Prepared for:

The Maryland National Road Partnership Development TeamMaryland Department of Planning

Maryland State Highway AdministrationMaryland Office of Tourism Development

Maryland Historical TrustMaryland Department of Natural Resources

Maryland Historic National Road Citizen Advisory Group

Prepared by:

Lardner/Klein Landscape Architects, P.C.in association with

John Milner AssociatesShelley Mastran

Bay Area EconomicsCompass

Daniel Consultants, Inc.Sally Oldham

CORRIDOR PARTNERSHIP PLAN for the

Maryland Historic National Road Scenic Byway

May 2001

Prepared for:

The Maryland National Road Partnership Development Team

Maryland Department of Planning301 W. Preston Street, Room 1101

Baltimore, MD 21201

Maryland State Highway Administration707 N. Calvert Street

Baltimore, MD 21202

Maryland Office of Tourism Development217 East Redwood Street, 9th Floor

Baltimore, MD 21202

Maryland Historical Trust100 Community Place

Crownsville, MD 21032

Maryland Department of Natural Resources580 Taylor Avenue

Annapolis, MD 21401

Prepared by:Lardner/Klein Landscape Architects, P.C.

814 King Street, 4th FloorAlexandria, VA 22314

703-739-0972

in association withJohn Milner Associates / 610-436-9000

Shelley Mastran / 703-734-1742Bay Area Economics / 301-589-6660

Compass / 607-432-7912Daniel Consultants, Inc. / 410-995-0090

Sally Oldham / 443-482-9365

Funded in part by the Federal Highway Administration

CORRIDOR PARTNERSHIP PLAN for the

Maryland Historic National Road Scenic Byway

May 2001

iv Lardner/Klein Landscape Architects P.C. MAY 2001

Maryland Historic National Road Scenic Byway Corridor Partnership Plan

Joe Adkins* Planner, City of FrederickKristin Aleshire* Planner, Town of MiddletownDoug Bast* Bast of BoonsboroPaul Bridge* B&O Railroad Station MuseumLarry Brock Allegheny Highlands TrailJack Caruthers GrantsvilleLambert Cissell* WoodbineJoseph R. Connors* Grantsville, MDJanet Davis* Frederick Co. Dept. of Planning & ZoningDorothy Dobbyn* Director Southwest Seven NHS, BaltimoreElizabeth Earley* HagerstownCharles Feaga* Ellicott CityBrigitte Fessenden* City Planner, CHAP, City of BaltimoreJohn Fieseler* Executive Director, Tourism Council of

FrederickJane Fleming* Poplar SpringsStephanie Gates Queen City Tours, FlintstoneNadeane Gordon* FrostburgJohn A. Grant* OaklandMike Gregory Manager, Savage River Complex, MDNRFrank Greise CumberlandJerry Hess Allegany County Convention & Visitors BureauPauline Hood Poplar SpringsHomer W. Hoover* CumberlandGloria Jones* Proprietor, Knot Hole Craft Shop, FlintstoneRon Jones* Proprietor, Knot Hole Craft Shop, FlintstoneVicki Koch Westmar Tours and TravelSteve Lafferty Maryland DHCD, BaltimoreJackie Langton* Flintstone Hotel, FlintstoneRichard Langton* Flintstone Hotel, FlintstoneMichael Lewis* Coal Heritage Tour, Garrett County, MDZ Sun-nee Mateema Rockville, MDShirley McIntosh Off I-68 Magazine, CumberlandLindy Moebs* Greater Grantsville Business AssociationRita Mueller Grange Hall Antiques, New MarketBob Quilter* Planner, City of BaltimoreTerre Rhoderick* Frederick Co. Board of CommissionersSteve Riedesel* HagerstownFlorence Riedesel* HagerstownJane Stull* Mt. AiryLeroy Stull* Mt. AiryDavid Wasmund* CatonsvilleJohn A. Wiseman Frostburg State University, Dept. of HistoryLinda Zerbee Darrall Maryland State Highway AdministrationFrances Zumbrun* Green Ridge State Forest, Flintstone

* Contributed photographs and/or tours of the Maryland HistoricNational Road Scenic Byway for use in the development of this plan.

