Corrosion A journal of the Institute of Corrosion...Square One Advertising and Design Limited Neepsend Triangle Business Centre, Unit 8, 1 Burton Street, Sheffield, S3 8BW. ... the

CorrosionManagement

A journal of the Institute of Corrosion

Issue 151 September/October 2019

Effect of Sulphide Surface Contamination Removal on Coating Performance

www.icorr.org

Keep up-to-date with the all the latest institute newsPage 4

The latest articles in our informative technical seriesPage 15

Corrosion Management

2 September/October 2019 www.icorr.org

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ContentsIssue 151 September/October 2019

4The President Writes

4Institute News

12Industry News

14Innovative Products

15Technical Article Using impressed current cathodic protection in remote and off-grid sites

17Technical Article Breaking down a new approach to corrosion in the oil and gas industries

19Technical Article An Argument for Judicious Chemical Cleaning: Effect of Sulphide Surface Contaminant Removal on Coating Performance

26

Sustaining Members

32Diary Dates

Published on behalf of the Institute of CorrosionSquare One Advertising and Design LimitedNeepsend Triangle Business Centre, Unit 8, 1 Burton Street, Sheffield, S3 8BW.Publisher and Managing EditorDebbie HardwickTel: 0114 273 0132Email: [email protected] EditorBrian GoldieEmail: [email protected] One Advertising & Designwww.squareone.co.ukAdvertising ManagerJonathan PhillipsTel: 0114 273 0132 Fax: 0114 272 1713Email: [email protected]

Editorial copy date for November/December 2019 issue is: 15th November 2019SubscriptionsUK £70.00Europe £80.00Outside Europe £90.00 airmail £80.00 surface mailEnquiries and subscriptions to the Institute of Corrosion at the address below:The Institute of CorrosionPresidentGareth HindsPast PresidentSarah VaseyHon. SecretaryDr. Jane Lomas

Institute of Corrosion, Corrosion House, 5 St Peters Gardens, Marefair, Northampton, NN1 1SX

Tel: 01604 438222 Email: [email protected] Website: www.icorr.orgAll rights reserved Reproduction without written permission from the Institute of Corrosion is prohibited. Views expressed in editorial text or advertising copy are the opinions of the contributors/advertisers and are not those of the Institute or the Publisher. ISSN: 13 55 52 43

This publication is Recyclable.

Institute News


Welcome to the latest issue of Corrosion Management. This is the third anniversary of my taking over as editor, and I hope you’ll enjoy reading the excellent technical articles I have lined up. These are truly global articles, including a detailed report on research

into treating steel contaminated with sulphides prior to maintenance coating from experts at AkzoNobel in Canada. There is also a report on a new approach to evaluating the development of corrosion on steel from researchers at Argonne laboratories in the USA. Finally there is discussion, and case study, on how to supply current for cathodic protection on remote areas, from France.As usual, if you have any suggestions/comments on the articles published, or wish to submit an article or news item for a future issue, I can be contacted at [email protected] Goldie, Consulting Editor

It has been a busy summer for the Institute and I hope this issue of Corrosion Management gives you an idea of the number and variety of interesting activities that are bubbling away at the moment. It’s an exciting time to be involved! I have to say that I am thoroughly enjoying my time as President, which is made so much easier by the number of dedicated and enthusiastic volunteers who run the Institute activities, as well as our excellent and highly professional office staff.I recently attended the EuroCorr conference in Sevilla and was delighted to be present at the awards

