign (1676)^ t i l l the deposi

t ion of Farrukh Siyar (1719).^

( The second category includes the arzdashts despatched

by the waklls themselves. These have a l ready been discussed

in the preceding s e c t i o n .

Some of the papers bearing the headings yaddashts

and s iyahs , have the mention of wakll suggesting t h a t he 4 despatched these a l so to the Maharaja,

parwanas were l e t t e r s and o rde r s issued by the

Maharaja to the wakl l . These included i n s t r u c t i o n s to the

wakll to secure favours and suggested s t eps to be taken for

the purpose . The wakll considered the a r r i v a l of a parwana

to be an honour bestowed upon him.

The wakTl was answerable for h i s ac t ions to the

Maharaja as well as the Enperor. In a case of embezzlement,

the Amber wakll , Kesho Rai , was indebted to the Maharaja for

1 . S.R. Sharma, A Bibliograpl^y of Mughal Ind ia , Bombay, pp . 9-10.

2 . I b i d . , p . 1 1 . 3. parties and Politics,^ p. 276.

4. See infra appendix , letter nos. 3 and 4.

5. Calendar no. 1.%

I V i i i J

an amount of Rs. 9,600 while he owed Rs. 2,500 to the

c r e d i t o r s . The former amount had been sent to him as

cour t expendi ture .^ I n t e r e s t i n g l y enough the ac t ing wakll

Megh Raj suggested the Maharaja to forego the amount to be

paid to him and pay off the c r e d i t o r s , otherwise the case

wi l l have to be r e f e r r e d to royal mutasaddls and br ing

d i s repute to Maharaja^s o f f i c i a l s , Mirza YarÂli Beg

( a royal mutasaddi ) appointed to check the accotints of

Kesho Rai a l so advised the Maharaja to bear two-third of the

amount due on Kesho Rai while 1/3 was planned to be paid

by Kesho Rai himself, l e s t the whole a f f a i r turned in to 4

scandal . Due to t h i s case the pos i t i on of the sxibsequent 5

waklls became a l l the more ques t ionab le .

The Enperor had considerable say in the dismissal

of the waki ls ; t h i s i s borne out by another instance where

the wakll Megh Raj was dismissed since he had misinformed

the Ertperor about the a r r i v a l of the Maharaja from Amber when

the Emperor had i n s i s t e d t h a t the Maharija should a t t end

the c o u r t .

The wakll had to be conversant with both Pers ian

and Hindi as the a rzdash t s anply bear wi tness t o .

1. 119/54 2 (undated) .

2. Calendar No. 23

3. 247/670 (undated)

4. 4 28/797 (undated)

5. Calendar No. 25

6. Persian parwana from Jai Singh Sawii addressed to jagjIwandS's dated 2 Rajab 1113/22 Nov. 1701, cf. Life and Times of Sawai jaisingh, op.cit., p.22.

The off ice of wakll tended to run in a p a r t i c u l a r

family. In 1715 jagjiwan Das requested Maharaja ( j a i Singh

Sawai) t h a t since the o f f i ce of wakll (wakalat) of Bundi had

been in h i s family from four or five generat ions he should

be appointed wakll of the then r u l e r of Bundi (Budh Singh) as

w e l l . The r i g h t of p a r i k s h i t Ra"i to the of f ice of wakll

remained i n t a c t in s p i t e of h i s fa ther Kesho Rai being 2

involved in the errtoezzlement of Maharaja 's money. We even

find c lose r e l a t i v e s such as bro ther and son-in-law obta in ing 3

the o f f i ce through the good of f ices of the cu r ren t incumbent. 4 The wakil requested favours and pos t s for h i s fr iends a l s o .

The same person could be the wakll of more than one

master. This may be seen from an a rzdash t of the wakll in

which panchauli jagjiwandas reminds the Maharaja t ha t when

he (the Maharaja) and A j i t Singh had camped a t Pokhar the

Maharaja had said to him (wakll) "you have already got my

(Maharaja's) and Aj i t S ingh 's waki la t , why d o n ' t you take

tha t of Rana also? , Then a t one side w i l l be your mhara ja

and a t the o ther A j i t Singh. Whilst Rana wi l l be in

between". Accordingly jagjiwandas obta ined the of f ice of

1. Calendar No. 69.

2. Calendar No. 28.

3. Calendar No. 31.

4. Calendar No. 43.

5. Calendar No. 68.

w^kll from Rana as w e l l . He then looked forward to become

the wakll of Bundi a l s o .

The wakll did no t need to renain a l l the time a t

the c o u r t . They would be r eca l l ed to serve in o ther

bureaucra t i c pos i t i ons under the Maharaja. Prom the

a r h s a t t a s of pargana Chatsu, i t appears t h a t Megh Raj a

wakll of Amber a t the imperial cour t served from 1711 to

1715 an amil of Chatsu and in 1716 as amln. During t h i s

per iod he i s n a t u r a l l y not foxmd despatching any r epo r t s to

the Maharaja from imperial c o u r t .

Of a l l the waklls of Atrber known to us , a l l except

for one Mirza Anwar were Hindus, belonging probably to

Kayastha c a s t e , A family of the panchauli sep t of the

Kayasthas dominated the wakalat of Anfcer and Bundi for

several gene ra t ions .

The wakll of the Maharaja of Amber had a high 3

enough s t a t u s to keep, almost equal to t h a t of a noble .

I t i s not c l e a r whether the Airtoer wakll s received man sab

for holding the pos t of wakalat l i k e BayazXd Bayat and

Farid Bhakkari, the waklls of M\anim Khan and Abul Fateh

1. I b i d .

2. For the panchauli sept, see W. Crooke, The Tribes and Castes of North Western India, p. 191, Vol. 3, Delhi, 1975,

3. Calendar No. 30.

I x i :

Dakhani respec t ive ly d id . All we know from the s t ray

references in the wakili^ a rzdash ts i s t h a t panchauli

jagjiwan Das p o l i t e l y refused the mansah offered to him - 2

by Pr ince Kam Baljbsh. But the same wakll while reconroen-

ding h i s son-in-law for the pos t of wakll requests the

Maharaja for the grant of mansab to the app l i can t as pe r 3

the t r a d i t i o n . We know for ce r t a in t h a t the Arttoer waklls - - 4 were granted j a g i r s by t h e i r masters ' from those po r t i ons

of j a g i r which the Maharaja had reserved for h i s own

t r e a s u r y . They denanded favours l i k e the t i t l e of Rai,

e lephants , tamba-pattar (copper p l a t e grant) v i l l a g e , have l i

(house) and orchard in Arrber. Besides t h i s they were 7

allowed to use palanquins by the Enperor. The wakils

married t h e i r chi ldren with g r ea t pomp a s may be in fe r red

from the following d e s c r i p t i o n . " . . . Previous ly Raja udot 1. For f u l l e r discussion on the above i s sue regarding

Bayazid Bayat and Farld Bhakkari. See Syed Ali Nadeem Rezavi, 'The Lower Bureaucracy of the Mughal Ertpire' (unpublished M. Ph i l d i s s e r t a t i o n presented a t the Department of His tory , A.M.U., Al igarh , 1986) pp.27-28, 44 .

2 . Calendar No. 26

3 . Calendar No. 3 1 .

4 . I b id , a l s o . Calendar No.

5 . Similar p r a c t i c e s a r e found in Jodhpur as we l l , Se^ Waqai of Ajmer, Asafiya Library Hyderabad, Fan-i-Tariktk/ 224 2; t r a n s c r i p t in Research Library , Department of His tory , AMU NOS. 15 & 16, pp . 82, 114.

6. Calendar No. 57. 7 . Calendar No. 68.

: x i i s

Singh had arranged for the marriage of my (wakfl' s)

daughter in Khelna and had given her Rs.50,000. For the

second daughter Pratap Singh, the b ro the r of Raja (udot

Singh) gave Rs.2o,000. Now I hold no wakalat other than

yours so kindly send the remaining pay ( ta lab) and allowance

for expenses (-jama ^ ^ r c h ) along with loan (musa'adat) ,"

A perusal of the a rzdash t of the waklls reveal

t ha t the waklls maintained rappor t no t only with the Maharaja

but a l so the nobles , p r inces and Emperor,

The wakll of Antoer received a sa la ry of Rs ,2 ,000/-2

annual ly , bes ides the provis ion of monthly expenditure a t _ 3

the Mughal Court to be spent on payment of dawab, s u r e t i e s • ~ 4 _ <• —

for i j a r a , :jagir and appointments, and sa la ry of wag la navis , — _ _ — 5

sawanih nav i s , mutasaddis, harkaras , and piyadah e t c .

1. Calendar No, 46

Calendar No, 30. in the desc r ip t ive l i s t of Vakils Reports published in Bikaner 1967, 630/1014 a Persian wak l l s ' reportôf Megh Raj i s l i s t e d , here the wr i t e r thanks the Maharaja for inc reas ing h i s sa la ry to Rs,4,000 per month. The l a s t seems to be an e r r o r for 'per annum', For comparision a l s o note t ha t Maya Ram peshwa's wakil a t Imperial Court a l so received Rs .2 ,000 / - annua l ly . See Hingane Daftar, cf, p a r t i e s and P o l i t i c s o p . c i t , , pp , 201, 202 n .

3 . Calendar No, 50.

4 . Calendar No. 36. WR dated 20 Muharram.A.H. 1093/10 J a n . 1682.

5. Calendar No. 68.

: x l l i :

He was expected to send fu l l d e t a i l s of disbursement.^

The wakll normally t r i e d to pursue h i s mas te r ' s

i n t e r e s t such as by the e f f o r t to secure j a g f r s and i j a r a s

in contiguous a reas and t h a t too in e n t i r e t y (da robas t ) .

Nevertheless being a t tlie cour t he tended to see many things

from the po in t of view of the Inpe r i a l c o u r t . Thus we find

him i n s i s t i n g during the war of succession t h a t the Maharaja - 3

should come to the cour t and leave A j i t Singh alone or again

warning the Maharaja aga in s t appropr ia t ion of revenue from

the t e r r i t o r i e s of o ther nob les .

pauci ty of information has hindered to conjure

up the f ac to r s which induced the loss of irtportance a t tached

to t h i s o f f i c e . I t seems t h a t in 1720 with the weakening

of the Mugjtial Enpire the i n p e r i a l Court became a g r e a t

cent re of fac t iona l i n t r i gue and Maharaja often himself

frequented the c a p i t a l , the off ice there fore gradual ly l o s t

a l l i t s importance.

1 . Calendar No. 1 5 .

2 . Ca lendar No. 4 4 ,

3 . Ca lendar No. 4 8 .

t x iv

I I I

The a rzdash ts of the wakils conta in information of

much h i s t o r i c a l i n t e r e s t . What i s said of t h i s information

in the following pages i s to be t r ea t ed as i l l u s t r a t i v e r a the r

than comprehensive or chronolog ica l .

To begin with, the arzdasht provide us with data

about t i t l e s , pos t he ld , mansabs, and j a g f r s of many Mughal

nob les . An exanple of information not obtained elsewhere

may be c i t e d from calendar jp 52Cof A.D. 1713 : ) . "Amirul

'umara (Sayyid Husain 'Ali IQiin) had a son bom to him by the

s i s t e r of Tarbiyat ^ a n (son of Darab Khan), lê Enperor

r eca l l ed tha t when Sha'ista Khan was bom to Asaf Khan then

Emperor j ahang l r had granted the siyah p a t t a r of 5000/5000

and accordingly ordered tha t the c h i l d should receive a t i t l e of

roansab of 3000/2000 with the /Shais ta Khan. Drums were

ordered to be beaten a t the houses of both 'Amirul *Umara and

Tarbiyat Khan. Qutb'ul Mulk (Sayyid Âbdullah Khan) however

did not agree to the g ran t of t h i s t i t l e and hence the t i t l e

of Farzand Khan was g ran ted" .

The a s s e r t i o n of Emperor Farrukh Siyar t ha t

j ahang i r had conferred 5000/5000 a t the b i r t h of Sh i i s t a

Khan i s of course wrong. Stehnawiz Khan r epor t s a t r a d i t i o n

t h a t e a r l y in h i s childhood, Shaista Khan received the

1. See Chart i l , p . x x v i i .

1 rank of 500 , which i s l e s s incred ib le than the be l i e f

ascr ibed to Farrukh Siyar. Manucci skips th i s fact though

he says that jahangir promised the mother of Sh i i s ta Khan

a pay of three million rupees a year which was received 2

accord ing ly . Obviously t h i s was a l a t e r t r a d i t i o n .

However what i s i n t e r e s t i n g i s tha t the t r a d i t i o n should

have influenced the g r an t of mansab and t i t l e to Husain

Âli Khans' in fan t son. Calendar w 65 (A.D. 1714) sheds i n t e r e s t i n g l i g h t

\

on the numerical strength, of the Muqhal (Turani and I ran i )

mansabdars from the time of Aurangzeb to t h a t of jahandar

Shah, The r e l a t ed passage records t h a t the Emperor had

enquired about the nuniber of Muqhal mansabdars. He was

informed (by the B^JjJjshi) t h a t the nuirber of Muâl

maasabda'rs was 5000 during Aurangzeb's reign, 12,000 during

tha t of Bab'sdur Shah and 17,000 under Parrulch Siyar in

1714. The bak2>shis were therefore ordered to maintain

5000 mughal rransabdars a s per t r a d i t i o n of Aurangzeb, When

the bajsJashis cortpleted the l i s t of Mug]ials/

Mir Jumla was ordered to r e s to re the o r i g i n a l number of 17000

since i t was thought t h a t otherwise only Mughals would

suffer a severe l o s s .

1, Shahnawaz gîan, Mâsir ul Ûmara, As ia t i c Society of Bengal, Calcut ta , 1891, Vol. I I , p p . 690-706,

2, Niccola Mannuci, S tor ia Do Mogor, 1653-1708, t r . w. I r v i n e . Calcutta, 1966, V o l . , I I , pp . 312-12,

; xvl :

The passage poses c e r t a i n q u e s t i o n s . F i r s t l y

we take the t o t a l numerical s t rength of 5000 for the per iod

of Aurangzeb and conpare i t to t h a t of 8000 as t o t a l for a l l

mansabdars in the 20th RY of Shahjahan's reign as provided

by Lahor i , But since the t o t a l nurrber of mansabdars under •to

Aurangzeb must have exceeded/ that under Shahjahan a f t e r h i s

Conquest of the Deccan, the nuntoer of 5000 for Turanis and

I r a n i s under him i s not unreasonable.

The f igures of 12000 and 17000 for the period of

Bahadur Shah and ParruJsJi Siyar baf f le u s . presuming t h a t

these f igures are only of the mansabdars of Turani and I r a n i

o r ig in the nuixtoers appear to be excess ive ly h igh . These these

probably ind ica te generous gran ts of mansaba dur ing/ re igns - a tendency we know of otherwise and which caused a c r i s i s

in the jagi rdar l . system.

This br ings us to the second important aspec t of

the information furnished by the arzdasht^ for much information

pe r t a in ing to the l a g i r d a r i c r i s i s can be gathered from the

'arzdasht of the wak l l s . Calendar no.65(of A.D. 1714) throws

l i g h t on the f ac t t h a t in 1714 the work of kachehri had to

be c losed since the mansabdars demanded j a g i r s in l i e u of

t h e i r s a l a r i e s . At t h i s time over four hundred crore dams

1 . 'Abdul Hamid Lahori , Badsh'ah Nama e d . , Maulvi Kabiruddin and Maulvi Abdul Rahim, Bib . Ind . , Ca lcu t ta , 1867-68, Vol . I I , p . 715.

: x v i i :

were due from the s t a t e for payment to the mansabdars

f i f t y one crore of a r r e a r s of revenue (sanwatl) were l e f t

uncol lec ted in paibicri , b u t none of the man sab da r s accepted

j a g i r s these aga ins t these c la ims . The decision was

therefore taken t h a t mansabdars be p a i d amounts equivalent

to sa l a ry of half of t h e i r za t ranks . I

The a r r e a r s of sa la ry claims ( ta lab) of c e r t a in

mansabdars are given in Calendar no. 59 (of 1714):

Dams 17,25,302 - j a i Singh Sawai

"20,000,00,00 to 30,000,00,00 - Abdullah lOian, Husain 'Ali

j ^ a n , Ibadul l ih I^han, and Samsamudaula

"40,000,00,00 - Udot Singh

"40,000,00,00 - A j i t Singh

" 2,25,000,00 - Kr Abhai Singh

We are a l so informed t h a t s imi la r ly the "dams (of pay)

of o ther Hindi and Muslim nobles were in a r r e a r s " . Apparently

l a rê a r r e a r s of pay were accumulating owing to lack for

j a g i r of assignments.

According to Calendar no.68(dated 1714) Maharaja

AjiVSingh agreed to take 3000,00,00 dams from the parqana

Sorath in Paibaqi r a t h e r than to leave the ta lab a r r e a r s

pending. Calendar no.71 dated 1715 r evea l s t h a t Nizimul

Mulk disbanded lOOO saWars for there was no j a g i r to maintain

them.

: x v i i i :

We know t h a t reduct ions were made from the pay

°^ rtansabdars in the form of dawab and dagh wa t a s i h a .

Calendar no.41(of 1712) p e r t a i n s to the former and informs

us t h a t one crore dams were expected from a noble who

maintained five e l ephan t s . From t h i s document we come to

know t h a t t h i s r a t e p reva i l ed in Bahadur Shah's time as

per the t r a d i t i o n s of Aurangzeb, According to Manucci

men who had r i sen to the pay of a haza r i mansabdar and the

rank of 'umara were obl iged to ne in ta in one elephant and

six horses for the King 's service and with each r i s e in

pay, a man was obliged to increase the number of these animals."

In the reign of Bahadur Shah the sums (dams) thus ca l cu la t ed

were adjusted aga ins t j a g i r s of equiva len t jams freeing the

mansabdars from the ob l iga t ion of obta in ing supplies and 2

paying in cash for animals .

The i j a r a (revenue farm) system became more wide

spread as a co ro l l a ry to the insecur i ty in the assignment

of j a g i r s . At the time of the grant of i j a r a , the secur i ty

from a r e l i a b l e sahukar (money l e n d e r ) , durat ion of i l a r a and

the expenditure o n . o f f i c i a l s (mutasaddis) were s e t t l e d . The

expenditure of mutasaddis seems to have remained fixed _ 3

i r r e s p e c t i v e of the dura t ion of i j a r a . Itie duration of 1 . S tor ia do Mogpr, Vol. I I , op . c i t . , p p . 372-73.

2 . Khafi mian, Muntakbab-ul Lubab, ed . K.D, Ahmad and Haig, Bib. Ind. Ca lcu t ta , 1860-74, v o l . I I , pp .602-3 .

3 . See Chart I .

t x lx :

i j a r a could be on monthly as well a s year ly b a s i s and the

con t r ac t s could fur ther be renewed. An i n t e r e s t i n g exaitple

of t h i s appears to be from pargana khohr i , the con t r ac t s

of which were renewed repea ted ly . F ina l ly in another

document we come to know t h a t wakil of Amber challenged

Churaman j a t ' s a t t r i t ion to obtain the zamindari of t h i s

pargana, by claiming t h a t i t belonged to the watan of

Maharaja j a i Singh Sawai. The i j a r a system gave considerable

momentum to the expansion of t e r r i t o r i e s under con t ro l of the

Maharaja of Amber. The f ac t may more c l e a r l y be gauged

through Chart i .

The wakil s p e c i f i c a l l y says in Calendar no. 44

of 1712 t h a t the a c q u i s i t i o n of a reas contiguous to the

watan should be given f i r s t p r i o r i t y otherwise some o t h e r

noble might ava i l of the opportuni ty to obta in them in

i â ra .

The a rzdashts of the wakil a l so throw valuable

l i g h t on the working of the c r e d i t system. Calendar no . 32

(of 1712) revea ls t h a t hundis ofRs. 10,000 were issued from

Lahore on Delhi . They were drawn on th ree banker ' s hoxjses

(dukan) in Delhi . Kharagsen Hathiram who was drawn on for

Rs. 5000 kept on postponing payment. Dhola Mahasingh, another

money lender refused to give the amount of Rs. 2,500 since

1. 1 WR Asarh Vadi 1, V . s . 1771 /4 Ju ly 1714.

2. Also see S.P. Gupta, The Agrarian System of Eastern Rajasthan, (1650-1750), Delhi, 1986.

i X X :

the Maharaja had not repaid a previous loan, he a l so

threatened t h a t i f the amount was not re turned he wi l l

charge gunahgari (penal i n t e r e s t ) , The t h i r d money-lender

was absent and the bohra looking a f t e r h i s shop refused to

honour the hvindi. Besides t h i s the hundi of Rs. lOOO sent

for the sa la ry of the wakil by a gumashta (factor) proved

to be a forged one. The gurrashta had f led and the sarra^fs

(bankers) were not ready to honour i t .

Apart from t h i s . Calendar no . 70 of 1715 shows

t h a t the money lenders were not l e s s insecure as for ins tance

Mir Jumla conpelled a sahukar to give him a hundi of

Rs, nine l akhs .

A perusal of the waki l s ' ârzdasht makes the condi t ion

of the cou r t and the nobles e a s i e r to t inderstand. Calendat

no. 27 (of 1705) records t h a t in the c los ing years of

Aurangzeb's reign we f ind Ba}sj:ishi ul Mulk Sadruddin Muhammad

Khan, Khwaja Mahram and Masud being very c lose to the

Emperor. Calendar no. 28 (of 1705) g ives a more d e t a i l e d

desc r ip t ion of t h e i r in f luence . The wakil observes t h a t

the Khwajas were prev i leged enough to hold the darbar a t

t h e i r wish. The diwans and baldbshis had no say in the

admin i s t r a t i on . When the darbar was held only then ba]d3shls

and diwan came, in order to fur ther crush t h e i r power, the

Khwajas therefore did not surrenon the darbar . In the whole

: x x i :

month four or five darbars were held and t h a t too for a very shor t t ime. Sometime when the p e t i t i o n s were being read out ,

the darbar was adjourned,

Hafiz Anwar was p a r t i c u l a r l y c lose to the a i l i n g Emperor and remained the whole day with Aurangzeb. He a s s i s t e d

the :i.mpcror to " s i t and stand, and wash h ia hands and f ee t " , since the Emperor was para lysed . The t i t l e of Khidmatgar Jân was therefore given to him in recogni t ion of his s e rv i ce s .

For Bahadur Shah's re ign Calendar no, 31 of 1711 s t a t e s t h a t Zulfiqar Kha'n was very c lose to the Emperor and no work could be accomplished without h i s recommendations, Sabha Ghand was a c lose adviser of Zulf iqar lân . The Emperor jahandar Shahûsed to s tay a t Zulfiqar p lace for several days.

Calendar no, 51 of 1713 shows t h a t under Farru}ch -Siyar Mir Jumla had f u l l con t ro l over the a f f a i r s of diwani, b a l ^ s h i g l r i and karkhina e t c . He was helped by Lutfullah Khan. Mir Jumla also had cont ro l over the exchequer and without h i s permission not even a s ingle dam could be had. On the' o the r hand r e l a t i o n s of Emperor with Amirul Urrara

(Husain Ali Khan) as depicted in calendar no. 67 of 1715 were such t h a t vmen the subedari of Deccan was assigned to Husain 'Ali Khan the Emperor had commented on the f e r t i l i t y and beauty of the region, Husain Ali i^'an resented t h i s and l e f t the cour t to be persuaded by the nobles armed with

2 Emperor's orders with spec ia l seal to r e t u r n .

The descr ip t ion of the cour t i s c l e a r l y presented in Calendar no, 53 of 1713 where one comes to know t h a t Emperor kept on watching dances t i l l l a t e a t n igh t , Mir Jumla ( Ibadul lah Khan) signed papers on h i s behalf . The diwan was not ava i lab le and Nawab Abdullah Khan did not

1- See Calendar no. 4 3. 2, For d e t a i l s see infra pp .

: x x i i :

a t tend the cour t due to the presence of Mir Jumla. The

work therefore was held up.

The calendared documents have l i t t l e to of fer on

the war of succession t h a t followed Aurangzeb's death, in

the war among the sons of Bahadur Shah, j a i s i n g h did not

p a r t i c i p a t e . This may be infer red from the i n v i t a t i o n s of

var ious nobles and the wakil himself. The de t a i l ed desc r ip

t ion of the b a t t l e s t h a t took place i s provided by 2

Calendar nos 39,40 of 1712, The war a t Lahore took p lace

with the three p r i n c e s , jahandar Shah, Rafiush Shan and

Jahan Shah, f igh t ing j o i n t l y aga ins t Azim-ush Shan. The

ca l cu l a t i ng ro le of Ztilfiqar ^ a n in the b a t t l e as gleaned 3 —

from o ther sources i s abso lu te ly overlooked by the wakil

during the above d e s c r i p t i o n . I t i s a l s o c l e a r from

Calendar no . 40 of 1712, t h a t a p a r t i t i o n had been chalked out for the th ree b r o t h e r s .

At the proposal of jahandar Shah, a f t e r jahan

Shah's death, t h a t Rafi ush Shan might choose dominions

from East or Deccan ins t ead of Kabul e t c , as s e t t l e d e a r l i e r ,

Rafi ush Shan opted for b a t t l e to decide h i s f a t e . The

v i c to ry of jahandar Shah was followed by execution of the

1. Also see Calendar nos . 53, 54 & 65 e t c .

2- See inf ra jp . 73, 74, 75 ,

3 . Muntakhab ul lubab. Vol. I I , p . 686.

: x x i i i :

the p r inces and t h e i r supporters and sons .

Calendar no . 47 of 1713 suggests t h a t the death

of Jahandar Shah took p lace on 2 Feb. 1713. According to

another 'arzdasht Zulf iqar Kha"n and Jahandar Shah had been

inprisoned in Salimgarh and the Red f o r t r e s p e c t i v e l y .

After the execution, the corpse was throvm in front of

naqq-ar kbana and naubat was played. Asafuddaula and 'Aizzuddin

awaited punishment.