Acknowledgment

MarylandHistoricNationalRoadCitizenAdvisoryGroupThank you to thefollowing people fortheir thoughtful adviceand participation aspart of the MarylandHistoric National RoadCitizen Advisory Group.

MAY 2001 Lardner/Klein Landscape Architects, P.C. v

Acknowledgments

Thank you to thefollowing people fortheir additionalassistance in thedevelopment of thisplan throughparticipation inmeetings, personalcommunications,interviews, participationin the development ofcase studies, or bybringing forward muchof the hidden history ofMaryland’s HistoricNational Road.

Doug Adams CatonsvilleRobert Arch Director of Planning, Washington CountyDon Bailey LaVale PlazaKaren Carrier New Market General StoreMel Collins Preservation Society of Allegany CountyFred Crozier MSHA, District Engineer, District 6Doug Faris Superintendent, C& O Canal NHSRichard Gink Western Maryland Heritage Foundation,

BoonsboroLisa Gutierrez Maryland Greenways CommissionDean Herrin Catoctin Center for Regional StudiesZach Holl City Planner, BaltimoreKevin Jordan Bon Secours Foundation, BaltimoreKathleen Kotarba CHAP, City of BaltimoreK.C. Keith CumberlandKathleen Kreul Preservation Maryland, BaltimoreEddy Leon CHAP, City of BaltimoreMike Logan Howard County Dept. of Parks and RecreationRyan Matz Dir.of Sales at Rocky GapAsa McCain Mayor of OaklandKathy McKenny Cumberland Hist. Preservation OfficeFrank Murphy Baltimore City Office of Public WorksMichael O'Malley CumberlandBill Park MSHA, District 6Margie Pein CumberlandDick Pfefferkorn Executive Director, Canal Place Preservation &

Development AuthorityMurray Piper FHWA Maryland Scenic Byway CoordinatorJoanna Pi-Sunyer Bon Secours Foundation, BaltimoreNasser Rahimi City of Baltimore Department of Public Works,

Traffic EngineeringRuss Richards Western Maryland Heritage Foundation,

BoonsboroAl Schiff* HagerstownDoug Stover National Park Service, SharpsburgMelvin Stukes Councilman, City of BaltimoreMaureen Sweeney- Former Executive Director, Catonsville Chamber Smith of CommerceVicki Swink City of CumberlandSandra Taft BaltimoreBill Thompson Burgess of MiddletownGlenn Tolbert Main Street Manager, OaklandKit Valentine Friends of the Patapsco Valley and Heritage

Greenway, Inc.Betty Van Newkirk Curator of Frostburg Museum AssociationJoseph H. Weaver CumberlandDavid Wiles Clear SpringKen Wishnick Garrett Co. Chamber of Commerce

vi Lardner/Klein Landscape Architects P.C. MAY 2001

Maryland Historic National Road Scenic Byway Corridor Partnership Plan

Maryland Department of PlanningHarriet Tregoning, Secretary, MDPRonald N. Young, Deputy Secretary,

MDP

Cindi Ptak, Project ManagerAl Feldstein, Regional Planner,

Western MD Regional OfficeSophia Richardson, Support StaffDana Green, Support Staff

Maryland State HighwayAdministration

John D. Pocari, Secretary, MDOT

Terry Maxwell, State Scenic BywayCoordinator

Charlie Adams, Director, Office ofEnvironmental Design

Maryland Office of TourismDevelopment

David S. Iannucci, Secretary, DBED

Marci Ross, Manager, DestinationResources Development, Office ofTourism Development

Maryland Historical TrustRaymond A. Skinner, Secretary,

DHCD

Elizabeth Hughes, Chief, Office ofHeritage Planning and Outreach

Bill Pencek, Deputy Director,Maryland Historical Trust

Maryland Department of NaturalResources

Sarah J. Taylor-Rogers, Secretary,DNR

Ross Kimmel, Supervisor, CulturalResources Management, StateForest and Park Service

Charlie Mazurek

Acknowledgments

PartnershipDevelopmentTeam

Lardner/Klein LandscapeArchitects, P.C.