ceremony to see Liane Smith receiving her EFC Honorary Fellowship. Liane gave an inspirational acceptance speech in which she emphasised to younger people in the audience the benefits of getting involved in both technical and professional committee activities. This is a top priority, not only for the Institute but for the corrosion profession in general, and I would strongly encourage our younger members to put themselves forward for these roles.I would like to thank those of you who took the time to give us your views on the proposed refresh of the Institute brand. There were over 300 responses to the online survey, and of the three candidate brandmark/logo combinations, a clear preference has emerged amongst the membership. This has now been taken forward to the detail stage and the final brand assets will be rolled out to the website, stationery and marketing material during the autumn. While it is never possible to please everyone, we have been very much encouraged by the level of approval from our members.One of the most rewarding aspects of being President is recognising the achievements of our members and others in the wider corrosion community. It was a privilege to present our two premier awards during the Electrochem 2019 conference in Glasgow, with Prof. Tetsuo Shoji receiving the 2019 U.R. Evans Award and Dr Steve Paterson accepting the 2019 Paul McIntyre Award. It was a particular pleasure to present the Paul McIntyre Award, having worked with Paul at NPL for many years. He was a true gentleman and the embodiment of dedicated and loyal service for the public benefit.The Electrochem conference itself was a huge success and included for the first time a joint meeting between the Corrosion Science Symposium and the Corrosion Engineering Division Annual Working Day. It was great to see the students mixing with experienced corrosion engineers to exchange knowledge and make connections – this is certainly something that we would like to see more of in the future.I’m pleased to say that we have recently simplified the ICorr membership application process. It is now possible for non-members to apply directly for Technician, Professional or Fellow membership, without the need to join as an Individual member first. Updated application forms and guidance notes are now available on the ICorr website. Please have a think about who you might prod – new members are always very welcome!Finally, the date and venue for this year’s AGM have been confirmed. The meeting will take place in the Council Chamber at Birmingham Council House in conjunction with the Midland Branch meeting on the afternoon of Thursday 31st October. Several interesting and entertaining technical talks have been arranged and I would encourage you all to mark the event in your diaries.

Icorr President, Gareth Hinds

The President Writes

From the EditorICorr President, Gareth Hinds.

For those of our members who are registered with the Engineering Council (EC) as CEng, IEng or EngTech through the Society of Environmental Engineers (SEE), you will have received correspondence advising you that SEE will no longer be a Licenced Member of the EC after 31 July 2019, and therefore ICorr Members will no longer be able to use this route for Registration.Providing Registrants have paid their 2019 Registration fees and are up to date with ICorr subscriptions, their registration will continue until 31 July 2020 so there is no need for concern. We will have alternative arrangements in place before then.We are in the process of setting up a Registration Agreement with another Licenced Member of the EC which has been approved by both councils and is now subject to approval by Engineering Council. Once approved, some of our procedures will have to change but the important thing for ICorr is that we will be able to continue to offer Registration to our members in a seamless way. For those members who are thinking of applying for Registration, can we ask you to continue completing the

CEng, IEng and EngTech Registration with Engineering Council Update

New Vice President Bill Hedges receives his Regalia from

President Gareth Hinds at the recent Council meeting.

Continues

Institute News

www.icorr.org September/October 2019 5

Corrosion Engineering Division (CED) A report on the CED annual working day meeting held during ELECTROCHEM 19, The University of Strathclyde, Glasgow on 28 August 2019, by Dr David NuttallHowever, to start the day, Gareth Hinds, ICorr President, presented the U R Evans Award to Prof Tetsu Shoji, University of Science and Technology, Beijing, China, who then gave his U R Evans award plenary lecture (see CSD report below). There were then three further short presentations by Blue Scientific, Hiden Analytical and EPSCR. The conference then split into three streams. The corrosion stream was given over to CED talks from industrialists on the theme of corrosion monitoring in industry. The first of these was, ‘Electrochemical corrosion monitoring (ECM) in the nuclear industry’ given by Clive Harrison (Wood, Warrington). Although not commonly employed in the UK nuclear power industry, ECM can provide a valuable role in understanding the nature and causes of corrosion. Corrosion is usually discovered during inspections at station outages or component failure while operating. However, there have been many instances in which ECM has elucidated complex corrosion issues. The technique has proved especially useful for localised corrosion such as pit propagation or stress corrosion cracking (SCC). The presentation demonstrated the value of ECM with reference to the author’s plant experience over the past 30 years. Sarah Leeds (DC Voltage Gradient Technology & Supply Ltd, Wigan) gave a presentation on, ‘Monitoring corrosion protection of pipelines utilising the main survey techniques’. Pictures of the