ô far as the r e l a t i o n s of Arriber with other a reas

are concerned. Calendar no . 48 shows t h a t j a i Singh remained

fr iendly to A j i t Singh a t a time when he was not appreciated

a t the c o u r t . He a l so defended Aj i t Singh in the matter of 2

Mukham Singh and ^3ohan Singh 's murder. 55,56,57

Calendar nos.53,/Suggests t h a t the r e l a t i o n s of

j a i Singh with o t h e r Rajput r u l e r s ' were c o r d i a l ,

J a i Singh was instrumental in g e t t i n g back the watan of Bxindi

to Budh Singh.

However, J a i Singhs" and h i s p redecessors '

r e l a t i o n s with the nobles holding j a g i r s near t h e i r t e r r i

t o r i e s were fa r from c o r d i a l . To c i t e a few ins tances

Bishan Singh was a l l eged to have fo rc ib ly taken the i j a r a

1. For d e t a i l s see i n f r a , pp . 53, 55.

2, For d e t a i l s on the two murders see Shyamal Das, Vir Vinod, Vol. I l l , p . 841 ,

t xxiv :

- — 1 of Inaya tu l l ah lOian , and h i s men looted the gra ins ainoun-2

t ing to Rs. 2,000 frbm the f i e l d s of Anup Nagar.

The conpla in t s aga in s t J a i Singh Sawai were more

numerous. In 1712 Maharajas' mutasaddis co l l e c t ed revenue - ~ - - 3

( t ah s i l ) from the j a g i r of Ikhlas ^ a n in Ajmer. He 4

in su l t ed the naib muhtasib of Ujjain , took Rs. 1,000 from

Afzal ^ a n ' s ( the diwan of Azam Shah) l a g i r in pargana 5 , •

Dipalpur , and Rs.7,000 from Hakim ul Mulk's j a g i r in the

same pargana Rs.2,000 were taken from Abu Nasar jKhan whose

j a g i r was in pargana Taal as peshkash.

J a t s a l so had a h i s to ry of c o l l i s i o n with Amber.

Ram Singh checked the j a t s between Sherpur and Malarna bu t 7

the l a t t e r plundered the nearby v i l l a g e s .

Later Churaman J a t and J a i Singh confronted

each o the r on the i ssue of Khohri, The s i t u a t i o n was fur ther

complicated since Churaman J a t was a l ready in possession

of half of Khohri, l a t e r he removed the th ina of Maharaja

a l s o . This s tep threatened the pargana of Deoti Sonehari• g

which was attached to Khohri.

1. WR 17 "Ramazan 1106/1 May 1695

2. Calendar no. 23

3. Calendar no. 4 2

4. Calendar no, 63

5. Asarh Sudi 15 V.s, 1711/29 June 1714. 6. Ibid.

7. Calendar no. 12

8. Supra p. xixj .

: XXV :

I r r e s p e c t i v e of these f r i c t i o n s Antoer enjoyed a

f a i r l y high pos i t ion a t the I i tper ia l c o u r t . Time and

again the nobles reminded the Maharaja of h i s predecessors

and asked him to l i v e up the expected r o l e .

There i s a l so much miscellaneous information in

the a r z d a s h t s . Calendar no . 6 of l682te l l s us t ha t a s ea t

was t i e d on the back of a camel and Haji Ewaz Beg was

seated wearing a black robe . In frx)nt of him had been placed

a slab of wood to keep the Holy Quran on i t . I t i s a l so

recorded in the document t h a t people sa id t h a t t h i s procedure

followed in the days of Prophet a l s o .

Calendar no . 71 of 1715 i s the only reference in

the 'arzdashts^ to FaruJjJi S lya r s ' suf fer ing from f i s t u l a

which had been a l l the more affected due to h i s v i s i t to

Panipat in rainy and cold weather. At t h i s time according

to the ' a rzdasht he was t r e a t e d by a fore igner who inse r t ed

bandage in one wound and operated on the o t h e r . The e v i -2 - - 3

dence i s corroborated by J . T . Wheeler and Kanwar Khan ,

the surgeon being Dr Hamilton, surgeon to the envoys.

The ai lment i s recorded as f i r s t swel l ings in the groin

1. WR dated Miti phalgun Sudi 12 V.S. 1769/18 April 1712 a l so WR dated Mit i Siwan Vadi 2 V.S. 1769/5 Aug. 1712.

2. J . T , wheeler. Early Records of B r i t i s h India : A His tory of the English Sett lements in India as t o ld in the Government Records, the work of old t r a v e l l e r s and other contemporary documents from the e a r l i e s t pe r iod down to the r i s e of B r i t i s h Power in India , 2nd ed. p p . 176-177, Delhi, 1972,

3 . Kamwar Jân, Tazki ra t us Sa la t in Chaobta, ed. Muzaffar Alam, Delhi, 1980, pp .

: xxvl :

and a threatened f i s t u l a .

one may however note in end t h a t though waki l s '

' a rzdasht are an invaluable source of inforr tat ion, never the

l e s s the wak i l s ' account has to be corroborated in order to

check i t s a u t h e n t i c i t y . Thus for example, a t one place the

wakil provides a f igure of nine crore rupees as the c o s t

of the peacock throne of Shahjahan, while from contemporary

sources we know t h a t the ac tua l c o s t incurred upon the 1

same was only one c r o r e . At ye t another place as seen

e a r l i e r mention i s made of AsaHE Khan having been conferred

a mansab of 5000/5000 in h i s childhood while in ac tua l f ac t

he haid a man sab of only 500 as h i s rank . These are some of

the e a r l i e r events where wakil perhaps bases mainly upon

hearsay .

1, r'or d e t a i l s see Calendar no. 43,

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SECTION I

CALENDAR OF PERSIAN 'ARZDASHTS

Calendar No. 1

Addressed to - Maharaja (RAM SINGH)

Name of the writer - KANWAL NAIN

Dated - 8th Jaraadi' II 1092 A.H,/2 July 1681

Serial no./old no. - 2/2

Language - Persian

Summary :

Titles, conrpliraents, benedictions and greetings

for the Maharaja, informs about the issue of a hasbul hukm

to Umdat ul mulk which dealt with the news of the appoint

ment of Raja Mandhata to qiledari and faujdari of Ghur in _ 2

place of Mureed Kiian, Reports the despatchment of a

similar hasbul hukm to Mureed ghan. Informs that Raja Mandh

ata plans to go towards Peshawar. Opines that Raja Mandhata

should take the treasury to Darul Mulk (Kabul) . Feels that

since Umdat ul mulk and Mureed jOian were not on cordial

terms, the la t te r will not be happy with the settlement.

Informs that Khanazid gjian has been appointed to

Ghazni , and Turk Yar Khan has been asked to stay there t i l l

the former^s ar r iva l .

Umdat ul mulk was the t i t l e of Asad Jân. Saqi Mustaid Kiian, Maasir-i-Alamgiri, t r , Jadftnath Sarkar, Calcutta, 194 7, pp. 130-131, >_»_

Murred gjian was a convert to Islam,his name was Bahar Singh, Ma'asir ul 'umara, op. c i t . . Vol. I I , p . 281.

Earlier, in 1677, i^janazad Khan had been appointed thanadar of Ghazni vice Allah Yar Khan, the la t te r qot the formers' post of qiledar of Kabul, Ma'asir-i 'Alamglrl, op. c i t . , p . 98.

/

: 2 s

Writes t h a t Sharza Khans' name has been forwarded

for q l l e d a r l of Arak near Kabul vice Shahamat Khan.

Regarding Umdat ul mulk says t h a t as he had

been permit ted to appeal to the Emperor i f he was not

s a t i s f i e d with the t e r r i t o r y (mulk); Umdat ul Mulk has

asked Muhammad Quli to a s s i s t him. E a r l i e r , Umdat ul mulk

had not been happy with the work of Mir Ghulam Muhammad

Faqir .

Also informs about the Emperor's anger a t the

increas ing power of Rajputs and the despatchment of an

army by Prince Akbar towards Ujjain while he (Akbar) himself - 2 had gone towards. Ahmedabad to jo in Muhammad Amin Khan.

F ina l ly r e f e r s to the assurance given by Umadat

ul mulk to the people who had previously appealed to him

(Umdat ul mulk) for t h e i r safety (from Akbars' r e b e l l i o n ) .

1. Sharza jchin was the son of Saiyid Sharza Khan Saiyid I l y a s , "Maasir-ul'umara, op . c i t . . Vol . I I , p . 5o2.

2, The passage may be seen in the l i g h t of Rathor r ebe l l i on For d e t a i l s See . Vir Vinod, i i , pp.654-662. Also note t h a t t r e a t y had been concluded between Rajputs and pr ince Mtihammad 'Azam on 24 June 1681, the news of which i t seems had not reached the wakll who wrote on 2 J u l y .

: 3 ,

Calendar no . 2

Addressed to - Maharaja (Ram Singh)

Name of the wr i t e r - Kanwal Nain

Dated - 8 Ramazin 109 2 A.H./22 Sept 1681

S.no./Old no . - 10/26

Language - Persian

Summa ry ;

Informs t h a t peshkhana reached mauza Deorai in

honour of the Errperor on 2nd Ramazan/15 Sept and the l a t t e r

jo ined them on the 5th Ramazan/lSth Sep t , The Eirperor

then sent Pr ince Muharamad Azim, Nawab Jutril»t ul Mulk

madarul maham and Raja Bhim Singh, the son of l a t e Rana

Raj Singh back to i3arul Khair AJmer on the 7th Ramazah/

20 Sept."""

Reports the appointment of Inaya t Khan as faujdar 2 ' — —

of Ajmer , Qasim Khan as faujdar of Jodhpur and Diler

Khan to the royal army ( rakab- i zafar) . Reports tha t the

v i c t o r i o u s army wi l l proceed towards Toda. Also informs

1. In a s imi la r desc r ip t ion Sagi Mustaid ]<han in Ma'asir-i 'Alaticiiri, op . c i t . , p . 137 gives the des t ina -t ion of Eitperor Aurangzeb as Burhanpur and Mauza Deorai the ha l t i ng s t a t i o n . We a l so c^me to know t h a t Aurangzeb had gone to Burhanpur a t t h i s time to reprimand Shantohujl see Bhimsen, Nusl£2ia~i Dilkusha, BM". MS. o r .23 f. 88(b) (Rotograph noT4 3 in Department of His tory , AMU) . The date of depar ture of Muhaninad Azim letc i s s t a t ed in Ma'asir~i 'Alamqiri to be' 6th Ramazan, b u t a f u l l e r desc r ip t ion i s found on p . 1 3 1 .

2. For corroborat ion see Ma'asir-ul 'urnara, op . c i t . , l i , pp . 828-32; the exac t date of the appointment as given in Ma*asir-i 'Alamqiri i s 20th March 1681 p . 127.

« 4 •

t h a t Shahabuddin Khan was s e n t in cott^jany of Jumla t u l

Mulk v i c e I t i q a d lOian. Ba l^h i u l zaman (?) and Bahramand

Khan were made the n a l b s of Jumla t u l mulk whi le Bakhshi

u l mulk Ruhullah jCiin was g iven an enhancement of

500/ (?) .

1 . M a a s i r - u l Umara, o p . c i t . . Vol , 1, p p . 4 5 5 - 5 7 .

: 5 :

Calendar no . 3



Dated - 3 Shawaal 109 2 A.H./16 Oct, 1681

S.no,/Old no. - 14/13

Language - Persian

Summa ry :

Mentions the hasbul hiikm addressed to Umdat ul

mulk concerning the re ins ta tement of Allah yar ^hian to h i s 1 — — 2

pos t in Ghazni, Explains t h a t Turk Yar Khan was not p r e

pared to come out of Ghazni without the Enperor 's o r d e r s .

Therefore Allah Yar Khan had not been sen t towards Ghazni.

Informs t h a t Umdat ul mulk had wri t ten to Turk Yar Khan to

Come to him and had despatched a copy of the hasbul hukm to

Allah Yar Khan. Expects t h a t there i s every p o s s i b i l i t y t ha t

the l a t t e r would a c t according to the i n s t r u c t i o n s of

Umdat ul mulk.

Informs t h a t umdat ul mulk had to ld Shahanet Khan,

t ha t he wished to r e i n s t a t e Maharaja to jamrud and in tends

to recommend him for the t i t l e of Maharaja and the j a g i r of

pargana Chatsu as an enhancement. Fur ther says t h a t he

(umdat ul mulk) has i n s t ruc t ed ^^^ to guard the road to

Khaibar and in case of any robbery taking place the re , the

Maharaja would be held r e spons ib le ,

1, For background see supra Calendar no . 1 .

2. He was the previous incumbent of the pos t of Ghazni, I b i d ,

: 6 s

Continues t h a t Umdat ul mulk had ins t ruc ted

Shahamat Khin to keep v i g i l on the road to Ja la labad and

the l a t t e r had accepted the p roposa l .

Informs tha t when Mureed Khan came to know of t h i s

news, he sent a message to Umdat ul mulk t h a t he was an

app l i can t for the assignment of Jamrud and had agreed to

take the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to guard the route aga ins t robbers .

He a lso presented peshkash on tha t day in advance.

Says t h a t Umdat ul mulk had conveyed the fac ts to

Mirza Mehdi and the l a t t e r had r ep l i ed t h a t t h i s incidence

should be reported to the Maharaja,

Informs t h a t Umdat ul mulk assured tha t no one wi l l

demur in giving taahud . Conveys t h a t Mirza Mehdi advised

Umdat ul mulk not to give any c l e a r c u t rep ly to Mureed

Khan t i l l the Maharajas' reply i s rece ived ,

Mentions the Maharajas* congra tu la tory l e t t e r s to

Mureed Khan and Mirza Mehdi due to which changes were made

in the case of Jamrud, Reports t h a t the Maharaja's reply

regarding the assignment of Jamrud i s awaited therefore

reques ts for timely d isposal of such ma t t e r .

Submits t h a t there i s no l o s s in taking the respon

s i b i l i t y to guard Khaibar since to give secur i ty for the

assignment i s an old t r a d i t i o n and helps in solving many

1, I t meant a pledge given by a prospect ive o f f i c i a l about the amount he would a s se s s or c o l l e c t . See Irfan Habib, The Agrarian System of Mughal India (1556-1707), Bombay, 1963, p . 278,

t 7 :

problems. Appears hopeful to receive acceptance of the

Maharaja and informs t h a t the offer was b e t t e r for sa la ry

a l s o . Assures t h a t i f umdat ul mulk cooperates then the

passage wi l l remain open.

Mentions the news of wagia from which came to - — 2

know about Faizul lah ghan ' s death in Muradabad, and the appointment j3f Afrasiyab the son of Islam Khan to the pos t

- 3 of Muradabad vice Fa izul lah Khan.

Reports t h a t bajdishi of ahadis wi l l be sent to

i n v i t e the Maharaja to the Emperor's presence , whenever

they reach with the t r easu re from Peshawar. . Conveys the

news of the death of the former banishl^'^bul Qasim.

Reports the conferainent of the t i t l e of Zabardast

Khan upon Mir Maktabi Arab.

1 . The h e s i t a t i o n of Ram Singh can be explained by the Emperors' anger a t the former for the f l i g h t of Raja Sahu Bhonsle, In the same year Ram Singt} had been deprived of h i s pos t a t Deccan and was forbidden to pay re spec t s to the Emperor, See M.A.ôp. c i t . , p.37

2. M.A., op . c i t . , p . 129 a l so MU, op . c i t . . Vol. I I , p .512 .

3« ^»^* op . c l t . , p . 129.

: 8 ,

Calendar no. 4


Name of the writer - Kanwal Nain

Dated - 7 Shawaal 109 2 A.H,/20 Oct 1681

S.no./Old no. 15/762

Language - Persian

Summary :

Reports that as per the Maharaja's orders he has

p e t i t i o n e d for an enhancement in the mansab , and

appointment a t jamrud for the royal approva l . Hopes for a

reply within a month. Informs tha t Mirza Mehdi had been

requested to plead the c a s e .

Conveys Umdat u l mulks* b l e s s i n g s , good wishes

for Eid and h i s (»Umdat-ul mulk's) de s i r e to see the

Maharaja within a month before h i s (Umdat u l mulk's) depar

ture to Mecca (for Hajj ?) .

Informs t h a t 'the maliks of Gh i l za i t i l l now have

not reached the c o u r t . A t r e a t y has been concluded with the 3 Afghans. I t would be b e t t e r i f m i l i t a r y ass i s t ance i s

s t a t ioned on the road to Hisar and Chhaparhar and i s sent

1, An enhancement of 2000 was p e t i t i o n e d fo r . See WR 10 Ramazan 1092 A.H./24 Sept 1681.

2, A western Afghan (pashto speaking) t r i b e , with many subdivis ions inhabi t ing the area between Qandahar and Ghazni. See Encyclopedia of Islam, new ed i t i on , London, 19 65, Vol. I I , p . 1001 a l so Map

3, The Afghans had a h i s t o r y of c o l l i s i o n with the Mughals E-egarding the former 's loo t ing of the t r a v e l l e r s a t the

c o n t d . ,

: 9 :

again towards Ja l a l abad , with the i n s t r u c t i o n t h a t they

should annoTince t h a t Maharaja i s coming to meet Umdat ul

mulk. In t h i s way the news w i l l automat ica l ly reach the

Ghi lza i Afghans. The coming of the Maharaja should s t a r t

today.

Informs t h a t garawal as per plan have reached

J a l a l a b a d . Also r epor t s about the despatchment of a

permit (dastak) for the horses to c ross the pass ( k o t a l ) ,

Reports t h a t ' t he Hazaras demanded sa l a ry ,

Shahamat Khan consoled them and did not go with Umdat ul

mulk for Eid p r a y e r s . On Thursday Saiyyid Shahamat ]ân

and Sha r i a t Panah (?) took along the qaz i of hazaras to

the presence of Umdat ul mulk to seek an apology, Umdat

ul mulk promised to provide the Hazaras a s ix monthly

payment. The other people who were in the army were a l so

f .no , from prev . page

India - Kabul t r a c t . See Nuskha-i Dilkusha, o p . c i t . , f. 98; See also J .N. Sarkar, History of Aurangzeb, Delhi , 1928, Vol. I l l , p p . 145-155.

1. They were the t r i b a l inhab i t an t s of Hazara d i s t r i c t loca ted a t the base of Western Himalayas, which was once c a l l e d Gjjor. The Encyclopedia of islam, London, 1971, Vol, I I I , pp , 335-336.

: 10 :

to be brought . But when the Hazaras were refused the

payment they r e b e l l e d .

1, The evidence nay be seen in the l i g h t of Aurangzeb's desc r ip t ion of Amir JStian the siibedar of Kabul's (1678-98) admin i s t ra t ive methods, how he used to make savings in the budgeted expenditure of the province and keep the passes open to t r a f f i c , how he kept many of the hillmen usefu l ly employed by e n l i s t i n g them in the i n p e r i a l se rv ice and profusely Uribed the clance out of the i r rperial co f fe r s , h i s own income and h i s i l l e g a l exac t ions . See Kal imi t - i Tavibat , B.M,, MS, Add 26238, (Rotograph no, 118 - Department of His tory , AMU) ff. 11(b) , 16(b) .

: 11 t

Calendar no . - 5


âme of the w r i t e r - Ranwal Nain

Dated - 3 Rabl! I 1093 A.H,/12 March 1682

S.no./Old no . - 29/33

Language - Persian

Surrmary -

Acknowledges the r e c e i p t of Maharaja 's parwana,

the l e t t e r of Undat ul mulk for the cons t ruc t ion of a house,

parwanas addressed to Rai Man Singh and Muhanroad Saman Beg

r e spec t ive ly along with a das tak .

Reports the depar ture of nmtasaddis of the t reasury

to Jamrud. Requests for the arrangements of t h e i r s t a y .

Informs tha t Turk Yar Khan, Afsar lOian and o the r s

had demanded t h e i r s a l a r i e s , which had been sent to the

^"âharaja's cour t bu t i t was one month l e s s . Though the

Emperor had ordered for payment, they at ter tpted r e v o l t .

After many arguments . reconci l ia t ion was obtained, i t was

decided t h a t t h e i r s a l a r i e s should be sen t on three monthly

b a s i s and the s a l a r i e s of the remaining thrê months would

be given from the t r easury of Peshawar. The remaining t reasury

was planned to be sent to Umdat ul mulk. Those who had

1. Ram Singh was p e t i t i o n e d to be t r ans fe r r ed from the fau jdar i of Ja la labad to t h a t of Jamrud, WR 17 jamadi' I I 1092 A,H,/ 11 Ju ly 1981.

: 12 :

rece ived t h e i r s a l a r i e s one month short , t h e i r cases were

to be recommended to the Emperor. Umdat u l mulk r e a l i z e d

peshkash for t h i s i r r e g u l a r i t y .

Reports tha t a mansab of lOOO/lOOO and the t i t l e

of lân was bestowed upon Tareen, the fauldar of Bangash

on the reconnrnendation of Umdat ul mulk".

Informs the r e t e n t i o n of Burhanuddln lOian and

Al i Khan Beg t o the p o s t of Ja la labad ,

Convey the promise of Afr id i and Shiinwari 2 ""

Afghans to produce the c u l p r i t s (?) be fore the Maharaja for necessary punishment.

Reports that t i l l the time of w r i t i n g the 'arzdasht,

whoever comes from Peshawar p r a i s e s the good arrangements.

Also says tha t Umdat ul mulk was very p l e a s e d to hear such

news and hopes for b e t t e r arrangements so t h a t confidence

and good impression i s created among the people in g e n e r a l , 3

The w r i t e r says with c e r t a i n i t y that so long as Abdullah

i s a t (jamrud) a l l p lans s h a l l m a t e r i a l i z e . Explains tha t

i t would be advisable i f Abdullah reaches the court persona l ly

rather than s t a y s a t J?t«rud.

1 , I t appears that th'e information per ta ins^to Sardar Tareen, who had been appointed the fau;|dar of Shivgaon in 1683.

2 , For the region inhabi ted by them see Map.

3 , His f u l l name was Abdullah jân Khweshgi, See M.U, o p . c i t . . Vol. 1, p . 277-286.

: 13 :

Calendar no . - 6



Dated - 2 Jamadi I I 1093 A.H./8 June 1682

S.no./Old no. - 33/37

Language - Persian

Summary

Informs about the enhancement of Haji Ewaz Beg's

mansab by 200/700 the savar rank being condit ioned on the

faujdar i of Benaras. Reports t ha t a f t e r enhancement h i s

rank i s now 900/1000.

Describes t h a t while marching towards Benaras

a s ea t was t i ed on the back of or camel and Haji (Ewaz Beg)

was seated on i t wearing a black robe . In f ront of him was

a small square slab of wood which had been placed to keep the

holy Quran, people say t h a t t h i s was customary in Prophets '

time and the head of the army had to maixh in t h i s manner.

Reports t ha t Haj i Ewaz Beg used to suspend muslim

p o r t e r s (kahars) from serv ice and took ca re of Hindu p o r t e r s .

Complains t h a t Haji was reputed to be dece i t fu l (makr-wa hi la)

i n s p i t e of which h i s cond i t iona l rank was being made uncon

d i t i o n a l .

1. The pol icy of conferment of sawar ranks higher to z a t rank i s found in f a i r l y l a rge nuirber of cases in the l a t e r years of Aurangzeb's r e i g n . For de t a i l ed discussion see The Mugbal Nobi l i ty under Auranqzeb, op . c i t . , pp . 40 -41 .

t 14 :

Ends the 'arzdasht by saving t h a t Umdat ul mulk

and Allah Yar Iân were c a l l e d by the Emperor and the

date of 27 Jamadi I I / 2 5 Ju ly has been fixed for the meeting,

: 15 :

Calendar no. 7



Dated - 4 Jamadi I 1094/31 April 1683

S.no./Old no . - 51/49

Language - Pers ian

Su/rmaryi

Reports t h a t Cha i t Singh, the son of the Mir Eotha

(the incharge of accounts) has been bestowed a horse and a

robe by umdat ul mulk and granted l e a v e . Also informs t h a t

Azad, the son of a c o u r t i e r (darbaTri) has been granted robe,

a horse and a nan sab of 150.

Conveys t h a t Umdat ul mulk r e f e r s to Maharaja's

view t h a t advices are b e n e f i c i a l . He thus considers t h a t in

every case giving advice w i l l be appropr ia te and assumes

t h a t i f the advice rendered would be held useful , heed

would be pa id .

Informs t h a t those , who come from Peshawar and .

s tay a t Sara i Xli Masjid, and conplain. about the pressure

of the Afgjians and t h a t the news had reached umdat ul

mulk and he des i res t h a t the s i t u a t i o n should be remidied.

Reports t h a t when the proceedings of Maharaja

Kunwar's case (of ?) were re fe r red to Umdat ul mulk, the

1. This i s the t i t l e by which in t h i s per iod Bishan Singh was popular ly known a t Aniber,

16

l a t t e r asked for a g i f t on the auspicious occasion. At

f i r s t he demanded some c l o t h , l a t e r one thousand a sh ra f l

in cash were s e t t l e d .

Informs t h a t the date of depar ture (of Maharaja) —. / to Kabul was fixed a t 8th jamadi I (5th May) .

Reports t h a t Muhatmad Quli' Beg and Ghayur Beg

Baj^shi have come to c o u r t along with the army and have

dropped the idea of fo r t i f y ing the f o r t . A few shunwaris

have a l so accompanied.

Requests the Maharaja 's a t t e n t i o n in the above

matter s ince the condi t ion a t Kabul has worsened. Explains

t h a t i f the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y (of the fau jdar i of Jamrud)

i s sh i f t ed to son»eone e l s e , then problems wi l l be faced.

Therefore, reminds for Maharaja's journey to Kabul.

Con^jlains about the pauci ty of piyadas to take

news-bul le t in (akbbars) to "the Maharaja,

1, The nobles of Aurangzeb's per iod saw nothing wrong in the p r a c t i c e of accept ing b r ibe the Emperor's own p r a c t i c e of expecting p resen t s served in a way as an impeacheable model, For d e t a i l s see Mughal Nobi l i ty op , c i t , , pp , 150-153,

: 17 :

Calendar no . - 8

Addressed to - Maharaja (RaTm Singh)


Dated - 10 J a m i d i ' I I A.H./6 Jume 1683

S .no . /o ld no . - 59/54

Language - Persian

Summary

Reports t h a t when Allah Yar ^ a n was asked to go

towards Ghazni, Ghazi Khan, jamaatdar was given an enhance

ment of 500 sawars.