Jim Klein, ASLA, Principal - ProjectDirector, Corridor ManagementPlanning and Implementation

Amy Ansell - Planning, ResourceInventory, GIS, Writer/Editor

Steve Sattler - Case StudyDevelopment

Elisabeth Lardner, ASLA, AICP,Principal - Editorial/TechnicalReview

Jeff Killion - Photography

John Milner Associates, Inc.Elizabeth Watson, Senior

Preservation/Conservation PlannerPeter Benton, Preservation ArchitectKip Van Blarcom, Planning/Historic

PreservationMatthew Roberson, Planning

Analysis/Matrix

Office of Shelley MastranShelley Mastran, Preservation

Planning and CommunityParticipation

Bay Area EconomicsAnita Morrison, Principal, Economic

Development/MarketingAbigail Byers, Analyst, Economic

Development/Marketing

CompassRon Thompson, Interpretive Planning

Daniel Consultants, Inc.Mammon Daniel, Transportation

PlanningLarry Green, Highway Safety

Analysis

Oldham Historic Properties, Inc.Sally G. Oldham, President,

Transportation Planning

MAY 2001 Lardner/Klein Landscape Architects, P.C. vii

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 - Introduction ...................................................................................... 1-1The National Road: A Nation-Building Highway ................................................................1-1The Purpose of the Corridor Partnership Plan ...................................................................1-2The Planning Process ........................................................................................................1-2Significance of the Corridor’s Intrinsic Qualities .................................................................1-3

The Historic Qualities of the National Road Corridor ........................................................... 1-3The National Road Corridor as a Cultural Landscape ......................................................... 1-5

Chapter 2 - Vision and Goals .............................................................................. 2-1The Overall Vision and Goals for the Plan .........................................................................2-1The Vision ..........................................................................................................................2-1Goals and Objectives .........................................................................................................2-1

Preservation and Community Enhancement ....................................................................... 2-2Conservation ....................................................................................................................... 2-2Interpretation ....................................................................................................................... 2-2Tourism and Economic Development .................................................................................. 2-2Transportation ...................................................................................................................... 2-3Coordination and Management ........................................................................................... 2-3Multi-State Coordination/Designation .................................................................................. 2-3

Chapter 3 - Public Participation .......................................................................... 3-1The Role of the Citizen Advisory Group (CAG) ..................................................................3-1

Public Meetings ................................................................................................................... 3-2Ongoing Participation Plan .................................................................................................3-3

Chapter 4 - Special Qualities............................................................................... 4-1Intrinsic Qualities of the Byway ..........................................................................................4-1Corridor Definition ..............................................................................................................4-2Historic Significance of the Byway .....................................................................................4-5

Overview of Historic Resources .......................................................................................... 4-5Native American and European Settlement before 1810 .................................................... 4-7Heyday of the National Road, 1810-50 ............................................................................... 4-8Agriculture and Trade, 1850-1910 ..................................................................................... 4-11Revival of the National Road, 1910-60 .............................................................................. 4-13Changes since 1960 .......................................................................................................... 4-15Historic Districts and Sites ................................................................................................. 4-15

Cultural Significance of the Byway ...................................................................................4-16Culture of Road Building .................................................................................................... 4-16Settlement Patterns ........................................................................................................... 4-17Travel Experience .............................................................................................................. 4-18Cultural Diversity ............................................................................................................... 4-19Maryland Heritage Areas ................................................................................................... 4-20

Scenic Significance of the Byway.....................................................................................4-20Allegheny Plateau.............................................................................................................. 4-22Valley and Ridge................................................................................................................ 4-22The Great Valley ................................................................................................................ 4-23The Blue Ridge .................................................................................................................. 4-24The Eastern and Western Piedmont Region ..................................................................... 4-24Coastal Plain and Fall Zone .............................................................................................. 4-25Scenic Byways .................................................................................................................. 4-25

viii Lardner/Klein Landscape Architects P.C. MAY 2001

Maryland Historic National Road Scenic Byway Corridor Partnership Plan

Recreational Significance of the Byway ...........................................................................4-26The Road Itself .................................................................................................................. 4-26Garrett County ................................................................................................................... 4-26

Adventure Sports ................................................................................................................ 4-27Casselman River Bridge State Park .................................................................................... 4-27Savage River State Forest .................................................................................................. 4-27