sorts of coating defects identified were shown together with graphical data derived from DCVG, CIPS and soil resistivity techniques. A novel remote control DCVG technique was presented whereby a surveyor can control from land, using a remote control device, to identify coating faults on subsea sections of pipeline, with the meter on an unmanned boat also recording all DCVG electrical measurements and GPS coordinates. The electromagnetic form of the soil resistivity technique enables a total profile of the whole right of way of the pipeline under survey but can only be performed when not pulsing the CP system on and off, and not carried out on top of the pipeline but to one side of the right of way. Finally, in conjunction with Prof Douglas Mills (Northampton University), a non-destructive device, ‘ProCoMeter’, based on electrochemical noise, has been developed which is ideal for site use or continuous monitoring of corrosion behaviour. Hunter Thomson (Scaled Solutions Ltd, Livingston, Scotland) gave a presentation on, ‘Chemical qualification of corrosion inhibitors in the oil and gas industry: Impact of test approaches on performance during laboratory testing’. Laboratory based assessment of corrosion inhibitors is essential prior to field trials, with final qualification relying on close replication to the corroding environment. Research has been carried out into how apparently small changes in test methodology or conditions in these screening tests, can influence the performance of different products. Results illustrated the role of pre-corrosion, chloride concentration as well as the effectiveness of partitioning for different chemicals, on the performance of different products. It was concluded that an understanding and thorough screening programmes are vital to eliminate possible errors and test artefacts. Finally, in the section of CED talks, Paul Lambert (Mott-MacDonald, Altringham) addressed the subject of, ‘Long-

Continues on page 6

Presentation of the Paul McIntyre Award to Steve Paterson.

forms and gathering your information together but please hold onto your application until we are able to announce an alternative route to Registration, hopefully at the start of 2020.Please be patient and as soon as we have an agreement in place, we will inform you of the changes and the procedure for transferring your Registration from SEE to the new Licenced Member.

Urgent RequirementTo all those Members that are registered as CEng, regardless of which body you may be registered through, ICorr needs a pool of willing volunteers to act as applicant assessors and professional review interviewers to ensure that the applicant meets the requirements of EC’s UKSpec. Suitable training will be provided.

It is estimated that you would not have more than 4 applications per annum to assess, averaging up to 3 hours per application. If willing to act as an interviewer, then this may be 2 or 3 half days per annum in London.Any existing CEng willing to be considered for this role should let me know through ICorr Office ([email protected]) as soon as possible so that training can be arranged. Please contact me should you require any further information concerning this role.If we are unable to find and train sufficient assessors and interviewers, ICorr may lose the ability to offer registration. Formal assessment of potential new Registrants is an important function that is highly valued by the Institute and its members.David Harvey, CEng, FICorr, EC Registration Co-ordinator

Institute News


term corrosion monitoring of steel and reinforced concrete’. Major infrastructure is rarely intended to last less than 50 years and more commonly expected to exceed 100 years of usefulness. While many components lend themselves to relatively easy maintenance or replacement, the main structural elements can be difficult to access or even harder to repair or replace. Monitoring the condition of such structures to predict if, and when, some form of intervention is required can therefore be a valuable activity but there are complications. Any monitoring therefore needs to be robust, future-proofed and correctly located to be of benefit. The advantages and disadvantages of half-cell (reference electrode) surveys, acoustic emission, resistivity and linear polarisation measurements were described and discussed. After these presentations, The Paul McIntyre Award was presented to Dr Steve Paterson (only the third such recipient) by Gareth Hinds. Dr Paterson recalled that he first met Paul at a EUROCORR dinner. With Paul’s encouragement, he then became Chair of WP13 from 2013 to 2017, at which time he retired from Shell UK after thirty-seven years. Whilst at Shell, he investigated the pitting resistance of duplex stainless steels in the splash zone and elucidated their sigma-phase embrittlement due to insufficient cooling rates in which intermetallics have had time to form. He pointed out that the new Standard ISO 17781 DSS calls for impact toughness testing (NORSOK M-650, now superseded by ISO 17782). Presently, he is a mentor for young engineers at Robert Gordon University and Chair of Imperial College Materials Advisory Board.In the afternoon, the CED held working group meetings. The Coatings Work Group was convened by Douglas Mills (University of Northampton), who was acting Chairman, with nine delegates present. The revised version of “Intumescent coatings” was examined and will be passed on to Keith Wagner (Paint Inspection Ltd) so that he can address the in-text queries. Two versions “Abrasive Selection” were also discussed. The version without the Appendix was pronounced sufficient and ready for publication and would be passed on to Nick Smart for publication. The draft of ‘‘Improving the performance of hot-dip galvanizing and duplex coatings’’, was briefly reviewed. No authors have been found to-date for the