Informs that ' teahadur Khan the 1 areatatdar was sen t

towards lohgarh with 300 sawars because the time of revenue

Col lec t ion ( t ah s i l ) had reached and the peasants (r iaya)

would no t pay the revenue u n t i l forced to do so by the

army, Beldars accompanied by dismissed Daroghas a lso came.

For the time being the array does not need t h e i r se rv ice* . — M

I f God w i l l s the daroghas sha l l soon be r e s t o r e d .

Reports t h a t the important news of the cour t i s

t h a t Bakshi 'ul mulk Ruhullah Iân, along with one of the

(captive) sons of the enemy (Maratha) c h i e f t a i n s ( s a r d a r - i

gjaanim) came out of the pass and reached Gulshanabad,

Informs t h a t when t h i s news reached the Maharaja's servants

they en t e r t a ined Ruhullah Khan; p r i o r to t h i s the royal

Court was looking a f t e r h i s needs.

1. Ruhullah Klian had been deputed for the Deccan canpaign, he was successful in defeat ing the Marathas. See WR dated 20 Jamadi I 1094 A,H,/17 May 1683,

t 18 t

Conveys the news that Durjan Singh Hada has rebe l led ,

captured Bundi and inprlsoned the family members of l a t e

Rao Bhao Singh and Rao Anirudh Singh in a h a v e l i . He acquired

t h e i r p roper ty a l s o . He p e t i t i o n e d to the Emperor t h a t he

himself was the l ega l h e i r of Bxondi while Rao Anirudh Singh

i s a maid 's ch i ld (dah bachcha) and in h i s community such

persons cannot be h e i r s . He a lso offered doxible the amount

in peshkash paid by Anirudh Singh. The waklls of Anirudh

Singh and Durjan Singh were then ca l l ed for enquiry."

informs that in response to the royal order to send - 3 the sons of Gopal Singh Kachwaha from the Suba of Kabul to

take charge of Toda, i t has been repor ted t h a t both the sons

are u n f i t for the respons ib le pos t (of ?) ,

Reports t ha t a dastak to the bakhshi and hasbul

hukm to Umdat ul mulk was sent in connection with the

complaint t h a t the cont ingent deputed ( a t Kabul) i s not

performing i t s d u t i e s . Says tha t Umdat ul mulk therefore

persona l ly inspected the cont ingent and appointed bajiliphi

to r epo r t the a c t i v i t i e s of the persons concerned.

Informs the a r r i v a l of Kaley Khan Afghan to the

cour t with parwanas.

1 . He was the grandson of Rao Bhao Singh, M.A. o p . c i t . , p . l 4 1 « 2. The i ssue was s e t t l e d on 29th Shaaban/13 Aug when

Durjan Singh fled away a t the a s s a u l t of Mughal Khan. Anirudh Singh entered Bundi with h i s troop and imperial o f f i c e r s . I b i d . , p . 14 3, a l so Ishwar Das Nagar, Fu tuha t - i 'Alamqfrl, BM. MS. Add. 23884, f. 122(b), (Rotograph, no, 42, Deptt , of ,HistQry, AMU).

3 . He was a Shekhawat Chief of Chowkri th ikana .

» 19 i

Calendar no. - 9


Name of the writer - Kanwal Nain

Dated - 3 Shaaban 1094/28 July 1683

S.no./Old no. ~ 61/56

Language - Pers ian

Summary :

Reports t h a t two p e t i t i o n s , one for enhancement

of 500 sawar and the o the r in r e spec t of exenption of 500

sawar for (post ing at) Jodhpur had been made again and

despatched to BaKshi u l mulk.

Explains, t h a t the ca l cu l a t i on of the increase

in the days prepared by the astronomer of Nawab*Umdat ul

mulk, had been noted by Hakim Raza Quli and sent to the

Maharaja. Adds t h a t foreign astronomers were also enployed

for t h i s work. Also informs t h a t for accruing the book of

Badauni, the Tahwlldar-i Kitabkhana ( the incharge of

l ib ra ry) wants the parwina addressed to HakXm Raza Quli 1

to be shown to him.

Reports t h a t p r i o r to h i s r e tu rn from Makarmat

Khan's palace Nawab'umdat ul mulk had sen t Ghazi l<3}an

h i s lama'atdar along with 500 sawirs and Allah Yar Khan for

add i t i ona l a id towards Ghazni. A f igh t erupted there with

Ghi lza i s and many people from both the s ides were injured

1 . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g to note t h a t the i n t e r e s t of Arrber house in astronomy da tes back to Ram Singh 's time. j a i Singh S^wai broadened these v i s t a s , .

t 20 t

and k i l l e d . After the v i c t o r y of Ghi lza i Afghans much

booty in the shape of cash, camels, sheep and goat was

cap tured . They a l s o beheaded many people of Kehr and took

away t h e i r ho r se s . When t h i s news was brought to the no t i ce

of Umdat ul mulk, he sen t a force of lOOO sawars from h i s

own cont ingent , including some cap t ives under the command

of Mirza Mehdi as succour for Allah Yar Khan.

In the same durat ion Allah Yar Khan sent the

message t h a t the chief (?) did not recognize i npe r i a l

slervants therefore some o ther rouharrlr he sen t for the

purpose. After having read the l e t t e r of Anah Yar lân,

'umdatr-ul htulk said t h a t "two days back the l e t t e r of Allah

Yar lOian was received Informing t h a t the Afghans are ready

for compromise ins tead of war and they have a l so re turned

the captured horses which had been taken to Kehr. Under the

circumstances there was no need of add i t i ona l assistance**,

'umdat ul mulk had therefore timely stopped the sending of

succour.

'Soon another message was received from Khan-i

Jahan"*" asking for a s s i s t ance so t h a t t h i s area e i t h e r be

c leared by exterminating Shunwaris o r s c a t t e r them or e l s e

capture them.Ûmdat u l mulk assured him of h e l p . He fur ther

added t h a t a f t e r consu l t a t ion with Muhammad Quli Beg the

1, I t was the t i t l e of Bahadur Khan, S t o r i a , op . c i t . . Vol . I I , p . 216 n .

t 21 :

matter would be f i n a l i z e d .

Informs t h a t a parwana fu l l of cons idera t ions

for the increment of Ro. 2000/- was sen t to Rai MAn Singh

alongwith the assurance of further enhancement a f t e r he

reaches J a l a l abad ,

Came to know from tthe men in the army^ tha t when

Sukh Singh Nathawat went to Prince Muhaiwnad Akbar^ ugrasen

Khangarot became anxious and a f t e r res igning h i s meinsab

l e f t for h i s watan. Says tha t when t h i s rumougr reached the

people he (wri ter) t r i e d to ver i fy i t and know the t r u t h .

1. The event has not been re fe r red to in the contemporary pers ian sources . In f ac t scanty information i s found on the Afghan problem a f t e r 1677, Amir Khan ably managed the Afghans from 1678 to 1698. Kalimat^ op . c i t . , ff, 11(b), 16(b) a l so M.U., op. c i t . , I , 277-87. Prom Manucci, we know t h a t the Maratha c h i e f s took advantage of the divers ion provided by the pathans to the Mughals. S tor ia op . c i t . , p . 203.

# 22 I

Calendar no. - lO

Addressed to - Maharaja Rain Singh

Name of the w r i t e r - Kanwal Main

Dated - 10 Shawaal 1094/2 Nov, 1683

S .no . /o ld no . - 64/59

Language - Persian

Summary:

Reports t h a t when the gas lds were sent to the

Emperor, the l a t t e r was a t t h a t time a t Biirhanpur. Further

conveys the news of the departure of p r ince Mtihanmad

Mulzuddln to suba Deccan, where he had been appointed.

Informs t h a t when Dller iân went to the imperial

presence, he was despatched to suba Ajnier where the Rathores 2 - -

have r a i s e d t h e i r s ed i t i ous head. Says t h a t Hamld Khan has

also been sent for the same purpose with a separate army.

Prince Muharnnad Azfm has beckoned Nawab Madarul Mah"am

(jumlat ul mulk) from aviba. Ajmer,

Reports t h a t , from the 'arzdasht of Prince Muhaninad

Azam Sh'ah, i t became known t h a t the Pr ince has reached

Aurangabad from Gulshanabad. Records the despatchment of

Shahlibuddln Khan to crush the r e b e l s .

1 . Pr ince Mulzuddin was deputed to reprimand the Marathas near Ahmednagar, See M,A, op . c i t , . , p p , 137-138,

2. Ajab Singh the b ro ther of Shiv Singh and Muhkam Singh Mertia and other Rathores had r e b e l l e d , Futuhat-1-Alamglrl , o p , c l t . , f, 86(b) .

3 . Shahabuddln Khan was sent in company of Dalpat Ri i to-crush the Marathas, See d e t a i l s in Nuskha, o p , c i t . , f f , 8 3 ( a ) - ( b ) .

I 23 :

Informs about the coming of Bhagwant Singh,

the nephew of Rana Rai Singh to pay r e s p e c t s to the Emperor

and presen t ing lOO a s h a r f i s , Rs. lOOO, nine horses and an

elephant to the Enperor.

F ina l ly r epo r t s the conferment of Kbilat upon

Kunwar (B ishan Singh),

: 24 J

Calendar no . - 11


Name of the w r i t e r - Udai Ram

Dated - 27 Safar 1096/2 Feb 168 5

S.no./Old no. - 81/75

Language - Pers ian

Suirmary :

Informs t h a t Abiil Fath Kiian, the baj^shi of the

army who has the man sab of 500/200 i s s t a t i oned a t suba

Kabul and wi l l remain there t i l l 'umdat u l mulk appoints

Maharaja to the o f f ice of faujdar i of pargana Attock. A

dastak for the same has been despatched.

Reports t h a t p r i o r to t h i s , a dastak was sent to

Mansur Beg, the son of l a t e Mirza Beg, who was a t the f o r t

of Attock, who had re turned the dastak on the plea t h a t the

dastak under the seal of the Nawab regarding the c ross ing

of the r i v e r by the i inperial nnansabdars w<|8 not accep tab le .

Soon imperial orders to tha t e f fec t were acquired."

Informs t h a t Mansur Beg had sent the boats from

Attock four days back. Abul Fath lOiin has wr i t ten to the

faujdar of Lahore and 'umdat ul mulk about the despatchment

of b o a t s .

I 25 :

Calendar no . - 12

Addressed to - Maharaja (Bishan Singh)

Name of wr i t e r - no t mentioned

Dated - 20 Ramazan 32 RY/19 Ju ly 1688

Reg no . - 98

Language - Persian

Summary :

Acknowledges the parwina dated 1 Shaaban 32 RY

(1 June 1588) from which he came to know about the assignment

of a mansab of 4000/6500 to Maharaja ou t of which 4000/

(sawar?) were cond i t i ona l , to faujdar i 6f Islamabad.

Wishes for a mansab, inaro and service together

with mah^l-i~watan Antoer and Bahatri e t c , in order to

reprimand the j a t s .

Describes in d e t a i l t h a t "Jumlat ul mulk read the

l e t t e r of umdat ul mulk and sent i t along with the a rzdash t

to the Emperor who perused i t in the evening. He (Emperor)

then sent the arzdasht to Fazi l I^'an, the Mir Munshi and

Sadr-us Sudur to make se l ec t ion from i t . The l e t t e r was

re fe r red to Bahramand Khan, who a f t e r endorsing the l e t t e r

with h i s s ea l , sent i t back to Jumlat ul mulk. On the 20th

Shaaban (2oth June) the Emperor to ld Bakhshi ul mulk

(Bahramand Khan) t h a t he has the l e t t e r of Amfr Khan (Umdat

ul mulk) addressed to him, Bakhshi ul mulk supplied the

1, Mathura was renamed Islamabad ( c i t y of Islam) by Aurangzeb. Rugqatî "^lamqlrl t r . Jamshid H. Bilmoria, Delhi , 1972, p . 1 4 .

J 26 :

d e t a i l s (of the demands) • The Emperor enquired whether the

dams of inam were included in the salairy (tan) . The l a t t e r

informed t h a t ttie expected income of Airber and Bahatri i s

30,000,000 dams. The Emperor then discussed Prince Muhammad

Azam's c a s e " .

Informs t h a t Bakhshi ul raulk conveyed the above

d e t a i l s of gusalJsliana to him and the w r i t e r reminded the

former of h i s promise for uncondit ional enhancement of the

Maharaja's mansab«

Hopes t h a t the Maharaja w i l l be able to reprimand

the j a t s near Kohat and would re turn to Hindustan and

encamp a t v i l l a g e Taal t i l l Ajdaha Beg, the nazim~i suba,

the mace bea re r s and the ships reach there so tha t r i v e r

Attock may be crossed s a f e l y .

Reports t h a t "news from Ranthanribore came on the

24 Shaaban 31 RY (5th Ju ly 1687) t h a t Balram, the b ro the r

of the t r eache rous - Ja t ( J a t badzat)(?) had spread out in

Mevli and udbai t h a t Sherpur located near the f o r t r e s s of

Ranthambore wi l l be a t tacked by him. When Gopal Das,

servant of l a t e Ram Singh came to know of i t , he sent h i s

son Devi Singh with an army of 3000 sawars to Malama in

order to guard i t s f r o n t i e r s from the j a t s . When Devi Singh

: 27 :

es t ab l i shed h i s rnorchal in between Sherpur and Malama,

the J a t s being unable to t r e s spass the f r o n t i e r and en te r

Sherpur a t tacked the near ly v i l l a g e s .

There were d i f ferences between^ Shekh«wat and the Chauhan c lans over the zamlndairi of Parkha and Khata r ia . Chauhans requested the j a t Raja for help and the Shekhawats approached Shahji the cousin of Sipehdar Khan. The j a t s then a t tacked the v i c c i n i t y of Akbarabad, Futuhat, op . c i t . , f, 134(a) ,

J 28 :

Calendar no . - 13


Name of the wr i t e r - Kesho Rai

Dated - 12 Zilhaj llQO

S.no . /o ld no . - 166/201

Language - Persian

Summary :

Acknowledges the Maharaja's parwana regarding the

t r a n s f e r of the j a g l r of Ja la luddin Khan to h i s b ro the r

Mir Hisamuddin. Writes t h a t according to the parwana " i f

before the a r r i v a l of the l e t t e r , Mir Hisamuddin agrees to

c l e a r the amoxint of l ease

(wa1ah-i i j a ra ) then a f t e r consu l t a t i ons , from Durga Sabbal

Singh Sarraf whatever i s assessed, a loan aga ins t i t may

be taken on one or two monthly b a s i s . I f j a l i l u d d i n Khan

agrees then do as d i r e c t e d . " Reports t h a t the peshkars wi l l

despatch the l e t t e r of Mir Hisamuddrn to Ja la luddin Khan

regarding the conferment of wajah-i i j a r a .

Writes t h a t the Maharaja had ordered to make an

attempt to take pargana Harsana, Toda BhTm and Bardoda

in liisu of Soner, Gljgarh and Malarna. But i n fac t pargana

Malarna was re ta ined as per t r a d i t i o n . For acruing

the tan}^wah ( jagIr) of Harsana, Toda (Bhlm) and

Bardoda,the wakll informs t h a t he has been t ry ing and the

t 29 :

1 matters w i l l be s e t t l e d s h o r t l y .

Reports the despatchment of the reply of the 2 hasbul hukm regarding Amar Singh to Nawab Jumlat ul mulk.

Reports receiving an answer from the Nawab, t h a t i f the

Maharaja wishes, those who had unsur ed j a g l r s and had not

been granted in5>erial s e rv ice , may be forced to repay the

mahsul and deposi t i t in the i t iper ia l t r e a s u r y .

1 . I t seems t h a t preference of Maharaja Bisha'h Singh for the above parganas was due as faujdar of Mathura in 1688. for the above parganas was due mainly to h i s post ing

" Mathx •

2. Amar Singh was a chief of Ja isa lmer (1661-170 2) . James Tod, Annals and Ant igu i tes of Rajasthan, Vol. I I , Edinburgh, 19 20, p . 1226. '

I 30 :

Calendar no , - 14

Addressed t o - Maharaja (Bishan Singh)

Name of the wr i t e r - Kesho Rai

Dated - 21 Rajab 34 RY/20 Apri l 1690

S.no . /Old no . - 8/247

Other d e t a i l s - Despatched from the f o r t of Bijapur through

dak chowki.

Language - Persian

Summary :

Explains t h a t there was a d i f ference of opinion

between the Enperor and Bal^hshi ul mulk Ruhullah Khan

regarding the enhancement of the cond i t iona l rank of the

Maharaja bu t f i n a l l y the Etiperor granted the enhancement

(of 500/1000)• Congratulates on the r e s t o r a t i o n of the

deducted rank and g ran t of pargangi Toda Bhim worth f i f t een

lakh dams on condit ion of the fau jdar i of j a l e s a r and Hindauw

in addi t ion to Khohri bes ides f i f teen lakh dams as inam.

Informs the endorsement of the Maharaja's parwana

for the conferment of Mufnuddlnpur a l i a s Math by jumla t -

u l mulk madar-ul mahlm.

Reports r ece iv ing the narwana regarding the fau jdar i 2

which records normalacy of the s i t u a t i o n in Ja i sa lmer ,

Says t h a t no one i s allowed to i n t e r f e r e in the mahals of

jaglrda"rs .

1 . In the month of March Bishan Singh received an enhancement of 500/1000 in h i s rank, 'Arzdasht dated Asoj Sudi 3 V.S. 1747/25 Sept 1690, Also note t h a t t h i s i s the per iod when Bishan Singh had rendered outstanding serv ices in captur ing Sunsani f o r t . Futuhat f, 137(a) ,

2, At t h i s time there had been some f r i c t i o n between the Khandalot Rathor«s and the Chiefs of Bikan^jur. See James Tod, Annals and An t iqu i t i e s of Rajasthan, o p , c i t . , p • 1226 ,

I 3 1 I

Calendar no . - 15


Name of the w r i t e r - Megh Raj

Dated - 21 Shaaban 35 R.Y./8 May 1692

S.no./Old no, - 223/32

Language - Persian

Summary :

Acknowledges two l e t t e r s of the Maharaja, one

demanding the faujdar i of Hindaun and Bayana e tc and the

other concerning the reducing of the p\inishments to A mar

Singh and o the r r e b e l s . Informs the perusa l of the l e t t e r s

by Balc'shi ul mulk Ruhullah Khan and the demand of Rs 2000

as ma ta l iba - i wijib~ul a rz with the promise t h a t he w i l l

consider the reques t of the man sab of Kunwar and f auj da'ri

e t c . Reports t h a t pardon in the c a p i t a l punishment to

rebels i s a lso in the hands of Bakh-Shi ul mulk and he

demands a hundi . Asks for the same to be sent through the

agency of a sahukar.

Complains for the monetary s t r a i n . Acknowledges

the r e c e i p t of hundis, from the beginning of Rabi I I to

17th Shaaban 35 RY (February-23 Apri l 1692 ) amounting to

Rs. 6900 and other hundis worth Rs,4000 from the Maharaja,

Gives the d e t a i l s of disbursement, v i z . Rs.2000/- were

presented to Bakhshi u l mulk Ruhullah Khan so tha t Maharaja's

demands are c a r r i e d out , Rs,4 00 were given to Bhayya

: 32 ,

Balkrishan, mxinshl and mir sahib of Bakh,shi ul mulk, and

Rs 150 to muharlrs of the of f ice who had been helpful in

the p repa ra t ion of p a p e r s . Provides the names of muharirs

as Jado t Rai, tljie muratab navis and Anup Singh the

huzur navFs.

Reports about the rumour f l o a t i n g in the irrperial

camp(Urdu-i mualla) t h a t Raja j i has ordered not to take

loan from bohras due to which the l a t t e r have agreed between

themselves not to extend loans , i t i s a l so rumoured t h a t

bohras and sahukars a re in league with the amrrs.

Suggests to meet the demand of Ruhullah Khan

before the cortpletion of the work.

1, See In t roduct ion p . 311*

2. Ibid.pp.xix.,.Xy.

: 33 J

Calendar no. - 16

Addressed to - Maharija (Bishan Singh)

Name of the wr i t e r - Megh Raj

Dated - 14 Ramazan 1103/31 May 1692

Reg no . - 238/329

Language - Persian

Sumnary :

Records the d e t a i l s of pargana Toda Bhim etc

and a remission aga ins t them. Says t h a t the tanlsjiwah aga ins t

pargana Toda Bhim was one crore five lakh dams out of which

for ty lakh dams had been deducted due to the t r ans fe r of 500

sawars ( leaving s ix ty f ive lakh dams) for pargana udehi and

Toda provides the f igures of 6ne c rore and f i f t y two lakh

dams r e s p e c t i v e l y . Informs t h a t a remission of the dams

was requested fo r . Thus an amovmt of seventy five lakh dams^

he r e p o r t s , were recorded in the ' a r z i . The ta lab of pargana

Malpur, he says, amounted to twenty lakh dams and the r e s t

of the t a lab from the o ther mahals was to be rea l i zed from

Suba Ajmer and handed over to Wizarat panlih Amanat Khan,

the dlwan-i - tan and h i s peshdas t . He fu r the r repor t s t h a t

the jama of pargana Malpura was one c ro re f i f t y lakh dams

cut of which t h i r t y lakh dams were deducted a t the time of

i t s being given to Inayat idian, the subedar of Ajmer as

tankhwah.

Informs tha t pargana Malpura was t i l l the time of

wri t ing in the salary of Raja Bhim Singh and h i s uncle Dil

: 34 s •

Singh Sisodia , and as the Maharaja had repeatedly i n s t r u c

ted him (the wri ter) to acquire the same, i t would duly

be taken in to possession since the pargana i s an old tnahal

of the Maharaja, and had always been in the j a g l r of Mirza

Raja ( j a i Singh) .

Regarding the f ixa t ion of the dams of Mahari ja 's

j a g l r , r e - i t e r a t e s t h a t he continues to work for the b e t t e r

ment of Maharaja's i n t e r e s t and a t the moment was t rying to

g e t the parganas of Malpur, Chatsu and Mauzabad in Maharaja's

j a g i r and had conveyed t h i s request to the Emperor.

Further po in t s out t h a t i t was due to the manu-

pu l a t i ons of Saif Khan the nazim of sub a Ajmer t ha t the

Errperor i s unhappy with the Maharaja and Hari Singh, Assures

tha t he had given appropr ia te explanat ions to the Emperor.

1. The a t te r tp ts of expanding the Kachchwaha t e r r i t o r y are very much d iscernable from the above descr ip t ion

: 35 s

Calendar no . - 17

Addressed to - Mahara^ja (Bishan Singh)

Name of the wr i t e r - /"?)

Dated - 11 Shawwal 1103/13 Jiine 1692

Reg no . - 4 36/337

Language - Persian

Summary:

Informs t h a t a t the death of Saiyyid Qutb, the

Maharaja's 'arzdasht for the lamindari of Tonk has been

accepted. Conveys t h a t for the a s s i s t ance of the Maharaja

to manage the r e b e l l i o n s region Saiyyid Shuja has been

appointed, and t h a t Maharaja may appoint h i s servants for

the defence of Tonk.

Reports t h a t the Emperor i s favourably disposed

towards the Maharaja and concessions may be granted . But

warns t h a t the Maharaja should do h i s b e s t to abide by the

Imperial order (and not side with Durgadas) for i t i s only

t ha t which wi l l prove h e l p f u l .

1. Durgadas Rathore had a t t h i s time re turned from Deccan and raided beyond the l i m i t s of h i s t e r r i t o r y , WR 17 Zialqada 1103/21 Ju ly 1692.

: 36 :

Calendar no . - 18


Name of the wr i t e r - no t mentioned

Dated - 26 Jamadi I I 1104 (Alamgiri)/4 March 1692

Reg no , - 852/580

La«nguage - Persian

Summary :

Conveys Mirza Yar 'Al i Beg's advices to the Maharaja,

"the Emperor says t h a t I want t ha t those who corrply with a l l my-

orders may ge^ promotion. But the appointed (ma'ruz shuda)

do not remember themselves ( i e . they misbehave) and a c t

cont rary to the Irrperial wishes. I t was His Majesty ( the

predecessor i e , Shahjahan) who used to condone such misdeeds.

But I cannot even t o l e r a t e the f a u l t s (umur-i gliair sharai)

of the p r i n c e s , what to t a lk about o t h e r s " . iQian Jahan

Bahadur Zafar Jung KOkaltash indulged in c e r t a i n misdeeds

(bidat) a t the subedari of Lahore. I n s p i t e of h i s nearness

to the Enperor the l a t t e r i s not happy with him.

"When the con|>laints regarding the co l l ec t i on of

rahdar i on the i r tper ia l highway, i l l e g a l exhortion of

m a l - i - ) ^ a l i s a and the loo t ing of the t r a v e l l e r s , reached

the Emperor he t r ans fe r red the Raja to the faujdar i of

Islamabad «o tha t the j a t s may be reprimanded. The i n t e r e s t

of Rajputs and Mughals are i n t e r l i n k e d . The Errperor has not

1. on the 13 August 1693 he had an audience with the Emperor and henceforth was detained a t the cour t t i l l h i s death in 1697. See M.A, op . c i t . p , 217 a l so M.U. op . c i t . , I , pp . 812, 813.

: 37 :

seen you and your opponents have repea tedly complained

tha t you are minor in age. The peshkar of Artiirul'umara

(Shais ta lOian) i s involved in spreading these news. The

Enperor became anxious and suspects t h a t v ices wi l l follow

wherever you go ( i e , you cannot adminis ter p rope r ly ) ,

The g i s t of what i have been t ry ing to say i s t h a t

some respons ib le person has to be appointed as the thanedar

of imperial highway. The chances of p r o f i t from fahdari are

numerous and the news regarding the sa fe ty of road t r a v e l s

equal ly f a s t amongst the nobles , the l a c t y , the r i ch and

the poor ,

"The peshkirs of 'Amirul 'Umara due to t h e i r personal

avar ice i l l - t r e a t e d the t r a v e l l e r s . Now if such a s i t ua t i on

is not c rea ted the management of the Raja wi l l become apparent .

And when the work cont inues unhindered for a year o r two

Raja ' s good adminis t ra t ion wi l l be known".

Reports t h a t i t i s s t a ted in the hasbul hukm

despatched by Bakhshi ul mulk Bahramand Khan to Aqil Khan

t h a t the service of Islamabad be given to the mhara ja and

the l a t t e r should keep d i r e c t cont ro l of the Imperial highway.