Allegany County ................................................................................................................ 4-27Wills Mountain State Park ................................................................................................... 4-27Pittsburgh to Cumberland Trail (Great Allegheny Passage) ................................................ 4-28Western Maryland Scenic Railroad ..................................................................................... 4-28Canal Place ......................................................................................................................... 4-28Rocky Gap State Park ......................................................................................................... 4-28Green Ridge State Forest ................................................................................................... 4-28Belle Grove and Billmeyer Wildlife Management Areas ...................................................... 4-29

Washington County ........................................................................................................... 4-29Sideling Hill Wildlife Management Area .............................................................................. 4-29C&O Canal National Historic Park and Trail ........................................................................ 4-29Indian Springs Wildlife Management Area .......................................................................... 4-29Washington Monument State Park...................................................................................... 4-29

Frederick County ............................................................................................................... 4-30Appalachian Trail ................................................................................................................. 4-30Civil War Heritage Area and South Mountain ...................................................................... 4-30VFW Golf Course ................................................................................................................ 4-30

Baltimore and Howard Counties ........................................................................................ 4-30Patapsco Valley State Park and Heritage Greenway .......................................................... 4-30

Baltimore City .................................................................................................................... 4-30Gwynns Falls Park .............................................................................................................. 4-30The Inner Harbor ................................................................................................................. 4-31

Natural Significance of the Byway ....................................................................................4-31Sideling Hill Information and Exhibit Center (I-68) ............................................................. 4-31The Narrows ...................................................................................................................... 4-31Stream Valley Corridors..................................................................................................... 4-32

Chapter 5 - Management Strategies ................................................................... 5-1Directing the Plan’s Implementation ...................................................................................5-1

Stewardship ......................................................................................................................... 5-1Enhancement ...................................................................................................................... 5-2Interpretation, Marketing, and Promotion ............................................................................ 5-2

Preserving the Byway.........................................................................................................5-3Establishing Priorities for Preservation/Conservation Action ............................................... 5-3Gaining Greater Recognition for the Significance of the Corridor ....................................... 5-4

National Register of Historic Places ...................................................................................... 5-4Local Historic Districts ........................................................................................................... 5-5Other Designations ............................................................................................................... 5-5

Greenways and Scenic Rivers ........................................................................................ 5-6Maryland Heritage Areas ................................................................................................ 5-7

Planning for Preservation Action ......................................................................................... 5-7Historic Preservation Planning for Communities and Cultural Landscapes .......................... 5-8

Special Views .................................................................................................................... 5-10Open Space Plans ............................................................................................................. 5-11Organizing for Preservation and Conservation Action ....................................................... 5-11Funding Preservation and Conservation Action ................................................................ 5-12

MAY 2001 Lardner/Klein Landscape Architects, P.C. ix

Table of Contents

Enhancing the Byway .......................................................................................................5-14Establishing Priorities for Enhancement Projects .............................................................. 5-14Guiding Changes to the “Everyday Landscape” ................................................................ 5-15

Guidelines for the Road and Right-of-way .......................................................................... 5-16Using an Appropriate Design Process ................................................................................ 5-17

Gently Guiding Change to the View and Context .............................................................. 5-19Guiding Residential Land Use ............................................................................................. 5-20Monitor the Siting of New Communication Towers .............................................................. 5-23Community and Byway Appearance Strategies .................................................................. 5-23

Physical Enhancements ...................................................................................................5-27Funding Enhancement Projects ........................................................................................ 5-31

Administration of Grants and Construction Projects ........................................................... 5-31Capturing the Visitors’ Attention and Residents’ Appreciation ..........................................5-32

Telling the Story ................................................................................................................. 5-33Origins and Significance as a Precedent ............................................................................ 5-33Transformation .................................................................................................................... 5-33Evolution of Transportation ................................................................................................. 5-33

Who is the Audience? ........................................................................................................ 5-34Taking Advantage of Linkages ........................................................................................... 5-35Marketing ........................................................................................................................... 5-35Using Promotional Events to Build Visitation ..................................................................... 5-36Measuring the Economic Benefits of Enhanced Visitation ................................................ 5-36Finding Your Way Along the Byway ................................................................................... 5-37

Key Wayfinding System Elements ...................................................................................... 5-38Making the Trip More Enjoyable and Educational ............................................................5-40

Types of Interpretation for the Byway ................................................................................ 5-40“Portable” Media .................................................................................................................. 5-41“Wayside” Exhibits ............................................................................................................... 5-41Repeating Elements ............................................................................................................ 5-42Exhibits–Exterior and Interior .............................................................................................. 5-43