proposed new document (or book) on, ‘Protective coatings in the aerospace industry’. However, the idea has attracted the interest of Theo Hack and Wolfram Fürbeth (DECHEMA) who will follow this up at EUROCORR 2019. An update was required on, sponsorship of ‘Industrial coatings applicator (ICA) apprenticeships’ discussed at the previous meeting and which will be followed up. No authors have been found to date on ‘High Temperature Coatings’. David Nuttall offered to find someone who may be able to assist. As the Coatings Working Group chairman, has resigned, Keith Wagner was elected as the new chair. Finally, the acting chairman proposed an interim, independent Working Day for the Group in April/May 2020, to be arranged with Nick Smart.This was followed by the Oil and Gas Group meeting. In the absence of the Chairman, Douglas Mills again stepped in. Douglas discussed the minutes of the last meeting, held on 24 April 2018. There was an outstanding action on Bill Brown (Trac Oil & Gas) to produce a document on duplex materials for the marine environment. This was to be a new document and distinct from the hot-dip galvanizing document that was passed to the coatings group. Hunter Thomson (Scaled Solutions Ltd) was asked to comment on a new draft of, ‘Guidelines for corrosion monitoring and control in seawater injection systems’. Additionally, comments were invited on the following documents: ‘Selection of test methods in laboratory performance evaluation of sacrificial anodes’, ‘Detection, monitoring and hazards of bacteria in oilfield systems’ and ‘Working definitions of solubility, dispersibility and partition for corrosion inhibitor application to oil and gas production systems’. Prafull Sharman (Corrosion Radar, Cambridge) then delivered a presentation on Corrosion Radar Technology for monitoring corrosion under insulation. He expressed his interest in continued involvement with the CED O&G Group and was happy to contribute from the perspective of corrosion monitoring. The date and venue for the next meeting needs to be discussed but will probably be at the stand-alone CED Day in April 2020.Finally, the Corrosion in Concrete and Nuclear Corrosion Groups held a combined meeting, chaired by Paul Lambert and Nick Smart.

Corrosion Science Division (CSD) 60th Corrosion Science Symposium The 60th Corrosion Science Symposium (CSS) this year was part of Electrochem2019 hosted by the University of Strathclyde’s Technology Innovation Centre, Glasgow. Electrochem is an annual meeting organised jointly by the RSC Electrochemistry Group and the SCI Electrochemical Technology Group, and over the past 15 years the CSS has joined the meeting as a parallel session. This joint Electrochem/CSS meeting gives a much broader platform for the U.R. Evans award and the Shreir Prize, and enhanced recognition for ICorr. The symposium is an ideal opportunity for students and younger researchers in corrosion science from across Europe to congregate, discuss their work, share ideas and, above all enjoy themselves in a stimulating/friendly environment. This year there were 15 presentations and the UR Evans award plenary talk, plus four posters over the two days. The symposium had a couple of key underlying themes: (i) electrochemical monitoring/sensing strategies; and (ii) polymeric coatings and surface modification.Symposium talk highlights included, David Kumar (University of Bristol) who gave an interesting overview of his work on hot water corrosion issues related to fusion reactor cooling circuits. David explored the effect of simulated fusion reactor conditions on the reduced-activation ferritic-martensitic steel, Eurofer-97, which is Europe’s candidate for structural material in the water-cooled lithium-lead blankets. As well as aqueous corrosion,

Eurofer-97 in a coolant loop will be subjected to high neutron flux, temperatures, pressures, and magnetic fields. Mariana Folena (University of Leeds) reported on her studies into the role of acetic acid in CO2 top of line corrosion using real-time corrosion measurements, where the corrosion response was characterised through the implementation of a miniature three-electrode setup developed for extracting real-time electrochemical measurement. Jessica Moulton (University of Manchester) gave a good overview into her recent studies modelling the behaviour of aluminium flakes in marine coatings using agar gels. Aluminium flakes can be formulated into marine coatings to delay the onset of cathodic disbanding, however the mechanism behind this affect is at present not fully understood.The UR Evans award plenary talk was given by Prof Tetsuo Shoji from Tohoku University, Japan. The UR Evans Award is the Institute’s premier scientific award and is awarded annually in recognition of outstanding contributions to corrosion science and engineering. The award is in the form of an engraved sword and symbolises the fight in which we we are engaged. Prof Shoji’s talk was on the mechanics and mechanisms of stress corrosion cracking – the role of hydrogen as an all-round player. He reviewed the phenomenological understanding of cracking mechanisms along with the fundamental mechanistic understanding. Prof Shoji outlined recent atomistic modelling studies of metallic oxidation by water and suggested a role for hydrogen in the oxidation process linked with experimental observations, reporting