Makes h i s personal suggestions by saying " I t

would be b e t t e r i f a r e l i a b l e amin i s appointed a t qasba

Islamabad by Aqil iO}an to maintain a roznimcha of the

s 38 t

t r a v e l l e r s . Not a s ing le dim should be Collected from

the piyadas as r>&<^rl. Ins tead the t r a v e l l e r s be provided

grams a t every s t a t i on (roanzll) pahar Singh Gaur used to

d i s t r i b u t e syrup (sherbet) and grams on the Inper i a l highway,

p r a i s e s

The (of h i s deeds) reached the Errperor. Though the expendi

ture w i l l be immense b u t t h i s being g r e a t work wi l l wash off

the d i s repu te of p a s t and fu tu re . The procedure must be

followed for a t l e a s t one year . Separate enclosures be

cons t ruc ted outs ide the s a r a i s , and the s a r a i s should be

reserved for the t r a v e l l e r s on ly .

1, For corroborat ion see M.A. op . c l t . , p', 204 a lso Futuhat . op . c i t . ^ f. 136Ca)-137(a) .

J 39 :

Calendar no . - 19

Addressed to - Maharaja

Dated - 25th Ramazan, 1104 A.H./30 May 1693 AD

Reg no . - 304

Language - Persian

Summary :

Informs t h a t "According to the parwana-l darg"ah/

an amount of one lakh s ix ty thousand dams fior the pargana

Mauzabad (Muizzabad), from the begining of j^f i r l f a f t e r

the t r a n s f e r (of/from) Igiwi'ja Mirak to the j a q i r of

(Rifat panah) Mir Saheb Beg, was given to Mughal Khan, the

deceased as sa la ry t tnnj^viah) , The se rvan ts of Mir Saheb

have obtained the parwana in the name of SankhraJ the

Maharaia' s guniashta, for the i j a r a on a four month b a s i s .

As the 'amil of Rifa t panah was not ready to extend the four

month ij"ara ( to the Maharaja), thus the mahsul of t h a t place

could not be co l l ec t ed t i l l y e t . T i l l the Rabl season four

harves t s ( fas l ) have passed and Wizarat panah. Muhammad Amln,

the pTwan of Ajmer, as per the parwana from the cour t

=<parwana-'i da-tgahi) has despatched parvana in the name of

the Chaudhuries and ganungos of the sa id pargana, concerning

the v i l l a g e s (of the same pargana) . In t h a t parwana,

rupees two thousand and two hundred have been l a i d as ide as

r en t (kiraya) of the J a ma' of the mauâ. The ta lab of two

years i s four thousand four hxondred.

: 40 :

"Mir Saheb Beg, who belongs to a big family and

i s qu i t e c lose to you, p e t i t i o n e d the Emperor tha t the

sanads of the Inpe r i a l mutasaddis and t h i s parvana of the

Maharaja - who has influence in these v i l l a g e s (mawazi)

are in my hand. At t h i s time I am in troxible and bad condi

t i o n . An Imperial order was given t h a t t h i s case may be

decided by Hamld-uddin Khan, the KotWal in the presence of

the wak l l . Thus the p ros and cons of t h i s case were put

before the munsif. As per the parwana of the Maharaja which

i s in the name of SanXh Raj i t appeared t h a t the mahsul

of Kliarlf has been c o l l e c t e d with the help of the guroashtas

of Khwaja Mirak, I t s Qabz-ul Wasul along with the seal of

the Qazi has been sent to the wakl l . The co l l ec t i on of the

mahsul of Rabi i s the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of the sa rka r . For t h a t

i t i s being wr i t t en t h a t your gumashta Bhikari Efes i s a t

pargana Chatsu. He be c a l l e d and a f t e r giving the r e n t of

around four months along with expenses, the tashkhls of the

said dams be given to the gumashta, and then to take the

Qabz-ul wasul and RJizi nama (acceptance) from him and

despatch the same to the Emperor, i f he delays , i t w i l l not

be for the good. Regarding t h i s parwana, Hamiduddin Khan

said to me t h a t the demand ( tassaruf) of Kharl.f depends

upon the Qabz-ul wasul of Khwaja Mirak, I f the same comes

from him then the matter w i l l be d e a l t accordingly . Since

the season of Rabi, the mahsul reaches the sarkar of the

Maharaja, In f ac t the gumashta of MTr Saheb Beg has no say

in t h a t p l a c e . Legally Mirza Mrr Saheb has to pay the amount

: 41 I

of th ree seasons. In fu ture the share holder of t h a t

pargana Ja la ludd in be given the H a r a . in t h i s fashion the

case of the said Mirza w i l l be solved. The Mirza i s a lso

one of the c lose con f iden t s . The Enperor has a ear for such

people , And t h i s i s not good for Raja j i , I r ep l i ed t h a t

the Maharaja always speaks the t r u t h ( i e , I p ra ised you

to the Emperor), I sa id t h a t i f i t was otherwise , you

(Maharaja) would no t have sen t the sanad through the muddai

(agent ? ) . But from where should I g e t the Cash ? Apparently

in view of the above mentioned parwana, the gunashta* s of

the a foresa id Mirza would have taken the amount from

Sankhraj , Even I d o n ' t know about i t s d e t a i l s . I t i s only

a f t e r consul t ing you (Maharija) t h a t I deal t h i s c a s e .

After a g rea t deal of d iscuss ion a muchalka of four months

a f t e r was taken from me on condit ion t h a t the roahsul of

3 season have been c o l l e c t e d by the gumashta of Mirza Mir

Saheb from the mauza. The Turniar of rece iv ing i t may be

demanded a s per the Zabta. And a f t e r g iv ing the qabzul

wasul the money has been taken from the gumashtas of Raja

saheb, thein t h i s wi l l be known from the Qabzul wasul. And

if the demand of (mahsul) of 3 seasons i s due on your

s t a t e , then a tumar of the same may be prepared and brought

here and accordingly the payment should be made to the above

mentioned Mirza, From the season of ^ a r i f i t should be

c o l l e c t e d from the wa-|h i j a r a das tur of Ja la luddin Khan",

: 42 :

In the end conveys that he is sending the copies

of the parvana of the Oiwan of Ajmer, the parvana of the

Maharaja prepared by Sankhraj and the copy of the muchalka

along with this '-a-rzAdS^^

I 43 t

Calendar no . - 20

Addressed to - K&haraja (Bishan Singh)


Dated - 27th Rajab 1105/24 March 1694

Reg, no . - 811/591

Language - Persian

Summary :

Aknowledges the Maharaja's parwana dated 27th

jamadi l l 1105/16 March 1694 regarding the orders for the

assignment of parqana fcho in tanjtbwa ( l a g i r ) in l i eu of

Basawar to the Maharaja and the view of Bajdishi u l mulk

and inaya t u l l ah Wian the diwah of the c a p i t a l c i t y of

Akbarabad, t h a t parqana Malama was b e t t e r than Basawar.

Reports h i s knowledge of the above and the f ac t t h a t

the expenditure incurred in pargana Basawar was to uproot

rebe l s and obtaining imhancement. P a i l s to understand as

to why Bakhshi ul mulk did no t reques t for pargana Basawar 1

i n s p i t e of khow.ing the f a c t .

1 . I t appears t h a t the Maharaja was anxious to take the j a g i r s of Basawar for the reason t h a t i t was more convenient to tackle the j a t r ebe l s from t h i s p lace r a t h e r than Malama.

: 44 I

Calendar no . - 21


Name of the wr i t e r - Megh Ra j

Dated - 14th Safar 1105/15 Oct 1694

Reg. no , - 1395

Language - Persian

Summary :

Acknowledges Maharaja 's parwana informing t h a t the

r e l a t i v e s of Kishna Naruka and b ro the r s of Dil Singh e t c ,

who were mutual f r iends helped each o t h e r . I n sp i t e of

cons tan t warnings no payments were made by them (for

pargana Hindaun) . Reports t h a t the rebels though prepared

for a f i g h t were defeated.

Suggests t h a t in case the k a r o r i and amin give a

d i f f e r en t version to the Emperor, the Maharaja should give

the above d e t a i l s . Conplains t ha t i t has become the

p r a c t i c e of amin and k a r o r i to leave the v i l l a g e in the

hands of r e b e l s , and accommodate them when an army i s sent

to punish them. I t should therefore be enquired from them

t h a t how much mahsul has been deposited to the i n p e r i a l 2

t r e a su ry .

1. Naruka was a sub-clan of Rajawat Kachchwahas. The r ebe l s therefore belong to the clan of the Maharaja,

2. See infra Calendar no , 22,

: 45 :

Calendar no, - 22


Hame of the writer - Megh Raj

Dated - 11 Shawwal 1105/5 June 1694

Reg, no, - 440/340

Language - Persian

Sumnary :

Acknowledges the twelve parwanas wr i t t en a t the end

of Sha'aban and begining of Ramazan concerning the enrbezzle-

ment by the Maharaja's formed wakil Kesho Rai, managed by

him through despatching inconplete d e t a i l s of r e c e i p t s and 1

disbursement and reconc i l ing the d e b t o r s . Assures t h a t he

wil l appoint an amin to abjudica te the a f f a i r s i f the accounts

are no t submitted.

Reports t h a t the d e t a i l s of pa ibaql roahals of Asad

Khan wi l l be conveyed l a t e r and Sohrab Beg wi l l reach the

Maharaja.

Informs about the a f f a i r s of mahal-i jdPalisa being

solved as per the l e t t e r of Jumlat ul mulk.

Reports t ha t in reply to the Maharaja 's fear t h a t

the Emperor w i l l be l i eve the vers ions of s e l f i sh people the

Emperor has assured to ver i fy the matter before taking any

ac t i o n .

1. For d e t a i l e d discuss ion see supra In t roduct ion p . VU\

: 46 :

Informs t h a t Mukut (Mukund?) Singh the 'ami l of

jumla t ul Mulk's j a g i r checked the r e b e l s through the

cont ingent (lamiat) a t f i r s t then took b r i b e and re leased

the l a t t e r a f t e r having lodged complaint aga ins t the

con t ingen t . Suggests t h a t when Jumlat ul mulk deputes

Maharaja with h i s mutasaddi the Maharaja should r epor t

aga ins t Mukut Singh and demand replacement of the l a t t e r

with some o ther person.

: 47 :

Calendar no . - 23


Name of the w r i t e r - no t mentioned

Dated - 23 Rabi' I I 1105 - 22 Dec. 1694

S,no./Old no . - 847/494

Language - Pers ian

Summary t

Informs t h a t as pe r the order of the Maharaja the

p a t t a of i j a r a for pargana Malpur was leased to Dil Singh

and sen t to the Maharaja. Acknowledges Maharaja's parwana

dated 18th Rabi' I 37 RY {il November 1694) ordering the

c o l l e c t i o n of the revenue of Malpur on th ree monthly b a s i s .

A t t r i b u t e s t h a t the delay was owing to draught (Kûsk-sal i /

draught) t h a t was worsened by the e x t o r t i o n s of the

gumashtas of Di ls ingh. Suggests to iirpose three yearly

con t r ac t from the next year and not to s t r i v e for i t a t

the moment. Reports t h a t DiJ Singh had come from Nusratabad

a l i a s Sagar to the c o u r t in order to make t r ansac t ions of

i 1 a r a . Conveys ^ o u t t h a t the c o l l e c t i o n of expenses of

i l a r a and despatchment of the concerning p a t t a to the

Maharaja a l so the f i xa t i on of ins ta lments on da i ly b a s i s .

Informs t h a t through the mahzar i t came to be known

t h a t the 'amils of pargana Anupnagar, which i s in the

j a g I r of the Prince have corrplained to the pr ince regarding

: 48 :

the l oo t ing of grain worth Rs 2000 by the Maharaja's

s e rvan t s . Conveys t h a t they demand the amount from the

w r i t e r . Reports t h a t Mirza Yar Aii Beg has been deputed

for an enquiry and he (Mirza Yar Ali Beg) demands e i the r

the mahzar with the endorsement of diwan-i-suba or the

Maharaja's reply to the a l l e g a t i o n . Requests money for

the same i f c o l l e c t i o n i s made from the j a g i r . Suggests

to i n v e s t i g a t e the mat ter and send another mahzar to

n u l l i f y the charge .

1. See supra In t roduct ion p.XXIII

! 49 :

Calendar no , - 24



Dated - 11 Shawwal H06/25 May 1695

Reg, no . - 164

Language - Pers ian

Suimiary :

Reports t h a t "two years back f i f t y lakh dims of

pargana Udehi, Malarna, Toda Bhim etc were remitted

(taldafif) . I attempted to iitpress upon Inayat Ullah Khan

t h a t i t i s due to the devas ta t ion (of crops) , l e s s e r

h a s i l ( co l l ec t ion) and high p r i c e s t h a t the Maharaja wants

the extension of remiss ion. The Khan r e p l i e d t h a t a t the

lapse of two years the case should be presented before the

da f t a r - i -mu ta l iba (The accounts of f ice deal ing with S ta te

demands) .

"I contacted NaWab Jumlat ul mulk through Khwaja

Nisba t . The Nawab demanded four thousand rupees only for

f u l f i l l i n g the requirements ( sa r an1ap>-l raatallb) as

he cons iders the Raja as h i s own son. After much e f f o r t s

he l a t e r conceded to take three thousand rupees .

"The Emperor remained indoors for two days due to

Ramazan. On the t h i r d day he came out and signed the

p e t i t i o n (regarding taJsJafif) , He has ordered for cons ide ra t io

J 50 :

of an extension for an add i t iona l yea r . The diwin of the

parganas have been i n s t r u c t e d to i n v e s t i g a t e the mahsTil.

The concerning papers may kindly be despatched to accom

p l i s h the c a s e .

Informs about the despatchment of the l i s t of

r ebe l s of the v i l l a g e Mahaban to Jumlat ul mulk and a copy

to the Maharaja. Says t h a t Mutamad Khan has been ordered

to exterminate the r ebe l s un t i l s . Mukhtar Khan reaches

mustajnâr ul Kbi lafa .

Conveys the news of the assignment of qasba

Fatehpur to Sheikh Islam Mxihamnad and the o the r (adjoining)

mahals to the Maharaja's f a u l d a r i .

Requests the Maharaja to provide the d e t a i l s of

unnecessary expenditure so t h a t he may give an answer.

1, For Comments see supra In t roduct ion p . xVlll

: 51 :

Calendar no . - 25

Addressed to - Maharaja (Blshan Singh)

Name of the wr i t e r - Bhawani Das

Dated - 13 Z l l h i j j a 1107/14 Ju ly 1696

Reg. no . - 1919

Language - Pers ian

Summary :

Enquires tha t s ince the j a g l r d a r s of Malpura a l i a s

Lodri a re no t l ea s ing the j a q l r (for a longer period) If 1

the Maharaja wishes to 1Jara may be taken for three months.

Reports t h a t "the news has reached the (Imperial)

cour t t h a t Hari Ram Sahu and Rup Chand the gumashtas of

Maharaja a re not al lowing the amils of the pargana Chatsu

to C o l l e c t the mahsul the-refore reques ts the Maharaja for

the appointment of mace bea re r s to a s s i s t the amils of the

pargana.

Requests the Mahaja to inform Inaya tu l l ah lOiin to

take isychlâ]^ from him (wakil) . Cautions t h a t sanads

addressed to gumashtas might not f a l l in the hands of

the amils of Inaya tu l lah Khan since I t w i l l c r ea t e undue

problems.

1 . I t i s to be noted t h a t Malpura was of Immense inportance to the Maharaja which i s discemablê from h i s a t tempts to acquire a t f i r s t in tanldjwa j a g i r and now in 11 ara for t h r ee months.

2. See supra In t roduct ion p . x x i i i

SECTION II

CALENDAR OF HINDI ARZDASHTS

: 52 I

Calendar no . - 26

Addressed to - Maharaja J a i Singh

^ ame of the w r i t e r - Panchauli Jagjiwan Das

Dated - Miti Phalgim Vadi 7, V.S. 1761/7 March 1705

Language - Hindi

Summary:

Says t h a t Maharaja had not been ser ious about the

conferment of i«nJaat upon him (Maharaja) , Recal ls t h a t when

the Maharaja t r i e d , Kesho R a i ' s term had been conpleted and

the l a t t e r ' s son was of a minor age, p leads for the wakalat

to be Conferred upon him se l f ( w r i t e r ) .

Reports t h a t he goes to v i s i t the pr ince (Kam

Bal^sh) da i ly and the l a t t e r consider ing Klin (the wr i ter )

the Maharaja 's servant , honoured him,Says t h a t he has

attended Balsiishi-ul mulk Sadruddln Muhanmad Khan and Mahram

^ a n , both of whom have sought requests*from the Maharaja

(to the Emperor for the conferment of naubat) which they

would recommend to the Enperor. Informs t h a t everyone in

the c o u r t honours him.

Reports t h a t Kam Bakhsh offered to confer upon

him (wri ter) a mansab of 300 ( ? ) .Conveys t h a t since he f e l t

t ha t he would not be able to serve the Maharaja therefore 2

he didnot accept the o f f e r .

1 . See Supra In t roduct ion p,xi.

2. Ib id , p.XI

J 53 :

Reports the despatch of lOjushil Chand the

peshdast of Mirza Sadruddin Muhammad Khan' s ârzdasht to

the Maharaja and reques t s for a r e p l y .

I

Records the closeness of I ^ a j a (Mahram ) with

the Emperor^ who remained with the Emperor a l l the t ime.

Says tha t Hafiz iVnwar, and Masud are p r i v i l e g e d and they

a lso have inv i t ed reques t s to be recorranended to the Emperor.

I 54 ,

Calendar no . - 27

Addressed to - Maharaja a a i îngh

Name of the wr i t e r - Panchaull Jagjiwan Das

Dated - Mill Sawan Vadi 5 V.S. 1762/20 Aug 1705

Language - Hindi

Summary:

Complains t h a t four years have passed since the

Maharaja appointed Kesho Rai as h i s wakll* coiqplains • t h a t

the l a t t e r did not accomplish any work and always misinfor

med the Maharaja about h i s e f f o r t s to procure navibat for the

Maharaja. Also says t h a t the money to be invested for the

conferment of naubat was taken home by the wakll Kesho Rai .

Further adds t h a t a t the death of Kesho Rai, h i s son was

appointed as wakll•» Feels t h a t the new wakll being a minor

does not command any r e spec t in the c o u r t and h i s reques ts

are r e j ec t ed in f ront of him. Blames the Maharaja for

destroying h i s work by re ly ing on the ac t i ng wakl l .

Goes on to say t h a t na\3bat has been conferred upon

everyone e l s e such as Ramsingh Hada and Raja Ifelpat while

the Maharaja who i s the "s ins of Hindus and the cou r t of

Amber", and the "lord of big thakurs and mutasaddis",

su rp r i s ing ly has ye t to receive naubat .

Reports t h a t "for a long time the dlwan arid

bakhshis l o s t groxind to the Khwaja. I f the cour t i s

1. See In t roduct ion p . V»ii

: 55 :

convened then only the drwan and bal^shXs come hence the

cour t i s not he ld . In the whole month, four or five cou r t s

were summoned for a dura t ion of two t o four ghar i s and

sometimes even when the reques ts were being read out, the

cour t was adjourned.

Conveys t ha t ' t h e lOiwaja (Mahram) i s p resen t a t the

y;|hwabqah of the Errperor for the whole day. And Hafiz Anwar

a s s i s t s the Emperor to s i t and stand s ince the Emperor has

been pa ra lyzed , Hafiz Anwar has been given the t i t l e of

Khidmatgar lOian , The Enperor i s much pleased with Hafiz

Anwar and has accepted the enhancement, mansab and naubat

of the nobles recommended by him.

F ina l ly ends the a rzdasht by saying t h a t the task

of acqui r ing the naubat he en t r su ted to him for which he asks

the Maharija to s e c r e t l y send a hundi, a t l e a s t a couple of *

Kj i il* ' ^ made of Kan^jjjwab, a parwana addressed to him

(wri ter) and a nish'an of the pr ince along with a .request

of the Mahariija to Khidmatgar Khan or Mahram Khan,

1. Îso see M.A. op . c i t ^ p . 509.

2. Ib id , p . 506.

: 56 s

Calendar no. - 28

Addressed to - Maharaja j a i Singh

Name of the wr i t e r - jagjiwandas

Dated - Mangsir Vadi 7 Friday V.S. 1763/14 Dec. 170 6

Language - Hindi

Surtma ry :

Thanks the Maharija for conferment of wakalat to

him. Assures t h a t he w i l l ge t acquainted with the necessary

informat ions .

Informs t h a t Mirza Sadruddin says t h a t the

Maharaja 's demand can mate r i a l i ze through the nishan of

Bidar Bakht otherwise only naqqara w i l l be ass igned.

Reports t h a t a reques t has been presented a t the

cour t t h a t the enemy (marathas) has reached Gujarat hence

Chatsu and Mauzabad be guarded by the con t ingen t . Adds

tha t the pa ibaqi of Suba Ajmer i s offered to the Maharaja

on the condi t ion of maintaining a con t ingen t .

Assures t ha t for the^ Chhota Saheb (Bijay Singh)

he w i l l manage mahal-i watan from the j a g l r s assigned to

Raja Rao Singh of Toda Bhlm,

: 57 :

Calendar no . - 29


Name of the wr i t e r - Panchaull Jagjiwan Das

Dated - Balsakh Sudi lO V.S. 1764/12 May 1707

Language - Hindi

Suimary :

Informs t h a t he (wri ter) has managed to get the

t i t l e of Mirza Raja, the mansab of 7000/7000 and naubat

for the Maharaja by promising Amirul umara f i f t y thousand 2

rupees . Congratulates for the same and o f fe r s a nazr of

22 muhurs.

Adds t h a t he would make the reques t for the g ran t of

parganas in watan in a day or two. Asks for the expenses so

tha t Santokh Ram i s sues a r e l i a b l e hundi .

Requests for the payment of ha l f the amount

( i e , 25,000) to Amirul'umara and says t h a t the r e s t wi l l be

paid l a t e r on.

Reports t ha t i t was s e t t l e d t h a t 5000/5000 wi l l be

conferred upon the son of A j i t Singh. Says t h a t the above

was made poss ib le by promising Amirul Umara one lakh rupees .

1. See a l so Ajibbarat, 25 Muharram 1119/7 Apri l 1707.

: 58 :

Calendar no . •- 30


Name of the wr i t e r - panchaull Jagjiwan Das

Dated - Mltl Phalgun Sudi 12 Mon V . s . 1767/2 March 1710

Language - Hindi

Summary :

Reports t h a t as per the Maharaja's o rders , he i s

in touch with Mahibat igian and the l a t t e r v i s i t s Nawab _ 2

idian-i Khanan r e g u l a r l y . 3

Informs t h a t Rustam Dil has succeeded in ge t t ing

orders issued to maintain a cont ingent pa id in cash

( r i s a l a - i nagdi) in parganas of Sanbhar, Didwana and Amri,

Reports t h a t Nawab Igif.n-i Idianan and Mahabat lOian had to ld - - 4

Bhandari and Bhikhari Das t h a t they had been careful in

the a f f a i r s of Maharaja bu t when the l a t t e r did not t u rnup ,

Rustam Dil took advantage and obtained 10«000 sawars.

Reports the appointment of Mewati (?) to the

fau jdar i of Pur Mandal a s per t r a d i t i o n , and grant of 5000

sawars to Nusrat Yar Khan and conferment of the faujdar i

of Mewat to Shahnawaz Khan.

1, Mahabat i^3n was the t i t l e of Nairn Kiian, the son of Mun im Klian. M.U. op . c i t . Vol. I I , 677.

2. Mun'lm Khan was Wian-i Khanan M.U. op . c i t . Vol. I I , 667.

3 . Rustam Dil was the qua r t e r master g e n e r a l .

4 , Bh ik i r i Das was the DXwan of Amber.

: 59 :

Conveys the information of the chaot ic condit ion

of Mewat.

Reports t h a t Khan-i Khanan has been informed about

the a r r i v a l of Maharaja and A j i t Singh. Requests the

Maharaja to reach the cou r t and to leave AjXt Singh i f he

delays because the l a t t e r ' s ances tors had always acted in

s imi la r manner unlike Maharaja's ances to r s who were always

in the Errperor's s e r v i c e .

Reports the grant of pargana Ida r to Rathore

Durgadas along with f i f t y thousand rupees as loan (musaadat)

Informs the reduct ion of 500 z a t in the rank of

Inder Singh and enhancement of 500 sawa^s to Mukkam Singh

conveys the orders of the Emperor to Subedar of Akbarabad

and Lahore not to appoint Hindus to subedari of the above 4

parganas and those in service to be t r a n s f e r r e d .

Requests t o r h i s sa lary since i t could not be arranged

from the h a s i l of Lihore and peshwar - the kharif harves t

had been destroyed by the floods and t h a t of Rabi who being

c u l t i v a t e d through taccav i loans . The t o t a l h a s i l amounts

to two thousand five hundred rupees ou t of which e igh t hundred

to nine hundred rupees i s the expenditure already incur red .

Complaints t h a t waklls from Mansingh's time onwards 5 ' —

had l ived l i k e nobles , h i s monetary condi t ion to the wakils of A j I t Singh and Rana,

1, See Supra In t roduct ion p . X/U-2, Inder Singh was the son of Rao Amar Singh, 3 , Mukhan> Singh was the son of Indar Singh 4 , The con tex t of the statement i s no t c l e a r , 5, See In t roduct ion p . \/\

I 60 :

Calendar no. - 31

Addressed to - Maharaja Jai Singh

Name of the writer - jagjiwan Das

Dated - Baisakh Vadi 13, V.S. 1768/21 April 1711

Language - Hindi

Summary :

Informs t h a t "Ghattram has rendered serv ices

(for the Maharaja), He rrtay be conferred mansab and j a g i r

as per t r a d i t i o n provided he i s given the wakalat of Chunna

S a h i b . ^

Says t h a t "when l a t e Maharaja (Bishan Singh) had

received the t i t l e (of Maharaja) h i s wakil was conferred

horse and sarppa. Your reputa t ion i s no way in fe r io r to

t ha t of the l a t e Maharaja, therefore I reques t for an

e lephant .