Creating Opportunities for Education and Fun .................................................................. 5-44Reenactments, Demonstrations, and Living History ........................................................... 5-45

A Few More Words of Advice on Interpretation ................................................................. 5-45

Chapter 6 - Action Agenda .................................................................................. 6-1Getting Organized ..............................................................................................................6-1

Startup Period (0-5 Years) ................................................................................................... 6-2Establishment of a Nonprofit Organization .......................................................................... 6-3Consideration of State Authority .......................................................................................... 6-4

Planning Actions for the Byway ..........................................................................................6-6Comprehensive Planning .................................................................................................... 6-6Historic Preservation Planning ............................................................................................ 6-6Land Preservation and Recreation Plans/Viewshed Planning ............................................ 6-7Community Design Enhancement or Guidelines; Special Assessment Districts ................. 6-7Conservation Easements .................................................................................................... 6-8Significant Natural Resources ............................................................................................. 6-8Historic Resources: Locally Designated Resources and National Register ....................... 6-9Designations for State Funding: Priority Funding Areas, Community Legacy Areas,Rural Legacy Areas, Rural Historic Villages and Heritage Areas ...................................... 6-10

Federal Highway Administration Scenic Byway Program Grants ..................................... 6-11Overview of Wayside Development Program .................................................................... 6-11

Interpretive Theme Organization for Waysides ................................................................... 6-12

x Lardner/Klein Landscape Architects P.C. MAY 2001

Maryland Historic National Road Scenic Byway Corridor Partnership Plan

Preservation and Conservation Actions ...........................................................................6-16Garrett County ................................................................................................................... 6-16Allegany County ................................................................................................................ 6-17Washington County ........................................................................................................... 6-17Frederick County ............................................................................................................... 6-18Howard and Carroll Counties ............................................................................................ 6-18Baltimore County ............................................................................................................... 6-18Baltimore City .................................................................................................................... 6-18

Enhancement and Wayside Projects................................................................................6-19Garrett County ................................................................................................................... 6-19Allegany County ................................................................................................................ 6-20Washington County ........................................................................................................... 6-20Frederick County ............................................................................................................... 6-21Howard and Carroll Counties ............................................................................................ 6-21Baltimore County ............................................................................................................... 6-21Baltimore City .................................................................................................................... 6-22

Recommended Marketing Priorities .................................................................................6-22Garrett County ................................................................................................................... 6-23Allegany County ................................................................................................................ 6-23Washington County ........................................................................................................... 6-23Frederick County ............................................................................................................... 6-24Howard and Carroll Counties ............................................................................................ 6-24Baltimore County ............................................................................................................... 6-24City of Baltimore ................................................................................................................ 6-24

Chapter 7 - Coordination ..................................................................................... 7-1The National Road Alliance ................................................................................................7-1

Coordination of Interpretive Media ...................................................................................... 7-1Coordination of Wayfinding and Route Marking .................................................................. 7-1

Maryland Heritage Areas Program .....................................................................................7-2Maryland “Visitor Guideways” Project ................................................................................7-2Coordination with Intersecting or Parallel Scenic Byways..................................................7-3Coordination with Greenways and Trails ............................................................................7-3Ongoing Tourism Marketing and Promotion .......................................................................7-4Maryland Neighborhood Conservation Program ................................................................7-5Coordination with Capital Improvement Programs .............................................................7-6Coordination with Nonprofit Organizations .........................................................................7-6Comprehensive Planning ...................................................................................................7-6Formation of Subcommittees .............................................................................................7-7

References ............................................................................................................R-1Appendices

Inventory of Historic Features ............................................................................................ A1Atlas for Inventory of Historic Features .............................................................................. A2Transportation and Highway Safety ..................................................................................... BCurrent Public Preservation/Conservation Activities ............................................................ CCase Studies ........................................................................................................................ DPrivate Grantmaking Foundations ........................................................................................ EPhotographic Tours of the Byway, by CAG Members............................................................F

See MDP’s website www.mdp.state.md.us to view and download appendices, or contact MDP directly at:Maryland Department of Planning, Room 1101, 301 W. Preston Street, Baltimore, MD 21201 (Tel. 410-767-4500)