Continued from page 5

Institute News


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hydrogen-vacancy cluster and diffusivity effects. For transition metals and their alloys, hydrogen is thought to play an important mechanistic role, such as in the interaction with surrounding atoms through electron transfer from the metal to hydrogen to form negatively charged/positively charged hydrogen, where atomic defects produce hydrogen-vacancy clusters and existing surface oxides form degraded(non-protective) oxides, with either grain boundaries or interfaces promoting diffusivity. Throughout his talk Prof Shoji often challenged the perceived wisdom and provided exciting insights into recent scientific achievements linked to the degradation and cracking issues associated with nuclear power generation.The Shreir Prize which is awarded to the best oral presentation by a registered student at the CSS was won this year by Amelia Langley (University of Bath) for her talk entitled ‘Chaotic copper corrosion: the influence of dissolved gas on the anodic passivation of copper in model seawater’. Amelia discussed with great clarity and enthusiasm a proposed colloidal dissolution mechanism, linked to characteristic noise in voltammetry data. In addition, the influence of dissolved gas was explored where, more specifically, the effects of industrially relevant O2, CO2 and H2 were studied. Inert gas (He and Ar) and degassing (removal of gas) effects were also explored. The colloidal mechanism was demonstrated to be dependent on both the presence and type of gas, subsequently affecting anodic passivation to a lesser or greater extent, linked to the role of gases as surfactants.

Institute News


PDA EUROPE CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION BRUSSELS, BELGIUM

21-22 Nov 2019Crowne Plaza

Brussels Le Palace

PDA Europe is organising its Annual Conference and Exhibition on 21-22 November 2019 in Brussels, Belgium.The applications of Polyurea are widespread and the technology keeps on innovating and improving. This event is a unique forum in Europe for all the stakeholders of Polyurea and has been designed to discuss and present all its facets.This year, the event will take place over two days with the General Assembly taking place on the 21st.2-days packed with presentations, interactive sessions, education course, spray gun workshop, table top exhibition and networking moments.

CONTACTPDA Europe Secretariat

[email protected]

Maximise your presence and increase your visibility thanks to our sponsorship & exhibit opportunities. Table tops bookings benefit from one free registration!

About PDA EuropePDA Europe is the official trade association for the European Polyurea industry. Registered as an official, international not-for-profit association under Belgian law, PDA Europe promotes the highest possible standards for polyurea. Leading experts from across Europe’s chemical industry make up the membership base of PDA Europe providing expert advice on product quality. The association also offers best practice information on areas of environmental consideration and safety and provides an es-tablished networking forum for key industry players to discuss the future of the polyurea market.

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Education Course Introduction to PolyureaOne of our most popular courses designed specifi-cally with the applicator and contractor in mind, this session expands on topics of: physical properties of polyurea, application procedures and techniques and advances in and types of equipment.

Spray Gun Workshop You will see, dismantle, assemble and discuss the current line of spray guns on the market in Europe. This will allow you to review these application tools without any sales pressure. The purpose of this class is not only to determine the differences between guns but also the similarities which lead to a greater under-standing in functionality of various parts and compo-nents.

Institute News


As mentioned in the last issue, David Horrocks has taken over as Chairman of PDTC from Chris Atkins, and a photograph of the formal hand-over at Portland St Manchester in Mott McDonalds office, during a meeting of the Highways England NHSS19A sector scheme committee, is below.