Requests for a r e l i a b l e hundi s ince the shops of

Dhaneswar Guj ra t i had been closed when he went to encash

a hundi of two thousand f ive hxmdred rupees .

Reports t h a t Parwardi Ahmed Jjîn Ja l abad i and

h i s sons acquired the o f f i ce of diwan (diwani) of sijba Ajmer on

a payment of seventeen thousand rupees to Raja Sdbha

Chand and the faujdaTri of Sattibhar from Muhanmad Muqim

1. Ghawram was the son in law of Panchauli Jagjiwan Das, 2. B'or d e t a i l s see Supra Int roduct ion p . > ll 3 . I b i d .

: 61 ;

through the mediat ion, of Nusrat Xar Khan.

Requests for ^five thousand rupees so t ha t he may

repay the amount taken by diwan Bhi l^ r i Das from the s t a t e

of p r ince Muhaiwnad Azim.

Informs t h a t the nobles of lower rank are paying

dawab. Also says t h a t sanads of j a g i r w i l l be given only

when dawab i s p a i d . Queries whether the re wi l l be fu r ther

delay in the payment of dawab in which case he may despatch

a muchalka,

Ajsks about the arguments to be presented in reply

to the p e t i t i o n f i l e d a t the cour t by the j a g l r d a r s of

i a l s o t h .

1. This seems to be another reference of J a i Singh ha rass ing the neighbouring l aq i rdays .

: 62 .

Calendar no. - 32


Name of the wr i t e r - panchauli Jagjiwan Das

Dated - j ye s tha Vadi 1 V.S. 1768/18 May 1711

Language - Hindi

Sunmary :

Informs t h a t Sah Nainsukh had wr i t t en t ha t he had

arranged with Asafudaula for the fauj da r i of Mathura to be

assigned to Kjinwar Chvmna Sahib on the payment two

thousand to four thousand rupees to Asafudaula. Says t h a t

he conveyed t h i s to Raja Sdbha Chand, who said tha t "no

work can be accomplished without the permission of Amirul

'Uma ra

Reports t h a t I have conveyed your demands to Amirul

'Umara. He has demanded money for making arrangements

(muhtmsazi) . Write to me the demands you wish to p r e s e n t .

The Nawab (Arnlriil "urnara) w i l l work only when he i s paid the

des i red amount. I f the nansab of 7000/7000 i s conferred

then only we can pay whatever he wishes, whereas for the

fau jdar i of ifethura send any amount you wish to g ive .

Though the assignment of pargana Deoti Sanchari,Malpura, Tonk

or Khohri would be p r e f e r r a b l e . You therefore kindly

keep these po in t s in view and send the r e p l y , Nawab

Amirul 'umara i s very c lose to the Enperor, and Raja S lbha

I 63 :

Chand i s adv i se r of Zul f iqar Khan, i f you send the des i red

amount then the work i s expected to be accorrplished. I t would

be b e t t e r i f these tasks are dea l t wi thin four o r f ive

days.

Requests for the amoxint of i j a r a due to the

jagirda"rs of Lalsoth and Bhim (Toda Bhdtei) .

Informs t h a t ' ' a s per t r a d i t i o n a hundi worth ten

thousand rupees and fo r ty thousand rupees was issued as

the tan of the old and new jaTgir. ou t of which five thousand

rupees were accepted by the guiriashta of Kharagsen Hathiram.

A hiindi was to be drawn from the dukan of Dhaneswar Gujara t i

who declared bankruptcy*. Dhola Mahasingh another money 1

lender refused to encash the hundl therefore i t has been

sent to you. I am hopeful t h a t the hundi of the remaining

amotint w i l l be issued fix>ra r e l i a b l e gahukar so t h a t the

amount i s sent for the prepara t ion of parwana without de lay .

Informs t h a t Amirul'umara has asked not to

re f ra in from the payment of dawib. Requests for the payment

of the same.

1, See Supra In t roduct ion p.XU

t 64 :

Calendar no . ~ 33


Name of the wr i t e r - Panchauli Jagjiwan Das

Dated - Sawan Vadi 2 1768/5 Aug 1711

Language - Hindi

Summary : j

Informs t h a t "on Saj/an Vadi 2/5 Aug Raja S^bha

Chand conplained to me t h a t 'Maharaja has no t removed thana

from Sarribhar as ye t , n e i t h e r ]ias he given the revenue of

the 1 ag i r d a r s of Me%rat, Akbarabad and Ajraer even then he

submits p e t i t i o n for enhancemjsnt and j a g i r . A j i t Singh i s

safe s ince he i s away while you a re only 80 kos away from

Jahanabad, You are s tak ing your watan without any reason.

The Nawab (Amirul'umara) says t h a t 'Raja Ram Singh and

Nawab Asafudaula had become bro thers by exhanging turbans

and I (Nawab Amirul 'umara) and Kunwar Kishan Singh had a l so

become b r o t h e r s . You ( j a i Singh) have been granted mansab

and t i t l e keeping in view the above f a c t s . You are considered 2 to be the grandson •even then you are c r e a t i n g problems.

We have been request ing you since l a s t four months to

stop the non-cooperative a c t i v i t i e s . Remove your thanas

from Sambhar and al low the iaglrdarrs to take charge of

t h e i r j a g i r s . The l a t e Mirza Raja ( j a i Singh) and Ram Singh

1. Kunwar Kishan Singh was the son of Raja Ram Singh, M.A., p . 84 ,

2, For corroborat ion see l e t t e r of Nawab Asadi Kb^n to Subedar of Ajmer dated 11 Safar 1121/21 April 1709,

s 65 :

had wished you to be In the Emperors se rv ice , f u l f i l t h e i r

wish and ge t whatever you want from the Emperor in l i e u of

i t . I f you do not evacuate Sambhar and give revenue to

l a g l r d a r s then we a l so would not take any i n t e r e s t in your

work. Whatever happens then you w i l l have to be prepared for

i t . The Emperor has given you mansab, t i t l e and j a g i r .

i n s p i t e of which you remain unfr iendly" .

Reports the despatchraent of Imperial farman

through Shah Beg and Mirza Qadri by Amirul 'umara. Requests

to convince the c o u r i e r s about h i s (Mahataja*s) i n t en t i ons

since Amirul 'umara has received the coR^la in ts from

Sambhar.

,x 66 :

Calendar no, - 34


Name of the w r i t e r - Jagjiwan Das

Dated - Kart ik vadi 14 V.S. 1768/26 Oct 1711

Language - Hindi .

Surmary :

Informs t h a t "Bal Kishan MahaJân the nat ive

of Mauza Dhaula, parqana Manoharpur had gone to Raj Sa r t a l

for a day Nirbhat Singh the thlinedar of Atela (bhabra)

and p i ragpur caught him from there (Raj Sar ta l ) and impri

soned him.

"Raja Sobha Chand wrote to me t h a t i should wr i te

you to i n s t r u c t Nirbhai Singh to r e l ea se Bal Kishan

Mahajan."

"The b ro the r of Bil Kishan says t ha t the mutasaddis

of our s t a t e have fixed e i g h t thousand rupees for h i s

r e l e a s e . Raja SdA>ha Chand asked me to wr i t e (-to you) about

t h i s a l s o . He has a l so asked for a reduct ion on the above

head (bab)" .

: 67 :

Calendar no. - 35

Addressed to - Maharaja jai Singh

Name of the writer - Panchauli Jagjiwan Das

Dated - Kartik Sudi 1 V.S. 1768/28 Oct 1711

Language - Hindi

Summary:

Reports t h a t on the occasion of Diwali the Prince

f i l e d a p e t i t i o n to the Enperor, which the Enperor signed.

Provides the de ta i l s , as fol lows,

"The fau idar i of So ra th i s agreed to be given to

Maharaja' A j i t Singh",

"You are assigned the f au ida r i of Ahmedabad guhara,

The p lace i s 20 kos away from pi rag across the Ganges and

i s the t e r r i t o r y of Basant zamindar. P resen t ly h i s son i s

ru l ing there since Basant has d ied . He i s r e b e l l i c u s and

does not give the 'amal to the subedar. There are some o the r

zamindars a lso of t h i s type .

"The bakhshi of Maharaja A j i t Singh had requested

for h i s (Aj i t Singh's) enhancement which was accepted,

"The reques t of the enhancement of Maharaja

A j i t Singh son (Kxinwar) and Kunwar Chimna Sahib was sent

to the Emperor which wi l l be signed hopefu l ly .

t 68 :

"Hidayat u l l ah Mian had requested for the t a l ab

of your b i r a d a r l and tha t of Ajl.t Singh, on which Batsar

i s assigned to Aj i t Singh and Mauzabad to you.

Reports t h a t the sanads of Gopal Singh 's mansab

and l a g i r has been i s sued .

» 69 :

Ca lendar n o . - 36


Name of the w r i t e r - P a n c h a u l i Jag j iwan Das

Dated - KiTrtik Sudi 6 V . S . 1768/2 Nov 1711

Language - Hindi

Summary:

Repor t s t h a t Shah Qudra tu l l ah e x p e c t s bo th t h e

Ra jas , j a i Sinch and A j i t Singh to h e l p Muhanmad Amin

Khan •> s i n c e Guru (Banda Bahadur)

has p l a n n e d ' t o cone to Makhar,

Conveys t h a t Shah Qudra tu l l ah informed Bhandari

t h a t one l akh rrtpees each should be s e n t firom bo th tiie Rajas

a s Nazr , o u t of which s i x t y thousand r u p e e s each w i l l be

a c c e p t e d a s t h e peahkash of the Emperor and f o r t y thousand

rupees a s peshkash of P r i n c e ( S a h i b - i alam) . Requests f o r

the same,

Acknowledges t h e parwana w i th s p e c i a l s ea l

o r d e r i n g the b r i n g i n g of s u r e t y from P u r o h i t Syam Ram

for the i j ' a ra of pargana Khohr i . informs t h a t t he i l a r a

i s s e t t l e d from I tbar i f t o fou r months of r a b l . Requests

t h a t i f t he revenue of r a b i has been r e a l i z e d e x t r a

then i t should be r e t u r n e d t o Anxip Singh as p e r the

c o n d i t i o n s in the ttjiriar. Asks f o r s u r e t y f o r Khohri and

J a i t p u r .

Informs abou t the i n p o s i t i o n of dawab, from

z i l q a d .

i 70 s

Calendar no. - 37


Name of the wr i t e r - Jagjiwan DaTs

Dated - Magh Vadi 3 V.S. 1768/30 Jan 1711

Language - Hindi

— 1 Informs tha t 'Shah Qudratvillah has ins t ruc ted

Maharaja (you) to come to the ( Inper ia l ) cou r t from Amber,

The p r ince (Azim ush shan) has managed to delay t h i s i s sue , 2 ^

i t i s therefore advisable to come in the meatime . The

mutasaddis w i l l manage your s t a t e in your absence. Please

come intnediately since our bet terment depends upon the

wi l l of the pr ince and the Emperor,

Reports t h a t the parwanas addressed to Muharmad

Muqim, the diwan of Ajmer and Nusrat Yar Khan have been

de l ivered to Asafuddaula for h i s s e a l .

tas iha) ,

informs the exenption from branding (dagh wa 3

Conveys the cotnplaints of footmen (piyada) ,

c l e r k s (naursandas) of a u d i t of f ice (mustauî ) , and the

o f f i c i a l s of property ( t assa r ruf ) and d i s t r i b u t i o n of the

1. Confidant of Prince Azim ush shan who exercised much Influf^nce a t the i n p e r i a l cour t , V.V. , op, c i t , . Vol,2, p t 3, pp,, 943-946.

2. j a i Singh was d iscontented for he and Aj i t Singh were not appointed to Gujarat and Malwa. He stayed for nine months in Kamal from Dec 1710 onwards. V,V, Vol .2 , p t . 3, pp , 948,

3 . Sometimes t he Enperor exempted the mansabdirs from dagh for a l imi ted pe r iod . A]i2ibarat 7th Jamada l i 8 th R.Y. a l so Mughal Nobi l i ty xmder Aurangzeb, o p . c i t . p p . 58-59.

: 71 :

assessment of revenue (tagslm) for no t being paid the

monthly cash payment. Says t h a t we ought to be careful

about these men on whom we a r e dependent and who have

been receiving sa lary for the l a s t hundred y e a r s .

Reports the confirmation of the g ran t of a

Condit ional (mashrut) j a g i r in \hmedabad-guhara,

informs t h a t mahal_s of Khanda^" Khimi wi l l be

requested fo r .

Reports t h a t ' S h i v l i i ja radar* has claimed the

amount of dawab from the of f ice of awperinteiident of

fodder (kachehri darogjaa Isburak) . He appealed that an amount

of Rs, 7000 was in a r r e a r s when Megh Raj and Kesho Rai

o f f i c i a t e d (as wakll ) during the re ign of ûrangzeb and

i t had then been decided to pay the amount on ins ta lments

of Rs 300 per month. He could receive only two such

ins ta lments when Aurangzeb d ied . After Aurangzeb's deadth

he received orders to g e t the amount. The case was l a t e r

t r ans fe red to Ibrahim Khan who has go t the sanad with the

seal of Kesho Rai for the a r r e a r s of dawab to be co l l ec t ed

in Khelna. I reques t you to pay the remaining amount of

dawab to him.

Con^la ins ' for not rece iv ing loan and expenses

(of the Cour t ) , Acknowledges the r e c e i p t of h i s sa la ry from

the s t ipend (ulufa) of the f o r t of Peshawar,

Reports the res igna t ion of mutasaddi of the |l>ur4

of Peshawar.

J 72 s

Calendar no. - 38


Name of the writer - Jagjiwan Das

Dated - Phalgun Sudi 1, V.S. 1768/23 Feb 1711

Language - Hindi

Summary :

Informs t h a t "The Errperor died on phalgun Vadi

1/8 Feb. Begum Azim ush shan.gave away the news of h i s

death on phalgun Vadi 6/13 Feb.Amirul Umara to ld Chin

Qulich Khan to prepare the army, on Sudi 1/23 Feb,

Amirul Umara and Chin Qulich I hian went to console

the p r inces (Begs) and pr incesses (Begums). They a r r e s t ed

Hidayat Kesh ^Jian the wakiX of Kam Ba^^sh.

"on the same day Sultan Nazar brought a slab of

sandal wood. The coff in of the Enperor i s being prepared 2

from i t .

"Azim ush shan has ordered the ba}iJjshis to

organise the forces for war. Today Azim us shan wi l l reach

(Lahore) . "

1. Karwar Kban gives 20 Muharram 1124/27 Feb 1712 as the date of Emperor's death which he says was caused by enlargement of sp leen . See Tazkirat~us Sala t in chaghta, op . c i t . , pp . 143-144.

2. Though the body was prepared for b u r i a l and l a i d on a b i e r , i t lay unburied u n t i l the sucession of the throne had been decided. I b i d . , p . 14 3-147.

I 73 s

Calendar no . - 39


Name of the wr i t e r - Panchauli jagjiwan DeTs

Dated - Phalgun i>udi 10 1768/7 April 1712

Language - Hindi

Summary:

Informs t h a t "jahandar Shah, jahan Shah and

Rafi ush shan c o l l e c t i v e l y a t tacked Azim ush shin on phalgun

Vadi 10, Thursday 1769/23 March 1712. Canons were used

ex t ens ive ly . After the t h i r d pahar some say (prince) Azim

has died o the r s maintain t h a t he has f led away, (His son)

Muhammad Karim was k i l l e d ( in the b a t t l e ) . The news i s that - 1 — — 2 —

Raja Bahadur , Mahabat lOian, Hamiduddln Khan and Shahnawaz — 3 4

Khan have a l so been k i l l e d ,

"Azim's house was looted and the top-]daana and

t reasury was taken over by Jahandar Shah, Ihe navibat of

v i c to ry was played a t Azim's pa l ace . The news of the n igh t

was t h a t the sawars a re a le r t , cannons a r e ready and the

c i t y i s acknowledging the v ic to ry of Jahandar Shah over Azim. .5

1, Raja Bahadur was the t i t l e of Raj Singh of Kishangarh M.U. o p . c l t . . Vol. I I , p .220 ,

2, Hamiduddin, Khan Baha"dur was Mir Tuzuk and superintendent of mace beare rs \inder Bahadur Shah, M.U. o p . c i t . , v o l . 1 , p p . 605-611.

3 , Shah Nawaz ^ a n was in the s ix th genera t ion from Shah Ismail Safawi. M,U, o p . c i t . . Vol , I I I , p ,692 .

4 , The wakil here seems to be basing pure ly on rumours for we know t h a t Hamiduddln survived the war of sucession and in h i s wr i t ing a t Muharrmad Shah's r e ign . See M.U. o p , c i t . . Vol. I , p . 6 1 1 ,

5, For a fuller description. See Later Mugbals, op.cit,. Vol, I, pp, 159-177.

74

".tet us see whether the remaining three

p r inces accept some t r e a t y or f igh t to decide the issue,

Whatever tê news I w i l l l e t you know".

: 75 :

Calendar no . - 40

Addressed to - l-laharaja j a i Singh

Name of the wr i t e r - panchaul i JagJiwan Das

Dated - Chaitra Vadi 9 V.S. 1769/16 Apri l 1712

Language - Hindi

Summary :

Informs t h a t Nawab Amirul Umara took him to

Emperor's presence in the tasb ih Ishana and he (wakil)

presented five mxahurs. provides the d e t a i l s of waj ib ul krz

accepted by the Emperor as follows;

Congratulates ( the Maharaja) for the confirmation

of the l i t t l e of Sawai, and the mansab of 7000/7000.

Reports t h a t "on Chaitijâdi 5, before the

execution of Azim ush shan^ nego t i a t ions were made for

about ten days. On t h i s da te , Jahah Shah sen t a message

t h a t the mulk and booty be d i s t r i b u t e d a s per the t r a d i t i o n

of the sons of Timur, Later Jahandar Shah was k i l l e d along

with one of h i s son. Two younger sons of Jahan Shah were

a r r e s t e d " .

"^âhandiTr Shah and Rafiush Shin l a t e r entered

the pa lace with g rea t r e j o i c i n g . On the n igh t of the same

day Jahandar Shah sen t a message to Rafi ush shin t h a t

1. In the above l i n e s the wakil i s n a r r a t i n g the d e t a i l s of the events j u s t before h i s wr i t ing the 'arzdasht in the l i n e s to follow he gives the p a s t events . Also, note t h a t V.S, Bhatnagar in i i f e and 'îmes of Sawai J a i Singh gives a l a t e r evidence (WR 1713) for Conferment of t i t l e see p.i05

: 76 :

' h i t h e r t o Kabul had been with you, I wish you to e i t h e r

take e a s t (purab) , which was formerly with Jahan Shan

or South (Dakhin) , Rafi ush shan r ep l i ed tha t 'God has

d iscr iminated man from man by bestowing k ingsh ip . Hence the

b a t t l e w i l l take place a t the time of morning prayer .

The a r sena l remained a c t i v e for the whole n i g h t . After some

time both Jahandar Shah and Rafi ush shan rode to. t h e i r 2

des t i na t ion and fought with both gun and arrow".

"on Chait Vadi 7 1769/14 April Monday 1712

two ghar i a t the day break army of Rafi ush Shan

hastened to the b a t t l e f i e l d . So long as Rafi ush shan

continued shooting arrows he was safe b u t l a t e r he himself

was h i t by an arrow and was k i l l e d . His e lde r son Sultan

Ibrahim was a l so k i l l e d while the two younger sons were

arres ted, Ihus a f t e r executing the e lde r sons of the three

pr inces (jahan Shah, Azimushan and Rafi ush shan) now

Jahandar Shah has become the Enperor and occupied the 3

throne ",

1, According to I b r a t Namah South was given to Jahan Shah. See Qasim Lahori, I b r a t Namah, MS. Br Mus. Add 2624 5, Rotograph (AMU) no, 6 - pp 4 2(a)-49 ( a ) ,

2, For a d i f f e r e n t and more pic turesque descr ip t ion see Tazki ra t -us S a l a t i n - i chaghta, op, c i t , , p , 150-157.

3, The date pirovided by Yahya jgiin for the above b a t t l e i s 19 safar 1123/8 Apri l 1712 which i s qu i t e near to the date WR. See Yahya j ^ a n , Tazkira t ul Muluk, lOL, no, 1147, rotograph copy, A,M,U. no, 8 1 . f. 118(a) , J .N. Sarkar in h i s footnote to Later Mughals p . 184 says t h a t the year in Tazkirat ul muluk should be 1124 i e . 1712-1713.

: 77 :

"Please send money for the darbar toarch e i t h e r

to (Bhikharl) Das or the mutassadi along with some favours

for myself for having secured mansab and t i t l e for you.

Reports tha t he pleaded A j i t Singhscase a t the

c o u r t . Conplains t h a t i n s p i t e of having secured Jodhpur,

t i t l e and mansab for A j i t Singh he was removed from the

wakalat of Jodhpur by A j i t Singh,

Continues with the aftermath of the b a t t l e by

saying 'Amirul Una ra was h i t by an arrow in the head,

ûstam Dil iân and Mukhlis Khan were beheaded, o rders

were i ssued by ,the En5>eror to get the news of those persons

who had f led away with Azim us Shan, Jahan Shah

and Rafi ush Shan.

1. See supra In t roduct ion p . x i i i .

: 78 :

Calendar no . - 41


Name of the wr i t e r - jagjiwan Das

Dated ~ j ye s tha Vadi 1 V.S. 1769 /21 Jiuie 1712

Language - Hindi

Informs t h a t Pr ince Aizzuddin has been conferred

saropa, horse , e lephant , jwel le ry and rupees one crore and

despatched with 50,000 sawirs to reprimand ParruJih S iyar ,

Reports t h a t "hundis of ten thousand rupees

were issued from Lahore on Delhi and were despatched with

the men accompanying the coff in of the ( l a t e ) Emperor

(Bahadur Shah) , Ttie hundis were drawn on three banker ' s

houses (dukan) in Delh i . Kharagsen Hathiram who was drawn

on for f ive thousand rupees kept on postponing payment.

Dhola Mahasingh, another money lender refused to give the

amount of two and a ha l f thousand rupees, since the

Maharaja had not repaid a previoxB loan, he a l s o threatened

t h a t i f the amount was not returned he w i l l charge

gunahgir l (penal i n t e r e s t ) , The t h i r d monsey lender was

absent and the bohra looking a f t e r h i s shop refused to

honour the hundi .

1 . For d e t a i l s see Muntakbab ul lubab, op . c i t . , i i , p . 698.

2 . On 11 April 1712 the coffin was despatched to Delhi under the charge of Bibi Mihir parwar the Emperor's widow and Chin Qulich Muhammad gjian. I t a r r ived a t Delhi on the 15 May 1712, where i t was bur ied near the shrine o Qutubuddin Kaki. See Qasim, Ibratnama, O P . c i t . , f,4 3 ( a ) - ( b ) .

: 79 :

'Another hvmdl of one thousand rupees was sen t

for my sa la ry Ky a gmnashta had fled and the sa r ra f s 1

(bankers) were not ready to honour i t " .

Informs t h a t "Amirul Umara, ichan-i Dauran, who

i s the balshshi I I , H i f i zu l l ah Khan the t h i r d bakhshi,

Tarbiyat Khan, Al i Mardan Khan, the subedar of Lahore,

Zabardast TOian and h i s sons, Al i Murad lOian the naib

subedar Multan, : ^ a n - i Jahin Bahadur, Raja Sopal Singh

Bhadoriya, Bahramand Khan, the darpgha-i gurzbardar, DaudJ

Khan the subedar Deccan, inaya tu l lah | ^ a n , the svibedar

Kashmir, Nasir Khan, subedar Kabul, Husain ^ a n , naib

subedar. Thatta have paid dawab a t the r a t e of one crore

dams each for the maintenance of f ive e lephants as per the 2

custom vmder Aurangzeb".

1. See supra In t roduct ion p . xix-xx

2. See Supra In t roduct ion p . x v i i i

: 80 :

Calendar no . - 4 2


Name of the wr i t e r - Panchauli jagjiwan Da s

Dated - Asarh Vadi 5 V.S. 1769/12 Ju ly 1712

Language - Hindi

Summary ;

Congratulates for the r e s t o r a t i o n of Chimna

Sah ib ' s (Vijay Singh) watan 1agir (of ? ) .

Reports t h a t the towns of the e n t i r e Empire

(mumalik-i mahrusa) have been res tored ( to jjfjjâlisa ?) ,

' ^ e parwana has been prepared in the o f f i ce of kha l i sa

and has been despatched for the seal of Asafudaulah.

Informs about the despatchment of s i \^ha of

man sab of 7000/7000 and expects sanads from b a l ^ s h i s .

Conveys t h a t the nawisanda of Aj i t Singh

maintained a t Rs lO per i s not welcomed a t the cour t .

Reports t h a t Nawab (>\mirul Umara) says t h a t

favours w i l l be granted to the Maharaja when he p resen t s

himself a t the cour t ,

informs t h a t "Ikhlas lOian, the diwan-i tan

has a v i l l a g e of have l i Ajmer in h i s j a g i r . His

gumashta (agent) has complained tha t Maharaja's (your)

mutasaddis have c o l l e c t e d revenue ( t a h s i l ) from the j a q i r s

of Ikh las Khan and o ther j a g l r d a r s . The people of the

: 81 :

p lace had pleaded a l o t but in va in . The mutasaddls of

Ikh las Khan want the J a g l r to be vacated otherwise the

servant (wri ter) wi l l be a r r e s t ed in order to ge t back the

revenue, on hearing the new^-the Nawab (Amirul umara)

ordered you to remove the thana and to give the amal of

the j ag l rda ra and the revenue co l l e c t ed from the people .

Ikhlas Khan i s the diwa"n~i tan, we have con tac t him for our

j i g i r hence he should be pleased, ins tead of loot ing h i s

j a g i r . I f you are unfr iendly to the j a g i r d a r s then the

thanas w i l l be l o s t . I f the a l l ega t i on i s wrong then send

a mahzar with the seal of the diwan s ince the tumar of

Qazi and Chpwdhurv's sea l i s not accepted,

Further says t h a t 'Muhammad i s a mansabdar, who

i s assigned a j a g i r in Mauzabad amoxinting one lakh and

many thousand d ^ s for a duration of one year . He i s

c o l l e c t i n g the revenue assigned to him by force , Sadiq

Muharrenad the n'aib of Asafudaula supports him. I t i s therefore

suggested to re turn the h a s i l back along with the agreement

of the people from whom the revenue was co l l e c t ed because 2

i t has to be shown to the Emperor.

Informs t h a t ' t he Ernperor went to Badli on

Asarh Vadi 2/9 Ju ly , Amirul Umara (Zul f iqar Khan) and

1 . See Supra In t roduct ion p . x x i i i

2. See Supra in t roduc t ion p . xxiv

: 82 :

Nawab Asafudaula paid r e spec t to him. The e lde r Nawab

presented him lOOO nnihur as nazr and s c a t t e r e d lOOO muhur on

the occas ion . The Errperor was very much pleased and

conferred a saropa of Kamkhwab and allowed Amirul umara

to s i t next to him.

Reports t h a t "Rs 5,500 were drawn from the

dukan of Kharag Sen Bazu Ram and Dhaneswar G u j r a t i ,

The amount included my roz i<âr. and Rs4,000 were to be paid

to the p iyadas . The d e t a i l s wi l l be known to you through

the r e c e i p t s of disbursement.

Requests to send Aj i t Singh to the royal

presence and receive the sanad of the man sab of 7000/7000,

t i t l e and watan.

J 83 :

Calendar no. - 43

Addressed to - Maharaja J a i Singh Sawai

Name of the wr i t e r - panchauli Jagjiwan Das

Dated - Asarh Sudi 11 1769/31 Ju ly 1712

Language - Hindi

Summary :

Informs t h a t 'on the 4 Janiadi I / lO July (1712) ^ 1

the Emperor held a c e l e b r a t i o n , Begam Imtiaz Mahal s a t

near the throne formerly used by Alamgir, Below her stood

the nobles . The h a l l of diwan-i Aam has a space tha t could

be covered by a h\indred p i l l a r s . The t e n t was of zar-bal&^tar

(made of iron) and p e a r l s . When the Enperor s a t on the 2 throne tnade by Shahjahan in nine c ro r e s , Nawab Asafudaula

Nawab Amirul Unera and a l l o ther nobles offered nazr .

Nawab Amirul Umara presented a flower made of muhur,

pea r l s and chumi / ( ? ) . The Emperor conferred saropa ]J:ias

on Nawab Asafudaula and Nawab Amirul Umara, A necklace

and smarani of pea l s wfs pu t around the neck of Amirul

Umara by the Enperor himself. The Enperor then said to Nawab

Asafudaula 'your son i s very Conpetent and has fought well

in the war of sucession (_jang-i sultaij) ' . I0}an-i Jahan

1. imt iaz Mahal was the t i t l e of Lai Kunwar a concubine of Jahandar Shah, She exercised much influence a t the c o u r t . See Mxintakhab ul lubab o p , c i t . , p . 689,

2, This seems to be a reference to the peacock throne i f Shahjahan, bu t the cos t is highly exaggerated. The throne in f ac t was prepared in Rs one lakh. For d e t a i l s see Badshahnama, Vol , 11/ p . 59,

I 84 :

BaHadur (Muhammad Muhsin) was a lso conferred saropa Tslâs

and necklace of p e a r l s " .

Reports the despatchment of a palanquin and

farman by Amirul Umara to the Maharaja,

Reconmends Mohan Das Nat for Maharaja's se rv ice .

Agrees to s u b s t i t u t e Gulal Chand (the wakil

of A j i t angh) .

J 85 :

Calendar no. - 44

Addressed to - Mirza Raja J a i Singh Sawai

Name of the w r i t e r - Jagj iwan DaTs

Dated - ? (was received a t Amber c o u r t on Miti

Bhadva Vadi 13 1769/15 Sept 1712.

Language - Hindi

Summary :

Informs t h a t "The Errperor honoured Amirul Umara

by s tay ing a t t h i s pa lace for two, th ree days and a l so

held the darbar t h e r e . He remained there in the n ight

a l s o . Nawab Asafudaula a l so stayed with Amirul Umara. on

the t h i r d day the Emperor returned from t h e r e " .

Reports t h a t 'Farrukh Siyar conferred upon

Timur Beg the t i t l e of Ghaziuddin Khan and the mansab — 2 —

of 7000 z a t . He (Farrukh Siyar) ordered Timur Beg to

fetch the t reasure from Bengal and O r r i s a , Accordingly

Timur Beg went t h e r e , Murshid Quli Khan the diwan of Bengal

defeated the army of Timur Beg and a r r e s t e d him. He

(Murshid Quli Khan) then despatched a hundi of Rs five lakh 3

from the t reasure of Bengal". 1. For corroborat ion See j a u h a r - i Samsa^n/ 35(b) Cf,

p a r t i e s and P o l i t i c s , op . c i t . , p . 68.

2. See M^, op . c i t . . Vol, I I , p . 869.

3 . So fa r as we know on the au thor i ty of Kâfi Kban t h a t Farrukh Siyar had author ized Abdullah iCian to expend the Bengal t r e a s u r e on the enl is tment of t roops and Abdullah JKhan was successful in accomplishing the t a sk . Munta]£hab ul lubab, o p . c i t . , i l , p . 7 1 1 .

X 86 :

Informs about the conferment of man sab and j ag i r

upon. Abdullah Khan ,

_ 2 Further says t h a t Chabil Das the bro ther of

Mdhant. Dayaram of Karra jahanabad i s on the side of Farrukh

Siyar . ( i l l e g i b l e ) was sent to Chabil Das to

s e t t l e the arrangements of Chabil Das 's j a g i r and to fetch

the t r e a s u r e (which had come from Bengal) . Chabil Das f led

away and the t reasure was brought to AmD'ul Umara,

The wakil then goes on to say t h a t "Muhammad Amin

Khan had wr i t t en to Nawab Amirul Umara t h a t 'Guru's (Banda

Bahadur's) men have f o r t i f i e d themselved a t Sadhaura near

the Emperor's camp, I (Amin iCianj) went with my contingent

to f i g h t them. Guru's men were k i l l e d , now I wi l l go to

Lohgarh and a r r e s t the Guru." - 4 -

Informs t h a t Daud Khan's diwan came from Deccan 1. The above favours were conferred upon Abdullah jiJian

when jahandar Shah came to know about the defeat of Abdul Giiaffar by Abdullah Khan to secure t r e a t u r e . The l a t t e r however jo ined Farrukh S iya r . Ib id , I I , p . 714.

2. Chabil Das ' a l i a s Chabila Ram was a Nagar Brahman of Guj ra t , Muntakhab ul lubab, op. c i t . , p . 728.

3 . This evidence i s not borne out from contemporary account wherein Aizzuddin demanded the t reasury of Bengal from Chabila Ram, who ins tead escaped with the t r easu ry to ParruJsiL S iyar . See Muntakhab u l lubab, op. c i t . , Vol . I I , p . 698.

4 . Daud Khan panni was a Deccani Afgljan, and son of _ a merchant. He had good r e l a t i o n s with Zulfiqar ^ a n . See M.U. OP. c i t . . Vol . I I , pp . 63-65.

I 87 :

with the peshkash'of tdie .zattilnda"rs of Deccan namely Rani

of Bednur, Raja of Scndha, Raja of Chanda and Chandi.

Chandawal e t c . , and met Amirul Umara, I t I s heard tha t he

brought a hundi of Rupees f i f t y lakh for the t reasury of

the Emperor along with hxindred elephant and jwe l l e ry .

He has a lso brought the t r easu re from the j a g i r of Amirul

Umara which i s in Deccan, Amirul Umara gave him a .âropa' .

"The 'a rzdashtof subedar of Kabul was received a t

the cou r t , he acknowledges the r ece ip t of rupees ten lakh,

bu t then the pathans are demanding rupees t h i r t y

lakh . The balance of Rupees twenty lakh was therefore

despatched.

While providing the d e t a i l s of i j i r a wr i tes

"According to your orders the j a g i r of Amirul Umara i s

taken in your i j a r a . The p a t t a has been received. The

acceptance was sent through the s igna ture of Duli Chand

to Sah Nain Sukh, P lease send the seal so t h a t i t may be

fixed on the acceptance. All the nobles demand the surety

Hargobind Rai of p a n i p a t .

"The p a t t a of Shujaat Khan i s i ^ s e d from Kharif,

"The I j a r a of pargana Amarsar and pargana

Bhairano i s granted on three year b a s i s . The expenditure

on the mutasaddis i s hal f monthly.

: 88

"parqana Nagina Sarkar Ti jara i s leased on

two monthly ba s i s with half monthly expenditure on mulasaddls,

"The j a g i r of Ikh las Khan i s in pargana Mahmudabad

a l i a s Ghazi ka thanait ie leased to Wali Muhartmad."

"The p a t t a of i j a r a for the j a g i r of Hasan All

and Chaghta Khan i s prepared in your name, for seventy lakh

dams in pargana Lalsoth on three monthly b a s i s , "

"The mutasaddi of Shah Nain Sukh requested for

for ty thousand rupees as h i s expenses from the ija"ra. i t

has been s e t t l e d t h a t he w i l l ge t Rs, 2000 and wi l l arrange

for nahkar, 'inam and muqaddami r i g h t s for you. "

" Ghdsi Ram Hidayat Kesh jQian, the waqia n igar

kul has been assigned the i j a r a of pargana Mojpur, Sarkar

Akbarabad on three monthly b a s i s . »

The pa t t a of ii.ara of j a i t p u r has been prepared

in the name of Bais i Singh.

The J a g i r of Jamal Muhammad e t c mansabdars i s

leased four lakh dams in Banehta on th ree monthly b a s i s and

the expenditure of mutasaddis i s half monthly.

"The l a g i r of Pr ince Aizzuddin, lOian-i Jahan

Baha^dur, and h i s son, Azam jQian Bahadur,Khan-i Daufan

and h i s son are being contacted for the 1 j a r a . The mutasaddi

i B9 t

of Khan-i Jahan Bahadtir has agreed on the promise of g iving

him half monthly expenses. He has convinced Khan-i Jahan

Bahadur to lease h i s pa rganas .

"The j a g i r s of Khan-i jahan Bahadur extend from

Akbarabad to Mewat, the re fo re he should not be antagonized.

The ho lders of other smaller j a g i r s near the watan wi l l

r e ad i l y agree t o give them to us on I j a r a once Khan-i âhan ' s

j a g i r a re taken on i j i r a . "

"'•'•hose who are in i n p e r l a l s e rv i ce , they a re

acquir ing whichever âgir they can ge t in i j a r a . I f you

want to serve the Emperor then take j a i t a r angna on i j a r a

so t h a t i t remains in con t ro l ( t a ssa r ru f ) for three y e a r s .

The a c q u i s i t i o n of a r ea s continguous to the watan should

be given f i r s t p r i o r i t y otherwise some o the r noble might

ava i l of the opportxmity to obtain them in i j a r a " .

1. See supra In t roduct ion p . x i x

: 90 :

Calendar no . - 45


Name of the wr i t e r - Jagj iwan Da's

Dated - Asoj Vadi 4, V.S. 1769/ 6 Oct 1712

iânguage - Hindi

Summa ry:

Reports t h a t according to Maharaja 's order he

has been t ry ing to obta in i j a r a s . The jagirdars_ who were

leas ing out t h e i r 1agir demand the zamini of the sar raf

of Pan ipa t ,

Informs t h a t ' tor obta ining the rnahals of Kbohri

e t c . , the j a q i r of Azam Khan for you, Hirday Ram the diwan

of Azam i^ in was h i t h e r t o contacted bu t now the mutasaddis II

who Contacted him refuse to do so .

Mentions the parganas he has been t ry ing for as

follows* perozpur of parqana Jhar e tc and mahal of Mewat

which are in the j a g i r of Prince Aizzuddin, a lso Rewari, - - - - 2

paothi e t c , the j ag i r of Khan-i Jahan Bahadur. Records h i s

a t tempts for Ghazi ka thana and the j a g i r of vhan-i Dauran

Bahadur. Further says t h a t the pargana Mojpur sarkar

Akbarabad worth three lakh f i f t y five thousand dams has 1. Azam Khan was the e lde r bro ther of Kokaltash Khan. For

d e t a i l s see M.U. op . c j t . I , pp . 817-819. 2. The t i t l e of Al i Murad Kokaltash Khan, He was tlie fo s t e r

b ro the r of Jahandar Shah. M.U. o p . c i t . , I , 817-819. 3 . The t i t l e of lOiwaja Hasan, who held the man sab of

8000/8000, He was b ro the r in law of Kohaltash iCian M.U., op. c i t , , I , p . 817.

J 91 :

been taken for th ree months since there i s no" p o s s i b i l i t y

of g e t t i n g the same in j a g i r .

Informs t h a t "Hamid Igian Bahadur, the younger

b ro the r of Ghaziuddin Khan who had pargana Mojpur in h i s

l a g i r during the reign of Emperor Bahadur Shah had become

the subedar. Later he had rebe l l ed . Now, since a long time,

he i s c lose to the Emperor, He c a l l e d me and said he wi l l

mediate to s e t t l e the case of the two Rajas, Up t i l now

•Amirul umara had mediated for us , I am conf ident tha t

Amirul Umara wi l l p lead our case in an appropr ia te rt&nner".

: 92 :

Calendar no. - 46


Name of the wr i t e r - Panchauli jagjiwan Das

Dated - paush Sudi 6 1769/24 jan 1712

Language - Hindi

Surttnary:

Congratulates for the pargana {name not given)

being re s to red in the pagir of Maharajas b i r a d a r i a f t e r a

gap of f i f t y years , and remission of the abatement from

revenue of pargana Chltsu and Dausa,

Informs t h a t the p e t i t i o n for the assignment of

pargana Banehti, Uniyara, Nagar, Sarsop, Iffenklat and Phagwi

has been given to Bikhari Das,

Reports t h a t ""the marriage of my son in Phalgun and ycu (Maharaja) are acquainted with my problems. Previously

Raja Udot Singh had arranged for the marriage of my daughter

in Khelna and had given her rv^jees f i f t y thousand. For the

second daughter p ra tap Singh, the b ro the r of Raja j i gave

rupees twenty thousand. Now I have no wakalat o ther than

yours . Kindly send the remaining pay ( ta lab) and expenses » 1

(jama ]ârch) along with loan (musaadat) ,

1. For a de t a i l ed discuss ion see supra In t roduct ion p . x i i

: 93 s

Calendar no. - 47


Name of the wr i t e r - Jagjlwan Das

Dated - Magh Vadi 7 V . s . 1769/7 Feb 1713

Language - Hindi

Summa ry;

Mentions the a rzdash t of Nawab Asafudaula,presented

to the Emperor recording, "Muizuddin (Jahandar Sh'ah) and

Zulf iqar gjian had cotne ( to my house) • I have a r r e s t ed

Muizuddin in Sallmgarh and Zulfiqar Wian in the fo r t (?) . » < 1 I am now waiting for i n p e r i a l o rde r .

Reports t h a t "on Wednesday, l i i s Idajesty went to

the mausoleum of Enperor Shahjahan. On the way the people

of the c i t y (AgraJ) p e t i t i o n e d for the a b o l i t i o n of Idz iya .

ixiahant ChablJa Ram pleaded for the confirmation of the orders

for r emi t t ance . Thereupon the Enperor ordered the remittance

°^ -jg^ziya. He a l so remit ted the c o l l e c t i o n of gra in through

out the imperial dominion and necessary orders were given to 2

reduce the p r i ce of g r a i n " ,

1. I t i s t rue t ha t Asafudaula caused the imprisonment of jahandar Shah however h i s i l l i n t e n t i o n s towards h i s son Zulf iqar idian are u n l i k e l y . He in f a c t took û l f iqa r KbSn to seek pardon from the Emperor. See Mirza Muhammad bin KuHamad iCian I b r a t namah, M.S. Bankipur v i i no .623. Rotograph (A. M.U.) no . 213, ff. 150(a) , 160(a)-162(b) . Also infra calendar no . - 48 .

2. For corroborat ion with s l i g h t va r i ances , see Shiv Das Lakhnavi,^B.M. MS. o r . 26 (rotograph, A.M.U. no. 139) f. 329(a ) - (b ) , a l so Vlr Vinod op . c i t . , v o l . 3 , . p . 935, and Muntakhab ul lubab, op . c i t . , Vol . I I , p . 772.

« 94 ,

Calendar no . - 48

Addressed to - Maharija J a i Singh

Name of the wr i t e r - Jagjiwan Das

Dated - Phalgun Sudi 2 1769/16 March 1713

Language - Hindi

Sximmary:

Conveys dlwan Tularam's a t t e n p t s to appease

Nawab Hasan Ali Qian.

Informs t h a t "'*11 the mutasaddis (of the court)

were surmoned by the Emperor and were granted saropa. Gulal

Chand, Khanazad (wakll himself) and o the r Rajputs presented

Rupees f ive each as nazr to the Emperor, Maharaja Aj i t Singh

has a l so sent one hundred muhur and one thousand rupees as

nazr" .

— r

Reports the annoyance -of Nawab Hasan Aii on

Maharaja's e s t ab l i sh ing thanas in the v i c c i n i t y of Ajmer.

Informs t h a t , "Abdullah lOiah was conferred wlzara t ,

along with saropa« Kalqhi (an ornament on the t\irban) neck

lace of p e a r l s and jewel led inkpot .

"Hasan Âli lOian was appointed as Mir Bakhshi

and Kalghi etc were Conferred upon him. He was presented two

muhurs each by the mutasaddis and seven hundred rupees each

by the wakl l .

"Taqarub Khan has been appointed Khan-i Saman :

vide Saadullah Khan and given saropa.

: 95 :

"Lutfullah Khan i s very c lose to Abdullah Khan

and the former 's b ro the r a lso has good r e l a t i o n s with

Hasan A l l lOian. "

"The Emperor has appointed Raja Chabila Ram as

dlwan~i Kjialisa while Abdullah Khan has promised Lutful lah 1

Khan for the same p o s t .

"on Magha Vadi 2/2 Feb (1713) former Amirul umara

(Zulf iqar Khan ) and Asafudaula went along with Taqarub Iân

to Nawab Hasan Âli lân and offerred one elephant and four

horses to him. They a l so presented one thousand muhur and two

thousand rupees t o the Emperor, The Emperor gave saropa

When the Enperor v i s i t e d the l o c a l i t y of I0i_izrabad M- asked

Asafudaulah to leave him (Enperor) and Zul f iqar Khan to 2

exchange views, in the afternoon, Zul f iqar ^ 5 n was a r r e s t e d ,

A mahzar has been issued recording the charges

agains t Mu'izuddin, I t has been s e t t l e d t h a t he wi l l be

executed.

1, According to Shahnawaz Khan, Abdullah Kjxan wanted no in te r fe rence in h i s department, M.U. op. c i t . . Vol. I , p . 3 28.

2. See Mirza Muhammad, lb r a t Nama op . c i t , , ff . 163(a)-166(b) .

» 96 :

Calendar no. - 49


Name of the writer - Jagjiwandas

Dated - (not mentioned)

Language - Hindi

Summary ;

Informs t h a t some supporters of Azam Shah have

been appointed the darogha of ma^&l khan a and they have

been ordered to behead Muizuddin and Amirul umara.

"Zulfiqar lOian was executed in the n ight of

Magh Vadi 2 1769/2 Feb 1713 in f ront of the Nagqar Kbina, 111 ^ e body i s lying there with the head separa ted .

2 _ — -

"Muizuddin was a r res ted from jahanabad and

brought with chains through the c i t y to the Emperor. He

was executed in the Ghusal khana h i s corpse ly ing on an - - 3

elephant in f ront of naggar lâna. After h i s execution

the Errperor ordered to b e a t the drums (navibat) , Let us

see what i s done with Asafudaula and Aizzuddin", 1. Yahya Khan gives the date of 11 Feb 17l3 for the

execution of Zulf iqar Khan. See Tazkl ra t ul mul&k, op . c i t . , f, 162(a) ,

2. I t i s to be noted for na r r a t i ng the above account, Jagjiwan Das uses the name of Jahandar Shah and not h i s t i t l e .

3. For cor robora t ive evidence. See Tazl<irat-ûs S a l a t i n - 1 ChaglLta, op . c i t . , p p . 175-76.

: 97 :



Name of t h e w r i t e r - j a g j i w a n Das

D a t e d - V . S . 1770/1713

Language - Hindi

SummaryX

P r o v i d e s the d e t a i l s of appo in tmen t s by

informing "Nawab Hasan 'Al i Khan had been adami^rit. t h a t

t he amin i of the f a u j d a r l and the p a i b a q i of Sarribhar shouli

no t be a s s i g n e d to N u s r a t Yar ichah,

"Abdullah iQja'n had n o t been p l e a s e d with the

appo in tment of Chabela Ram a s dXwan of Kha l i s a hence he

was t r a n s f e r r e d . Abdul lah iQian then approached the Emperor

and Consequently

Mutamad lî^^^ Azamshiihi, t h e dTwan of JaKan Shah was grante i

the dlwanT of the I d i a l i s a .

" I t i s "heard t h a t the nephew of Chabela Ram has

been t r a n s f e r r e d from t h e p o s t of BuyxTtat. Now someone

of Abdul lah iCian's b i r a d a r i w i l l be g iven t h e p o s t . "

"Lu t fu l l ah IQjan has been g r a n t e d t h e dTwanl of

t a n ; Rai Naunidh has become t h e p e s h k a r of drwan- i t a n ;

1 . N u s r a t Yar Khan had a p e r s o n a l grudge a g a i n s t Abdullah Khan and was a p a r t i c u l a r f r i e n d of Khan-i Dauran, See S l y a r u l Muira^^ljîrljp C^ p a r t i e s and P o l i t i c s , o p . c i t p . l6l.

2 . MurataTchab u l Ixibab o p . c i t . , p . 728 .

I 98 :

Rai GajSingh has become the peshkar of dlwan-1 kha l i sa :

Rai. Naunidh's , son had been the navls (?) and he r e t a i n s

the post . ' ' '

"Mir Bakhshi i s Hasan 'Ali iCian^ second baVVysbi

i s Muhammad Amln Iân and t h i r d ba]j;^shi i s Afrasiyab Khan."'""

"On phalgun Vadi 10/15 March Rai Kiiushhal Chand

become the peshkar of Mfr Balsbshi. Gul"ab Rai, the son of

iOiushhal Chand become the peshkar of second bakhshi . Bhagwant

Rai i s made the peshkar of t h i r d bakhsh i , "

"Ghaziuddin Khan has died, h i s son had requested

for the t i t l e of GJiaziuddin, ins tead he was given the t i t l e

of idian-i Khanatt. Mfr Ghazi, who was with the Emperor in the

e a s t (purab) had been given the t i t l e of GJhaziuddin and

he r e t a i n s i t . "

"Bahramand Khan the nephew of Zulf iqar Khan was

in p r i son , h i s house has been conf i sca ted" ,

" I t i q i d Iân, the grandson of Asafudaula has

fled away. His whereabouts are unknown".

1. Ktiafi Khan says t h a t the t h i rd bakhshi was Gh'aziuddin Khan. See I b i d , According to Yahya Khan GJiaziuddin Khan was the Mir Atash, See Tazkirat ul Muluk, o p . c i t . p , 122(a) . "~

t 99 :

Calendar no . - 51


Name of the wr i t e r - vJagjTwan Das

Dated - Baisakh Sudi 1, V.S. 1770/12 May 1713

Language - Hindi

Summary:

Informs t h a t the p e t i t i o n of the •nhancemen'-t of

lOOO/lOOO and f i f t y lakh dams in inam for the Maharaja has

been accepted by the Emperor,

— r _ —

Reports t h a t Nawab Hasan A l i Khan told Raja

Bahadur t h a t pargana Mewar has been assigned to A j i t Singh

and pargana Marwar to Syam Singh Khangarot, he (Raja

Bahadur) should therefore not t ry these parganas . Also

Conveys t ha t "Nawab Hasan Ali ^ i n has asked the e lde r

Nawab (Abdullah lOian) no t to accept Raja Bahadur's siyah

for Malpura e t c .

Further wr i t e s t h a t "The fau jdar i of Hindaun has

been assigned to Syam Singh, he a l so r e t a i n s the mahals

Udehl, Toda Bheev etc pargana Bayana i s a l so res tored to

him".

1. The Saiyyid b ro the r s were on very bad terms with Raja Bahadur and ta lked of him in u t t e r der is ion while Farrukh Siyar was very pleased with the Raja. See WR V.S. 1770/1713.

I 100 :

Calendar no . - 5 2



Dated - C ?3

Language - Hindi

Stimrtary:

Informs t h a t "the muchalka of the agent of j a g l r d a r

of Ujjain has been sent to Amrrul Umara, who despatched i t

Lutful lah Khan through Qutbul Mulk. Lutful lah Khan p e t i t i o n e d

the Emperor. No l i g l r d a r has coirplained a g a i n s t the

muchalka which shows t h a t the things are in your favour.

Reports t h a t as per the wish of the Maharaja 'he

wi l l complain to Nawab Qutbul Mulk and Lutful lah Khan regar

ding the in te r fe rence of the fau-jdars and j a g l r d a r s (of ?)

in the adminis t ra t ion of Maharaja's t e r r i t o r y .

Conveys tha t ".Amirul Umara had married the s i s t e r

of Tarbiyat Khan who bore him a c h i l d . On being informed,

the Emperor r eca l l ed t h a t when Shaista Khan was born to

Asaf Khan, Emperor j ahang l r had granted the slylih p a t ta r

of 5000/5000 and accordingly ordered t h a t the ch i ld should

receive a mansab of 3000/2000 with the t i t l e of Shais ta

Khan, Drums were ordered to be beaten a t the houses of

both Amirul umara and Tarbiyat Iân. Qutbul Mulk however

did not agree to the grant of t h i s t i t l e and hence the

« 101 ,

t i t l e of Farzand Ktwtn w&a granted" .

Regarding the a f f a i r s of c o u r t says tha t "Mir

Jumla i s handling the a f f a i r s of dlwanl bakhshrq l r l and

karkbana e t c . in h i s absence Eutful lah Khan takes charge.^

"Lutfullah Khan met pr ince Aizzuddin, Wala Tabar"^ _ - — 4

and Humayvin BaWit I sa lOian • Later he to ld Mir Jumla t h a t

Sayyid (Qutbul Mulk) says t h a t whoever he wishes wi l l

become the Emperor. Mir Jumla conveyed t h i s to the Emperor,

who ordered the b l inding of the p r inces with hot iron rods

and the reduction of the mansab and j a g l r of the nobles

who supported Aizzuddin. Some nobles have been removed from

t h e i r p o s t s , Nawab Qutbul Mulk was then blamed for b l ind ing

the p r i n c e s . On t h i s Nawab did not a t t e n d the c o u r t . He

was pursued by Mir jumla, Khan-i-Dauran and Emperor's 5 message.

1. For d e t a i l s see Supra In t roduct ion p . x i v ,

2. See Supra In t roduct ion p . x x l .

3 . wala Tabar was the son of Pr ince Azaro Shah. See Tazltf-irat us Sa lS t Jn - l Chaghta op . c i t . , p p . 145-l46, 154,

4 . He was the son of Emperor Farrukh S iya r . I b i d .

5. FarrulsJa Siy«r was apprehensive of the f a c t t h a t the Saiyyids might r a i s e another c la imant to the throne since they were not s a t i s f i e d with him. He the re fore , a t the i n s t i g a t i o n of Mir Jumla ordered for the b l ind ing of the p r i n c e s . See Ibid.

: 102 :

The work of n l a b a t of dlwanl and bakhshlgfr l

i s in the hands of Nawab Qutbul Mulk bu t even a lakh

dam cannot be granted unless Mir Jurala consents upon i t .

Matters are delayed due to the absence of Nawab Aralrul 1 Umara .

"I had contacted Shailji) Lai , the companion

(musahlb) of Mfr Jumla. MTr Jumla i s a good person ( t rue

Muglial) bu t the a f f a i r s ( a t the court) a re worsened by

Lutful lah IfChan Sadiq,

Lutful lah Khan Sadiq to ld Mir Jumla t h a t Nawab

Amirul Uitara has spent two lakh rupees and wishes for the

despatchment of a cont ingent of 5000 sawars to re lease the

son of pr ince Akbar, Mir jumla conveyed the episode to

the Emperor, The Errperor ordered for the execution of

the son of Akbar. When Nawab Qutbul Mulk came to know about

t h i s he abused and i n su l t ed Lutfullah Khan, On jyes tha

Sudi 10 1770/21 June 1713 he resigned from dlwanl.

Suggests t h a t " i t i s the t r a d i t i o n of the cou r t

tha t whenever one does even a t r i v i a l job i t should be veil

presented so tha t i t may be rewarded. I f the information

of the seige and a t t ack of Rijgarh would have reached the

1 . Husain Ali Khan was a t t h i s time ar ranging for the marriage of Farrukh Siyar with the daughter of A j i t

Singh,Annals and A n t i q u i t i e s , op. c i t , , ' p . 28 2,

103 :

cour t through the r e p o r t s of wagla nav i s , Kûfia navis ,

harkaras and then the p e t i t i o n s of drWan and bakhshi of

the sub a followed by your own 'arz<Ssht the importance

of the event would have increased" .

Reports the despatchment of farnian^ saropa

and horse on the occassion of the accession of the Emperor,

and a farman, saropa, swords and e lephant for defeating

I n a y a t u l l a h ,

: 104 :

Calendar no. - 53


Name of the wr i te r - Jagjiwan Das

Dated - (Received on Asarh Vadi 12 1770/6 July 1713)

Language - Hindi

Summary:

Reports t h a t he had pleaded for exemption of

dawab of Maharaja's biradai:;' to Nawab Hasan ' A H .

Informs t h a t "the Nawab (Hasan Ali) wants t h a t

since the three leaders, Maharaja (you) , A j i t îngh and Raja

Chatrasal are uni ted they should punish the enemy (Marathas)

who has come to Malwa and i s c rea t ing d i s tu rbance . By t h i s

a c t of cooperat ion the Emperor would be very p leased .

Reports the re ins ta tement of man sab and j ag i r

to Raja Cha t r a s i l Kunwar (?) and b irader l . An enhancement

of lOOO/lOOO and nine c rore rupees and j 'agfr i s promised

to Raja Chatras"al on the condit ion of pxmishing the enemy,

"Syed Mir i s given raansab of 2000/300 and

t i t l e of Keshwar Khan",

Informs t h a t the Emperor has ordered MFr jumla

Ibadullah Khan to sign the awarija of the whole ertpire,

"Amlrul Umara (Husain 'Ali Khan^being preoccupied

by the marriage (of the Emperor) does not sign paper s . Due

I X05 :

ito the presence of Mir JiStola Ib idu l l ah ân, Nawab Abdullah

does not a t tend the c o u r t , The Emperor keeps on watching

dances t i l l l a t e a t n i g h t . The dlwan i s not ava i lab le for

most of the t ime. The work i s tiierefore held up. Mir Jumla

i s c lose to the Emperor and signs on h i s behalf" .

1, Mfr Jumla was a p a r t y to j ^ a n - i Dauran Samsaudaula and Taqarrub Kân ito exp lo i t the resentmentôf the Emperor aga ins t Wadullah 3g>Sii*s demands for the pos t of wazl r . Tazkira t ul Multlk op , c i t . f, 122,

2. For a s imi la r n a r r a t i v e see Muntakhab ul lubab^ o p , c i t . , p , 739.

: 106 :

Calendar no. - 54



Dated - Bhadva Sudi 7 V.S. 1770/13 Sept 1713

Language - Hindi

Summary :

Informs t h a t "Amirul Umara has asked you (Maharaja)

to console Maharaja ^ j l t Singh who has a l l eged ly k i l l e d

Kxmwar Muhkam Singh, Maharaja Aj i t Singh should a c t

according to the i n s t r u c t i o n s given to him by Amirul Umara.

Reports the death of the maternal uncle of

Naw5D Qutbul Mulk (Abdullah lOian) and Nawab Amirul Umara

(Husain 'Ali Khan) on the date of h i s wr i t ing the a rzdash t .

says t h a t the Errperor went to the house of Nawab Qutbul

Mulk and Nawab Amrrul Umara to mourn for the same.

1. Mukham Singh son of Inder Singh had planned to a r r e s t A j i t îngh and take him to Emperor's presence . Aj i t Singh came to know of h i s i l l - i n t e n t i o n s and became an tagorus t ic towards him, Mxikham Sjngh was l a t d r k i l l e d by A j i t Singh, See V. V. op, c i t , . Vol. 2 p t 2, pp . 763-64, 841 ,

t 107 :

Calendar no . - 55



Dated - Asoj Vadi 3 V.S. 1770/23 Sept 1713

Language - Hindi

Summa ry:

Reports h i s a t tempts for ad jus t ing the abatement

of revenue from Antoer and Deoti Sanchari with the amount of

one c ro re dams.

Requests to accept the honours of Kî la t ,

jamdhar, saz etc with due respects .

Pleads the Maharaja to pressurize the mutasaddis

of Anand Ram who in party with Raja Bahadur and Khan-i

Dauran has taken money from Hathiram.

Conveys the advice of Nawab Amirul Umara to Aj i t

•îngh t h a t since the Emperor i s l i k e l y to v i s i t Ajmer

regarding Mukham Singh's case , Ajit Singh should despatch

a n ' a r z d a s h t of the subedar of Ajmer regarding the s a t i s f ac to ry

condi t ion of Ajmer .Pleads t h a t Aj i t Singh he i n s t ruc ted to

befre ind the subedar.

Reports the news of despatchment of inper ia l

forces to reprimand A j i t Singh.

1. Husain All |ân (Amirul Umara) i n s p i t e of h i s s i n c e r e t i e s with A j i t Singh had to lead the imperial force aga ins t him a t Emperor's o r d e r s .

« 108 I

Calendar no, - 56

Addressed to - Maharaja Ja l Singh


Dated - Aspj 11 V.S. 1770/1 Oct 1713

Language - Hindi

Summary:

Informs t h a t when he expressed concern for A j i t

Singh Nawab Amirul Unvara sa id t ha t he and the Emperor are

with Maharaja ( j a i Singh) because he does h i s work w e l l .

He quest ioned us why do we stake our name for him. Says t ha t

i t was submitted tha t "Mirza Raja ( j a i Singh) had brought

Maharaja Jaswant Singh to the Imperial Court and a t his

recommendation the f a u l t of Jaswant Singh was forgiven l i k e

wise a t the Maharaja ( J a i Singh Sawai) of Maharaja, iVj i t

Singh may be forgiven and be granted sxibedairi. To t h i s

Nawab Amirul Umara r ep l i ed t h a t they (Amirul Umara the

Emperor) do not t r u s t A j i t Singh bes ides assignment of

subedari to both the Rajas in the same d i r ec t i on i s not

p o s s i b l e . He advised us not to mediate between Aj i t Singh

and thenn, We p e r s i s t e d t h a t we have promised to A j i t Singh 1

to help him".

1. See Supra In t roduct ion p . x x i i i .

Calendar no . - 57

Addressed to - mha ra j a j«ii Singh

Name of the wr i t e r - jagjlwan Das

Dated - Magh Vadi 4 3,770/20 Jan 1714

Language - Hindi

Summary:

Reports the p repara t ion of the document of

p resen t (aaSia) j a g i r s assigned in Amber e tc and the recen t ly

acquired j a g i r s of pargana Tonk, Khohri e tc and i t s despat -

chment to Thakur Syam Singh and Sah An and Ram,

Requests t h a t when the Maharaja i s granted

favours he expects t i t l e of Rai, an elephant^ tarriba p a t t a r

v i l l a g e (copper p l a t e grants) havel i and orchard in Amber

i t s e l f as inam. Wishes to be honoured l i k e the l a t e Mirza

Raja ' s (i!rai Singh) wakil^ who used to r i d e on an elephant 2

while coming to the c o u r t .

Reports the p resen ta t ion of peshkash by Rajput

Jingh Lalo on behalf of 1

of favours to him by the Emperor.

3 Khushhal Singh Lalo on behalf of Maharana , and conferment

1 . For d e t a i l s see inf ra Calendar no . 57.

2. See Supra In t roduc t ion p . )C<

3 . I t was the t i t l e of Sangram Singh who suceeded Amar Singh to the o a d ^ of Mewar in 1710. See James Tod, Amals and A n t i q u i t i e s , op . c i t . , I , p . 472.

:110 :

Calendar no , - 58


Name of the w r i t e r - Jagj iwan DaTs

Dated - Magh Vadi 7 V.S . 1770/23 jan 1714

Language - Hindi

Summary;

Provides the d e t a i l s of the assignment of p resen t

( sabicr) and newly acquired j a g i r s (see Table I) .

Informs t h a t "Lutfullah Iân has become the diwan

of ^ a l l s a . fjajabat Khan's mahal of raashrut 1agir in have l i

Ujjain worth one c rore fo r ty four lakh dam^ i s taken in to

^ a l i s a . ^âjabat j^'ain has been assigned o ther j a g i r s . After

a g rea t deal of d iscuss ion have l i Ujjain ass igned ' to Kunwar

(Vijay Singh) • But l a t e r pargana Sa"rangpur i s assigned to

Lutfullah Khan's b r o t h e r . I t i s therefore not advisable to

take the above pargana. The d iscuss ions for pargana Devas

taking p lace , in case we get i t . i s well and good otherwise

i t hardly m a t t e r ' s .

Informs about the r e s to r a t i on of Budh Singh 's

watan.

Reports t h a t 'The wakalat of Raja Chatrasal was 2

Conferred upon me. I en t rus t ed i t to my son in law Ghaiirarn.

1. Maharao Budh Singh of Bundi had a t tacked Kotah in r e t a i l i a t i o n to the grant of the t i t l e of Maharao to Bhim Singh Hada and the t r ans f e r of Iâu Medana which

was held by Bundi. FarruJiii Siyar then cancel led h i s mansab and permit ted Bhim Singh to annex Bundi. See Vanshavali cf, Life and fimes of SdVAtal J a i Singh, op . c i t , , p . 120.

2, See Supra In t roduct ion p , x x i i .

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Calendar no . - 59


Name of the w r i t e r - jagjTwan Das

Dated - Chaitra Sudi 2 1771/17 March 1714

Language - Hindi

Summary:

Complains for pauc i ty of money to arrange for

branding of ho r ses . Informs t h a t the imperia l routasaddis

have detained Maharaja's t a l ab u n t i l horses are sent for

branding.

Informs about the assignment of Lanchi Karolo

worth e ighty e igh t lakh dams to the Maharaja,

Reports t h a t Maharaja's t a l a b from Ar*>er and

Deoti Sanchari worth one and a ha l f c r o r e , seventeen lakh,

twenty f ive thousand 2 dams i s in a r r e a r s ( sanwat i ) , Says

t h a t "Nawab Qutbul Mulk, Amirul Uraara, Mir Jumla and jchan-i

Dauran have two to th ree c rore dams each, in a r r e a r s .

S imi lar ly A j i t Singh and Udot Singh have four crorfe dams

each in a r r e a r s . The condi t ion of o the r Hindu and muslim

noble i s similar**.

1. See Supra in t roduc t ion p # x v i i .

: 114 :

Calendar no. - 60



Dated - Chai t ra Vadi lo 1771/9 April 1714

Language - Hindi

Siammary:

Mentions Maharaja 's l e t t e r to Amirul Umara

r e fe r r ing to the precaut ions to be taken while br inging the

t reasury from Burhanpur. Reports the despatchment of a

cont ingent for the purpose.

Refers to the news of Maharaja reprimanding the

Ahi r s , Conveys Amirul umara's message to fur ther enforce 1

the con t ingen t .

Says t h a t "I had wr i t t en to you e a r l i e r regarding

Guru's (Bawia Bahadur) a c t i v i t i e s . He has c rea ted d i s t u r

bances in the parganas of Kalano^* and Ba ta l a . Abdus Samad

had gone to punish the Bha t t s . The people of Lahore c i t y

were therefore very f r ightened , Afrasiyah Khan was then sent 2

reprimand the Guru, This time again Abdus Samad had gone to punish the Bhat ts , t h i r t y kos away from Lahore, The Emperor

- 3 therefore ordered Muzaffar Khan . j ^ a n - i Dauran to j o in

Afrasiyab Khan along with Udot Singh, the zamindar of - ^ 4 —

Orchcha, Rao Ram Chand Bundela , Kalan Singh Bhadoriya e tc to punish the enemy. The army has l e f t for i t s dest ina-t ion,"

1, j a i Singh had to deal with Ahirs who had rendere^d the royal highway through ^ I w a e n t i r e l y unsafe . See ArzdCsht of Saeed Khan.

2, See Qasim Lahori, Ibratnama^ op . c i t , , p . 178. 3 . He was the b ro ther of Kban-i Dauran, 4 . He was the son of Rao Dalpat WR 1770/1713.

: 115 I

Calendar no. - 61



Dated - Chaitra Vadi 12 1781/11 April 1714

Language - Hindi

Summary;

Inforrns obout the cortplaints lodged by the

naib and gumashtas of Suba Malwa aga ins t Maharaja's — _ 1

despatchrrtent of fiawars and piyadas to c o l l e c t revenue.

Says t h a t the news has been conveyed to the Emperor, who

has ordered tha t ''•in no case should the imperial cour t

receive any complaints from the amins and k a r o r i s of

mahal-i k b a l i s a .

1, For d e t a i l s see Supra Int roduct ion p . x x i i i .

J 116 :

Calendar no . - e*?



Dated - Baisakh Sudi 4, 1771/18 April 1714

Language - Hindi

Siimmary:

Reports t h a t as per Maharaja's request to Nawab

Qutbul Mulk for the despatchment of an army to supress the

rebe l s (Marathas) a t Shahjahanpur hasbul hukums are being

despatched to Raja Chatarsa l B\indela, Rao Ram Chand,

Muhammad Raza, Raja Wadan Singh the zamindar of Rampur,

I l t i f a t Khan, Raja Durgan Singh, zamindar Chanderi, Shyam

Singh, Raja Udot Singh, I z z a t |Chan, Rai Sahib Singh, 1

Muharmiad Zaman Beg, Arjun Singh,

Requests for the payment of the monthly sa lary

of peshdast , harkara and imperial munahl, bak|?shl, dlwan,

wagia nav i s , khufia' navis e t c .

Says t h a t he w i l l despatch s e c r e t news to the

Maharaja, and wi l l a c t according to the s e c r e t news r epor t s ,

Requests to send nazr to the Errperor on the

occassion of nauroz. Reports the conferment of Saropa,

jewel le ry and horse to the Maharaja on nauroz.

1. He was the Maharao of Kota.

: 117 ;

Calendar no. - 63



Dated - Asarh Sudi 15 V.S. 1771/27 June 1714

Language - Hindi

Summary:

Reports t h a t the assignment of j a g i r (pargana not

mentioned) i s being delayed because of mutilba due on the

Maharaja. Complains a g a i n s t the irqperial mutasaddls who a r e

not cooperat ing since they have not been paid eversince the

death of Aurangzeb. Abuses Lutful lah Khan for i n s u l t i n g him

on the above i s sue .

Informs about the reac t ions of the deputy

muhtasib of Ujjain^ who had been i n s u l t e d by the Maharaja.

Seems apprehensive of the deputy since he belongs to Mir

jumla ' s family. Requests to send money for subsiding the

i s s u e .

Reports the appointment of Taqariib Khan as diwan-i

Khalisa, and Rai Raja Gujariwal as the diwan~i tan on

Miti Asarh Sudi 11/23 June .

Says t h a t Lutful lah JCian Sadiq i s apprehensive

t ha t h i s house w i l l be conf iscated and i s therefore contac-- 1

t ing Nawab Qutbul Mulk and Mir Jumla,

1, The Saiyyids brought Emperor's wrath upon Lutfullah for providing b ra ins to Mir Jumla 's a c t i v i t i e s , Mirza Muhammad, Ibratnama, op . c i t . , f, 1 9 9 ( a ) - ( b ) .

s 118 :

Informs t h a t 'Afzal Khan's j a g i r worth for ty

lakh dams i s in pargana Dipalpur , He had been the diwan of

Âzam Shah. Eleven thousand dams of h i s j a q l r have been

appropr ia ted by your o f f i c i a l s . Nawab Qutbul Mulk to ld me

tha t Afzal jOian's j a g i r was l i k e h i s own jagTr and in case

the money has been taken then i t should be re turned, i

reques t you to i n s t r u c t the sahukar to pay the amount in

ins ta lments to Afzal Wian.

"Hakfrnul Mulk has held t h i s o f f i ce (of Hakim)

from Aurangzeb t i l l the p r e s e n t Emperor. His j a g i r is a l so

in pargana Dep*lpur • He says tha t you had co l l ec t ed seven

thousand dims from feia j a g i r . He warns t h a t i f the amount

i s not re turned then he w i l l approach the Emperor, If you

have taken the money then send i t back along with tlie

acceptance of the gumjichta.

"Four lakh dams of pargana Taal a re assigned to

the grandson of l a t e Amirul umara (Zulf iqar Khan) . Prom the

above amount two thousand dams were taken by you."

"The j a g i r of J a n i Khan's son, the Khan-i sama

ôf jahan Shah i s a l so in pargana Taal . You had taken twenty

e igh t hundred from h i s j a g i r t oo . He i s now demanding the

money",

1. See Supra In t roduct ion p . x x i i i , 2. His name was Mir Muhammad Mehdi. He received the t i t l e

in 1668. See M.U. op . c i t . ^ Vol . 1, p p . 599-600.

3 . See Supra In t roduct ion p . x x i i i .

: 119 :



Name of t h e w r i t e r - J ag j iwan Das

Dated - Siwan Sudi 7 V . s . 1771/18 J u l y 1714

Language - Hindi

S\imraary:

P r o v i d e s t h e d e t a i l s of document p r e p a r e d wi th the

s e a l of g a z i (See Table l l ) ,

Informs t h a t " L u t f u l l a h Khan has been t r a n s f e r r e d

from dlwani of tan and Ral Raja Gujarirwal has been appo in ted

to the o f f i c e , I had c o n t a c t e d Nawab Qutbul Mulk through

Rai Raja f o r a s s ignment of pargana udeh i to you. Sad Mubarak

managed t o send away t h e Emperor fo r a day o r two. In the

meantime Nawab Amirul Umara p r e p a r e d a d o l f o r pargana Udehi,

Wazirpur and Find ayan worth twenty two lakh dams to be

a s s i g n e d to Af ras iyab |Oian, Seventeen l akh dams of Mahmudabad

was g iven t o Mihrab Khan,

"Kunwar Abhai Singh has been c o n f e r r e d the man sab

of 3000/2000 and n a u b a t , "

"On Mi t i Sawan Sudi 4 /15 J u l y Nawab Qutbul Mulk,

Amirul Umara and Mir Jumla went to the Errperor ' s p r e s e n c e .

The Emperor t i e d Mir Jumla • s hands and handed him over t o

Nawab Qutbul Mulk saying t h a t he may p u n i s h him (Mir Jumla)

: 120 :

in whatever may be wished. He a l so said t h a t everyone

i s equal ly responsible for the anooth functioning of the

adminis t ra t ion Qutbul Mulk ignored the issue and

despatched. Nawab Amirul Umara and Mir Jumla rode over

Qutbul Hulk 's elephant followed by Lutful lah lO}in".l

1. See Mirza Muhammad Ibratnama op . c i t . p . 199

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: 122 J

Calendar no . - 65


Name of the wr i t e r - j a g j iwan Das

Dated - Asoj Sudi lO V.S. 1771/18 Sept 1714

Language - Hindi

Sununary:

Informs t h a t the Emperor ordered for the

re ins ta tement and enhancement of the mansab of Devi Singh

and to e s t a b l i s h a thaina to manage the a f f a i r s of the Gujars

of Narmada.

Says t h a t s ince enemy (Gujars) has c ross

Narmada and reached Chanderi , You k indly i n v i t e the fauldars

and zamindars through the mace-bearers s t a t ioned t h e r e .

Informs t h a t "the work of kachehri i s closed

since the mansabdars a re demanding j a g l r s in l i eu of t h e i r

s a l a r i e s , over four hundred crore dams a re due from the

s t a t e for payment to the mansabdars. F i f t y one crore of

a r r ea r s of revenue (sanwati) are l e f t uncol lec ted in pâibaqi^ but none of the __

/ niansabdars accept j a g l r s aga ins t them. The decision was

therefore taken t h a t mansabda'rs be paid amounts equivalent

to sa la ry of half of then za t ranks .

"The l e t t e r s of Nawab Qutbul Mulk had h i t h e r t o

been despatched to the Emperor through Mir Jumla. Later

1 . See Supra In t roduct ion p . x v i i .

: 123 :

t h i s p r a c t i c e had been stopped. The Emperor however sent

the nawab's l e t t e r to Mir Jumla who along with Lutful lah

Idian pu t h i s comments on i t , a f t e r the Emperor had signed

the a p p l i c a t i o n , Amiriil Umara was annoyed when he saw the

l e t t e r and did not meet Mir Jumla even on Eid. '

"The Emperor enquired about the nuntoer of Mughal

roan sab da"rs. He was informed by the bakbshi t h a t under

Alamgir (Aurangzeb) the number of Mughal mansabdars was

five thousand. I t was twelve thousand during the reign

of Khuld-i manzil (Bahadur Shah), And'at p resen t (Farrukh

S i y a r ' s reign) the number in seventeen thousand. The

bakhshis were then ordered to maintain 5000 mughal mansabdars

as per the t r a d i t i o n of Aurangzeb, When the ba l^sh i s had

prepared the l i s t of Mughals a f t e r de l e t i on , Mir jumla was

ordered to r e s to re the o r i g i n a l nuntoer (of seventeen 1" thousand) otherwise only Mughals wi l l suffer the l o s s ,

"The Errqperor has ordered for the deduction of

one fourth dams from your ta lab as mula>ba-i tassaruf and

dawab, and the remnant to be paid from paibffgi".

1. For d e t a i l s see supra Int roduct ion p , x v i .

: 124 :

Calendar no. - 66



Dated - AsoJ Sudi 12, V,S. 1771/20 Sept 1714

Language - Hindi

Summary:

Informs t h a t "the k r z i for the assignment of

parganas purdayam, Udehi etc could not be submitted due to

the s t r a ined r e l a t i o n s of the Ertperor and Nawab Amlrul

Umara. Now the condi t ion has inproved hence the nawab wi l l

be requested for the s ignature of the Emperor".

Reports the enhancement of 500 za t of Hoshdar

lOian,

Reports t h a t "Amirxil Umara had been assigned the

svibedari of Deccan. On which the Epjperor commented t h a t

the t e r r i t o r y i s good for hunting and i s f e r t i l e a l s o ,

Amirul Umara rep l i ed t h a t he is not conceimed with the above

things and h i s place i s a t the Enperor 's f e e t , saying t h i s

he l e f t the darbar . The Ernperor went i n s ide the palace

and got a document prepared with spec ia l sea l to pursue

Amirul umara, Qutbml Mulk took another document of the

Emperor with the message t h a t the ce l eb ra t ion of Alamgir 's

accession wi l l be held only i f Amirul Umara promises to

a t tend i t , and in case he does not come the Ernperor wi l l

: 125 :

v i s i t Amirul Uroara. La te r Khan-i Dauran and Qutbul Mulk

presented Atnlrul Uraara to the Enperor, The Emperor sa id

to him "on my orders you had gone to Jodhpur which was

in d e s e r t now I order you to go to Deccan which i s f e r t i l e ,

The discuss ion went on for seven or e i g h t days" .

Conveys the imperial orders to the Maharaja for

reprimanding padam Singh,

1. Mirza Mu anunad a t t r i b u t e s the delay in the departure of Husain 'Ali to h i s concern for h i s pos i t ion a t the c o u r t . See Ibratnajw^ op . c i t . , f. 128(b) .

: 126 ,

Calendar no . - 67^.


Name of the wr i t e r - jagjiwan Das

Dated - Paush Vadi 12 V.S. 1771/21 Jan 1715

Language - Hindi

Summary;

Informs t h a t " i t appears t h a t Amirul umara's

departure ( to Deccan) w i l l be delayed by a month, Najabat

Khan the subedar of Burhanpur has become the naib of Amirul

Umara. T i l l the time Amirul Umara reaches the , Najabat Khan

wi l l manage the subedari 'of Deccan,

"I had precaut ioned you no t to hinder in

Taqarxob Khan's j i g i r even then complaints are being received"

"Ghaziuddin Khan had h i t h e r t o been the daro9J;â-i

toplsbana, he has now got the off ice of bakbsh i - i soy urn

on the t r a n s f e r of Aminuddin. Aminuddin Khan has been

appointed daroaba-i ]s]:iwasa ins tead of Mir Jumla.

: 127 :

Calendar no . - 68



Dated - Miti Baisakh Sudi 1, V.S. 1772/4 May 1715

Language - Hindi

Summary:

Informs t h a t "the ex«ii|>tion from dagh of

Maharaja 's b i r i d a r i was for a year which has already

expired four months back. Hence the dams of dagh are being

deducted. With dagh no t only the p r e s e n t j a g i r but those

t h a t are to be assigned w i l l be t r a n s f e r r e d . I reques t

for money for the same,

"The pay from your tankhwa j agf r i s two crore ,

f i f t y th ree lakh dams out of which TLa|*chi Karolo alone

i s worth e ighty e igh t lakh dams, one c ro re s ix ty five

lakh dams are in a r r e a r s , p lease send royal the sa lary of

the mutasad^jV so t h a t he may cooperate in the assignment

of ,1agir.

"The Enperor ordered for the prepara t ion of a

l i s t of the pay from v i l l a g e to v i l l a g e in the whole

Ertpire. The mace bea re r s therefore contac ted diwahis

from Suba to suba and they were i n s t r u c t e d to submit the

deh ba dehi and dahsala of each parâna duly signed by

the ganungo. The qanuhao signed the papers of the pargana

: 128 :

assigned in Maharaj^fs l a b i r . I asked the mutasaddis of

tagsiin the reason for s igning the papers of parganas in

l a g i r when the tagsim of the l a g i r has no t been received.

The mutasaddl r ep l i ed t h a t from Maharaja Mansingh they

had got annual renumeration. After the death of Emperor

Aurangzeb they received nothing from the Maharaja, They

have demanded then annual payment and th rea ten tha t they

wi l l ask the mace bea re r s to bring deh ba Hehi along

with dahsa la , I have therefore assured them for t h e i r

s a l a ry .

"The mutasaddls of musahib a re request ing for

t h e i r sa la ry which was stopped by you evers ince the death

of Emperor Aurangzeb, Their sa lary amounts to thousand

(rupees ?) annual ly . "

"The mutasaddls of Waqla and SawanAiwere paid

monthly. They did not rece ive t h e i r payment trom you so

they complained to the Emperor,"

"The mutsaddls of the Enperor a r e not rece iv ing

t h e i r share from the ha rves t (fasiana) annua l ly . The

matter may kindly be i n v e s t i g a t e d .

"The payment of the samhitas amounts to one

thousand rupees monthly t h i s includes food (pe t ro t i ) a l so ,

: 129 s

Extra allowance i s pa id for t h e i r c l o t h e s . The sarnhitas

are reques t ing for t h e i r p.aytT«nt,"

"My monthly payment and the payment of the rnuta-

saddis may kindly be made from the income ext rac ted from

four o r f ive v i l l a g e s . "

The chobedar may kindly be p a i d .

"Your mutsaddis do not pay the piyadas, the

d e t a i l s of r e c e i p t s and disbursement may kindly be checked

for the purpose. •'

^ The wakil should be in the Inqperial cour t

(padshahi darbar) and c o l l e c t news from the nobles, who

come t h e r e , and a l so from the diwan of kachehri and waqia

navTs and the j ^ u f i a nav l s . and should a t t end every

(session of) the darbar . "

"The Bnperor has ordered your wakil and the

wakils of ^4alI«rana (Sangram Singh), A j i t Singh, Bhiv

Singh, Hara an d J a i t Singh ef Malwa and o ther nobles

to use pa lanquins , I am hopeful for being sent the expen-2

diture incurred on it. "

"When you and Ajit Singh had camped at pohkar

then you had said to me 'you have already got my and Ajit

»

1. See Supra In t roduct ion p.VjLV

2, Also corrobora te from ajfcbbarat dated 20 Oct 1715.

: 130 :

Singh 's wakalat why do no t t r y for the wakalat of Rana,

Then a t one side wi l l be your Maharaja and the other

Aj i t Singh, whi l s t in the middle there w i l l be Rana.

Accordingly, I got the l e t t e r ' s wakalat . Now tha t the

matters of Bxindl have been s e t t l e d , I am hopeful to become

the wakil of Bundi as w e l l /

"The mansab of Kunwar Abhai singh i s 3000/2000.

Two c ro re twenty five lakh dams of h i s pay are in a r r e a r s .

Four crore dams of A j i t S ingh 's pay are a l so in a r r e a r s .

The Emperor ordered t h a t s ince th* t o t a l of above dams

cannot be adjusted in pa ibag i , three c ro re dap.s may be

assigned from pargana Sorath which i s in p a i b a g i . A j i t Singh

says t h a t i t i s b e t t e r to take pargana Sorath instead of 2

leaving the amount in a r rears , "

"Nawab Qutbul Mulk has asked you to re turn the

revenue of r a b j and l&harif co l l ec t ed by your o f f i c i a l s from — 3

the 1 a q i r of ffazil Khan in £argîia Taal'j

"The pargana of Haridwar i s the j a g i r of Nawab

Amirul umara. The zaminda"r of Haridwar i s Sdbha Chand,

who had k i l l e d two b r o t h e r s of Nawab, he i s therefore u _ —

aprehensive and is creating treble in the jagir. Hindu

1, See Supra Introduction p. ix.

2, See supra Introduction r • xvii.

3, Ibid. p.x:;ciii.

: 131 .

Singh Khangarot, the b ro ther of Shyam Singh has been assigned

the fau ida r i of Haridwar, and 200.sawars and 200 barkandaz

to make sure t h a t S^bha Chand does not hinder in the

administration of the j a g i r . "

In the suba of Kabul, pathans are creat ing

d i s tu rbances . They demand seven lakh rupees from the s"uLedar

as na lband i . The subedar has p e t i t i o n e d ( to *the i n p e r i a l

court) for t h e i r payment. The Ettperor ordered him to pay

the pathans from the t r ea su ry of S i rh ind . But the t r easury

has been emptied by Guru.

"Bhagvati Das harkara was the Klûfia wakXl of

Raja of Chanda, who used to send twelve lakh rupees as the

peshkash to the Emperor. Bhagvati Das wrote to Raja of

Chanda t h a t since Amirul Umara, Mir jumla e tc exerc ise

influence a t the cour t therefore the Raja should send one

or two lakh rupees for these nobles . Bhagwati Das has

enimosity with Apa therefore the harkara of Apa caught

the l e t t e r of Bhagwati Das and handed i t to Nawab Nizamul

Mulk (/\saf jha) . Two days p r i o r to rece iv ing your parwana,

the Emperor ordered Bhagvati Das to be hanged and h i s

house to be conf i sca ted . Bhagvat Das has been a r r e s t e d " .

1. Apa was a Maratha Chief tan.

: 132 J

Calendar no. - 69



Dated - Sawan Sudi 11, V.S . 1772/10 Aug 1715

Language - Hindi

Summary:

Informs t h a t "in the reign of Bahadur Shah

the pathans had captured Qandahar, The imperial army

l a t e r recaptured i t . Now the Pathans a re parrading a t the

f ron t i e r of G_hazni, The qile'dar of Ghazni and subedar of

Multan have pe t i t i oned to the Emperor in t h i s regard.

Requests t h a t the amovint of h i s sa lary may kindly

be adjusted aga ins t the assignment of some v i l l a g e s in

Baswa and Chatsu,

Reports t h a t as per the wishes of the Maharaja

he has been conferred the wakalat of Rana. Further

reques ts "the wakajat of Bundi has been in ray family from

four or f ive gene ra t i ons . You therefore kindly recommend

me for the wakalat of Biindi so tY&t I may pay back the 3

bohras" .

Reports that "Sahib Singh the grandson of Padam

Singh had been assigned twenty lakh dam.s in pargana Kav.'ai.

1. See Supra Introduction p.jîj

2. Ibid. pp. ix-x,

3. Ibid.

: 133 s

on the death of Sahib Singh the assignment was t ransfer red

to Dilawar KHan, the fauldar of Ranthambore".

Regarding the a f f a i r s inthe e a s t says t ha t "The

Sahukar of Patna conplained ( a t the imperia l court) tha t

Mir Jumla compelled him to give a hundi of Rs. nine l akh .

Bahadur Dil Khan and Mir jximla' s men t o r t u r ed the people

of th^ c i t y (patna) and looted the r a i y a t . The j aq l rda r

was unable to con t ro l the s i t u a t i o n . The Emperor was furious

on Mir Jumla and there fore t r ans f e r r ed h i s sxibedari of

pa tna , Dacca and Bengal, now only svibedari of Orrisa

remains with him. The Emperor has ordered the made bea re r s

to take Mir Jximla from Patna to o r r i s a , and to bring

Bahadur Dil Khan e tc to h i s presence. The subedari of

Bengal i s granted to Zafar Khan, the naib of Mir jumla a t

the recommendation of Nawab Qutbul Mulk".

1. Mir Jumla had come to Delhi on which the Sayyids i n s t i g a t e d the Emperor to send him back to h i s subedar i . Mir Jumla therefore r ebe l l ed .

: 13^;:

Calendar no. - 70

Addressed to - Maharaja Jal Singh

Name of the writer - JagJiwanDas

Dated - Bhadva Sudi 12 V.S. 1772/10 Sept 1715

Language - Hindi

Summary:

Conveys t h a t Qutbul Mulk's wish t^ show the

sanad of Rao Budh Singh to the Maharaja,

informs t h a t "The Emperor i s suf fer ing from

f i s t u l a (bhaqandar) s ince long which has been a l l the

more a f fec ted due to h i s v i s i t to pan ipa t in rainy season,

A fore igner i s t r e a t i n g the Enperor. He i n s e r t s bandage

in one wound and ope ra t e s the o t h e r . The trePtment i s 2

good and the Errperor w i l l recover soon".

Conveying the news of the c o u r t r epor t s t h a t

"The r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of Burhanpur a t the t r ans f e r of Daud

Khan from i t s subedarj i s e n t i r e l y in the hands of

Aralrul umara. A hasbul huk^m had been de l ivered to Daud

Khan with the seal of Khan-i Dauran ( the i ssue remains

vague) , Amirul Umara despatched i t to the Emperor, Now

lOjan-i Daurlin swears by Quran in f ront of Qutbul Mulk 3

tna t he had not sent the hasbul hxaXiiim. 1, For discuss ion see Supra In t roduct ion p , xxv,

2, See de t a i l s ^ I b i d . p .

3 , Daud Khan was a t t h i s time being i n s t r u c t e d to a t t a ck Husain A l i , See T a e k i r a t - u s - S a l a t i n - i chaghta/ o p . c i t , p . 212,

» 135 s

"Nizamul Mulk has not recovered jagFr u p t i l

now. He was maintaining around two and a half thousand

âwars for himself and one thousand for h i s son. He

dismissed a l l of them and re ta ined only two sawirs . On

Nawab Qutbul ^fulk's assurance for j a g i r Nizamul Mulk

promised to r e s to re the sawar when he ge t s the j a g i r .

"The son in law of Taqarxda Iân Khansama

had been given the i j a r a of pargana Sirhind amounting to

f i f t y two lakh danis . But since the above pargana v/as

depopulated due to the t roubles c rea ted by Guru hence the

agreed amount was not sent to the t r e a s u r y , Ali Ahmed Khan,

the fauj dar of the area has therefore been res tored aga in ,

"Kawab Khan-i Dauran has been appointed the

naib of Mir Bakhshi. The newly appointed mansabdars

had to be despatched i l t in ias which the Nawab did not send

ne i the r did he p resen t the matter before the Emperor,

After the departure of Nawab Amirul Umara (Mir Ba]^shi)

Nawab Kh1n-i Dauran i s not doing h i s work s a t i s f a c t o r i l y 2

and h i s i n t en t ions a re not c l e a r " .

1, See In t roduc t ion , p . x v i i ; ? "

2, See Mirza Muhammad, Ibra'tnama, op . c i t , , f ,202.

A P P E N D I X

136

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GLOSSARY

AHADI

AMIN

AWARIJA

BAmL

BAK^HI

BELDAR

BIRADARI

BOtiRA

CHAUKI-I KHAS

CHOBE-DAR

DAGH

DAHSALA

DAROGHA

DARUL MULK

DASTAK

DAUL

: Gentlemen trooper

I Officer or Clerk in the revenue Department

: An abstract accotmt of receipts and

disbursement, a revenue account.

: Re-instated,restored

: An officer whose especial duty was to keep

an account of all disbursements connected

with military tenures; Commander-in-chief.

: Digger

: Pa»ily

: Money lender

: Special guard plaemd around the Emperor's

person,

t Mac* bearer, a servant whose business is

to announce the arrival of company.

: Branding of horses at muster.

: Revenue settlement for ten years.

: Superintendent qr Chief of a department

or Office.

: The Capital City

: A permit

: An estimate of revenue which a district

or estate may be expected to yield.

- 14 2 :

P I WAN

DIWAN-I TAN

DIWAN-I K l ^ I S A

DUKAN

FASLANA

F I L gj NA

qîAND4

GHARI

GHIB-SALKPIANA

GULAL BAR

GUMASHTA

GUfH BARDAR

HARKARA

HASBUL HUKM

ILTIMAS

IKAM

: Tribunal of justice or revenue; accountant

general,

: The accountant/Incharge of the provisions

of the Emperor's personal expenses.

: The accountant general of the Khalisa

territory,

: Banker's house,, factory,

: Relating to the harvest or the crop, a

fee or perquisite derived from it.

: Elephant stables, also the department of

elephants.

; Enemy

: A term of twenty four minutes, being one-

sixtieth part of a day and night,

I Popular name to the Emperor's hall of

private audience.

: Outer enclosure of the Emperor's own

residential tents,

: An agent, a factor, a representative, an

officer employed by the zamrndars to

collect their rent.

: Mace-bearers

: Running footman, messenger, coxirler,

: A docvunent issued in agreement to the

Royal authority by the higher officials.

: A humble or unpretending representation,

: A cash gift over and above the pay of

a person 's mansab.

: 143 I

JAMA KBARCH

JAMDHAR

JIGMA

KAHAR

KALGMX

KARORI

I^ÎIIAT

^yjgrpxA MAVIS

KOTAL

MADJUUUL MAHAM

MAHALLA

KAHSlL

MAHZAR

MASHRUT

MORCHAL

: Expenses/ accoviiit of r ece ip t s and

disbursements,

: A hind of dagger

: An ornament of gold and jewels worn on

a helnet/ crest.

f Porter

: A ozitament on the turban.

: Collector of State dues of a certain area,

: Robe of honour conferred by the Emperor and

other

: S«er«t news reporter, spy, agent.

: Pass, saddle,

: Minister wazir.

I Parade ef an officer's ctmtingent of troops.

i Public income from any source as land curtcxns,

excise and the like, the produce or return

realised from anything.

: A docviment attested by a number of persons

professing to be cognisant of the circumstan

ces of the case and sulnnitted with their

signatures to the court.

: Conditional as applied to assignments or

grants of land revenue.

: Battery* entrencl:uRent.

: 144 J

MUCHALKA

MUHARRIR

MUHIMSAZI

MOTfTASIB

MUHUR

MUMALIK-I MAHRUSA

MUNSHI

MUSAHIB

MUSTAUPI

MUTALIBA

MUTASADDI

NAIB

NAQDI

lAQQAR KHANA

NAUBAT

NAWISANDA

NA2IM

NA2R

PATTA

PAHAR •

A written obligation or agreement, surety,

an engagement under a penalty to observe

the e©nclitions of any died or grant.

A clerk/ a scribe.

Arrangement

An officer appointed to taXe cognizance

of Improper behaviour as of indecency.

Gold coin.

The Entire Enpirs

A writer, a secretary.

Companion, associate, friend, the favourite

of a prince; an aid-de-camp.

Auditor of accounts.

Demand, claim. State loans.

A writer, a clerk.

Deputy.

To be paid in Cash.

Band room

A band sounding at the gat«rvay of great laen.

A transcriber, a clerk.

Incharge

Present made to a superior

A deed of lease specifying the condition

of the tenant.

One quarter of the day or night, three hours,

: 145 s

PESHDAST

PESlfiCAR

PHUL KATARA

PURA

QABZ-UL WASUL

QARAWAL

QAZI

RAHKALA

RAKAB-I ZAFAR

RAZI MAMA

ROZGAR

ROZNAMCHA

RUQQA'

SAH

SANAD

SANWATI

SAROPA

SARPECH

SARRAF

SAWANIH

SAHAR

SAZ

Office assistant

A dAputy

OmaoMinted sword

Town, City

Rttcelptf discharge, acknowledgement.

Watehaan^ spy, guard/ ranguard.

AA officer appointed to administer both

civil and criminal law.

A wheeled field piece used in war.

IJMparlal army

Agroonent, a written assent

Salary, employment as a means of subsistence,

A dally account book.

A letter, a draft, a bill.

A iMrehant, banker (sahakar).

A document conveying to an individual

emoluments, titles, prlveleges, offices

or rights to revenue from land and the seal

of t\m ruling authority.

Arrears of revenvie due for several years.

A complete dress of honour.

An ornament in front of a turban

Banker

Events, report.

A horseman

Trappings, harness.

146

SIYAHA

TABUT

TAHSIL

TAXAB

TAQSDl

TASARRUF

THAMA

yUMAR

WAQIA NAvIs

: Account book of receipts and disbursement

of a Tillage or estate.

: Coffin

: The Revenue collected

: Pay, salary, demand of arrears of revenue.

: Division of the revenue upon several

subdivisions of an estate.

: Possession, unlawful appropriation.

: A Military post or garrison

: A Aeed of record or regard of occupation

•i; land granted eitiwr by the collector

or by samindars to tbe oeeupanta.

: The artillary dtopartaent including all

fire-arms.

: A record, an account.

: Recorder of events.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I PRIMARY SOURCES

1. wakil's Reports

2, wakil's Reports

3. Wakil's Reports

4. Arzdashts

5, Akhbarats

6. Arhsattas

7. parwanas

8. Siyahas

9. Yaddashts

( P e r s i a n ) Ra ja s than S t a t e A r c h i v e s , B ikaner , (Microf i lm, CAS n o . 4 55)

( P e r s i a n ) Ra jas than S t a t e Arch ives ,

B ikane r , ( T r a n s c r i b e d copy, CAS

n o . 85 )

(Hindi) Ra jas than S t a t e A r c h i v e s ,

B i k a n e r , ( M i c r o f i l m , CAS nos 438, 439)

( P e r s i a n and Hindi)

Ra ja s than S t a t e Aarchives, Bikaner

( P e r s i a n ) Ra jas than S t a t e Arch ives ,

B i k a n e r .

(Hindi) "

( P e r s i a n ) "

( P e r s i a n ) "

( P e r s i a n "

I I . CONTEM>ORARY SOURCESi

(A) MANUSCRIPTS

1 , i s a r d a s Nagar

2, Bhimsen

3 , Aurangzeb

P u t u h a t - i '"Alamgrrl .B.M., Add 23884

(Rotograph CAS no 4 2)

Nuslsha-i Di lkusha , B.M. o r 23

(Rotograph CAS no 43)

K a l i m a t ^ i T a i y a b a t , B.M,, Add 26238 (Microf i lm CAS no 118)

: 148 :

4 . Mirza Muârrtnad l b r a t Nama. Bankipur v i i , no ,623 ,

(Rotograph CAS no 213)

l b r a t Nama, BM, o r 1716 f • - '—

(Rotograph CAS no 14 3)

g ^ z k l r a t u l Muluk. lOL no 1147 (Togoraph GAS no 81)

7 . Shivda"s Lakhnavi Shah Nama-i Munawwar ICalam, BM,

5, Qasim Lahori

6. Yahya Khan

(B) PUBLISHED WORKS

or 26 (Rotograph CAS no 139)

1, Abdul Hamid Lahori BadAshanama. Calcutta, 1967.

2. K^war Khan T a z k l r a t us S a l a t l n - 1 Chaghta, e d .

Muzaffar Alam,Delhi , 1980.

3 . Saqi Mustad Khan M a i s i r - i ÂlamgfrI, t r . J . N . s a r k a r , C a l c u t t a , 1947.

4. Khafi Khan

5. Shahnawaz Khan

6. Aurangzeb

7. Niccola Manucci

III REFERENCE WORKS

1, Acharya Badri . Prasad Sakariya

Bhutiram Sakariya

2. Steingass

Muntakhab u l lubab ^ Catcuikoc, Vcl-1 aea)j

Maaslr u l Umaraêd. Molvi Ashraf A l l , A s i a t i c S o c i e t y , C a l c u t t a 1891 (3 vo l s ) .

Ruqq'at- i X l a m g l r l t r . Jamshid H.

Bi lmor ia De lh i , 1972.

S t o r i a do Mogor, t r . W, I r v i n e ,

C a l c u t t a , 1966.

R_a l a s t h a n ! Hindi Shabd Kosh (Hindi)

V o l . I , J a i p u r , 1977 .

A Comprehensive P e r s i a n Engl ish d i c t i o n a r y i n c l u d i n g the Arabic words and p h r a s e s t o be met wi th P e r s i a n l i t e r a t u r e - New D e l h i , 1981 .

: 149 :

3. J.T. platts

4, H. Yule

5. H.H. Wilson

6. H.G. Cattenoz

7, Sewell and Dikshit

A dictionary of Urdu classical Hindi < I - ** —

and English, Delhi, 1977.

Hob son - Job son, A glossary of colloq,ui-

al Anglo Indian words and phrases and

of kindred terms, etymological,

historical, cfeographical, London,

1903.

Glossary of judicial and revenue terms

II ed. Delhi, 1968.

Tables de concordance eres Chrestene

et Hegiririenne, Ilnd ed, Rabat, 1954,

(Xerox copy CAS).

The Indian Calendar, London, 1896.

8. M, Athar Ali

9. irfan Habib

10. W. Brice

11. S.R. Sharma

!nie apparatus of an Empire - awards

of ranks office and titles to the I W l l • I I I ! I !!• I l l I I I - M M I 1 - I • I I I _

Mughal nobil i ty;1574-1658^Delhi , 1985. An Atlas of Mughal Empire; P o l i t i c a l and Economic Maps with de ta i led notes and Bibliography and index, Delhi, 1981. An Hi s to r i ca l A t l a s of Islam, Netherlands, 1981. Bibliography of Mughal Empire, Bombay.

12. Descr ip t ive l i s t of the wakil Reports (Persian) addressed to the r u l e r s of J a ipu r , 2 Vols , Bikaner, 1967 & 1972,

13. Descr ipt ive l i s t of a rzdashts (Rajasthani) addressed to the r u l e r s of J a i p u r , Bikaner.

14. Encyclopaedia of Islam, New ed i t ion v o l . I &TT.:i/, London, i960.

I 150 :

IV SECONDARY WORKS

(A) BOOKS

1 . Abdul Aziz

2 . A tha r A l i

3 . G,D, Sharma

4 . H.G. TikJciwal .

5 . I r f a n Habib

6 . O.N. Sa rka r

7 . J.W. 'Sarkar

8 . j . K . Sa rka r

9 . James Tod

10. Satish Chandra

11. Satish Chandra

12. Shyamal Das

13. V.S. Bhatnagar

14. W.H. Moreland

The Mansabdari System and Mughal

army, Lahore , 194 5 .

The Mughal N o b i l i t y under Aurangzeb, ^ " • • • • • • • • I I . , - . • -

Bombay, 1966. Ra jpu t P o l i t y : A s tudy of P o l i t i c s and a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of the s t a t e of Marwar, 1638-1745. J a i p u r and L a t e r Mughals, J a i p u r , 1974.

Agrarian System of Mughal India,

Bombay, 1963.

H i s t o r y of Aurangzeb , ( I I -V) , C a l c u t t a ^

1972, Mughal A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , C a l c u t t a , 1 9 35 .

H i s t o r y of J a i p u r .(1503-1938)

Rev & ed , by Raghtiblr Singh, De lh i ,

1 9 8 3 . ,

/yi ^na is and A n t i q u i t i e s of Ra ja s than ,

Loridon. ' l 920 , p a r t i e s and P o l i t i c s a t the Mughal^

Cour t 1707-1740, New D e l h i , 1979.

Medieval I n d i a - S o c i e t y , the

j a q i r d a r i C r i s i s and the V i l l a g e D e l h i , 1982.

V i r Vinod, n & m , u d a i p u r . L i f e and Times of Sawai j a i Singh{|f%g_j7i ji -5n*J7Tn7*r ^^' I n d i a from Akbar t o Aurangzeb, London, 1923,

: 151 :

1 5 . W i l l i a m I r v i n e L a t e r Mugha l s , 2 V o l s C a l c u . t t a , 19 22 ,

(B) UNPUBLISHED WORKS

1 . S . P . Gup ta

2 . S . A . Nadeem R e z a v i

(C) ARTICLES

1. Irfan Habib

2. Satish Chandra

3. S.P, Gupta

4.

5 , Sunibul Ha l im Kham

6 .

A g r a r i a n Sys tem o f E a s t e r n R a j a s t h a n

' ( l 6 5 0 - l 7 S Q i New D e l h i , 1986) .

The Lower B u r e a u c r a c y of t h e Mughal

E m p i r e , M . P h i l d i s s e r t a t i o n , CAS,

1 9 8 6 .

P o s t a l Communica t ion i n Mughal I n d i a ,

A l i g a r h p r o c e e d i n g s ^ ^ 1 9 8 5 .

JT iz iya i n the P o s t - Aurangzeb p e r i o d ,

PIHC. 1 9 4 6 .

E x p a n s i o n of t h e Kachchwaha t e r r i t o r y ,

PIHC, 1 9 6 5 .

I j a r a Sys tem i n E a s t e r n R a j a s t h a n ,

M e d i e v a l I n d i a - A m i s c e l l a n y , V o l . 2

The w a k i l ' s R e p o r t o f R a j a s t h a n

S t a t e A r c h i v e s - a sample s t u d y ,

PIHC, 1984 ,

The w a k i l s o f Amber a t t h e Mughal • IHC

C o u r t , A l i g a r h P r o c e e d i n g s , . 198 5 .

* * *

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