PDTC

Dr. Derek R. Holmes21st August 1927 – 8th April 2019 An appreciation by Bill Cox

Derek Holmes, a longstanding enthusiastic supporter and officer of the Institute and its predecessors, died recently. Derek was born in Bedford and went via scholarships and exhibitions to Bedford School (37-45) and Wadham College (45-51), Oxford, where he intended to read chemistry, but because of the exigencies of the war and the requirements of the state bursary he

was awarded, he had to read physics at Oxford or metallurgy or glass technology at Sheffield, so he became a physicist. After leaving Oxford in 1951, Derek joined the late C. W. Bunn, FRS, at the ICI Plastics Division, where he completed the structure analysis of Nylon 6, polycaproamide, and made considerable progress with the structure of polyisobutene, and with several of the exciting new isotactic polymers being developed from the work of Professors Ziegler in Germany and Natta in Italy. While at Welwyn his interests broadened considerably where he became involved in other physical analytical methods such as electron and optical microscopy and non-destructive testing. In 1960 he was recruited by the late Dr. Forrest, FRS, at the Central Electricity Research Laboratories, Leatherhead, to lead a Non-Destructive Testing Section in the Physics Division, but due to a major expansion and reorganisation of CERL before he joined, found himself as Head of the Structural Studies Section in the Materials Division.Soon after joining CERL, Derek was fascinated on hearing a paper by Potter and Mann on the growth of two-layer magnetite scales on high-pressure steam generating tubes, and he spent a significant proportion of the rest of his professional career studying the growth, properties and breakdown of oxide

films in a wide range of technological environments. In the Materials Division, Derek was given the opportunity to surround himself with a group of brilliant young men who very soon made significant scientific contributions in high temperature oxidation and in the study of oxide properties. Many of them played major roles in the development and work of the Institute and its predecessor societies, and of the European Corrosion Federation, notably both David Mortimer and Mike Manning serving terms as Hon. Secretary of the Institute. Derek himself served terms as President of the Corrosion and Protection Association, and Chairman of the National Council of Corrosion Societies. He worked with Henry Cole and Bowler-Reid to form the then Institute of Corrosion Science and Technology from its constituent societies, and later served on the Council of the Institute as Hon. Secretary, and for many years as Chairman, Secretary and Editor of the Institute’s Publications Committee. His 23 years at CERL were professionally most satisfying, with work in his section on materials for many diverse applications and problems, including MHD electrodes, zinc air battery electrodes, sodium, helium and CO2 cooled reactor materials, and conventional generation materials, which led to a wide range of publications. Many of these were presented initially at the annual Corrosion Science Symposia, which Derek and his colleagues supported enthusiastically, and at other international conferences. Highlights in his career at CERL included a visit to Russia as an industrial member of a DTI Team of UK Corrosion Specialists lead by Professor Parkins, and in 1979/80 a period of secondment to the Electric Power Research Institute in California working with John Stringer and Bob Jaffe. His time there and various other journeys in the USA and elsewhere gave him a taste for foreign travel, and this, together with the projected privatisation of the CEGB and the associated inevitable reduction in research, led him to seek early retirement in 1983. He intended to spend his additional spare time on his much-loved pursuits of gardening, windsurfing, travel and supporting his family. But such was not to be!As soon as Derek and his wife returned from their retirement holiday, he was asked by John Bernie at the National Corrosion Service at NPL, to spend three years on a part-time basis setting up and managing co-operative research projects to minimise the cost of corrosion to UK industry. Nine years and four major projects later (totalling £2M in all) he retired from his active work at NCS. Simultaneously with his work at NPL, the Institute asked Derek to set up and lead a Publications Committee to increase the Institute’s output, reputation and profit from their high quality technical and scientific publications. He finally retired as Secretary and Books Editor from this committee in 2000, having edited and nurtured the publication of a number of valuable books including, in particular, ‘Dewpoint Corrosion’ in 1985, and the ‘Corrosion Handbook’ in 1999. Derek always felt himself to be wonderfully fortunate in his research career, both in the exciting discoveries being made in so many of his different areas and, especially, in the many brilliant colleagues and friends he had in the Institute and in the wider corrosion field. He was a man of many parts and although always dedicated to his work in science and technology he loved his rugby, windsurfing and swimming. He always maintained a strong interest in education, particularly for those who were less fortunate than himself, and served as a governor of local primary and secondary schools for 23 years. He also served as an occasional PhD Examiner for Newcastle University and Imperial College, as a first degree Examiner at Sunderland Polytechnic (now University), and on the Standards Inspection Group for the Council of National Academic Awards.Derek is survived by Cynthia, who kindly assisted in the preparation of this summary of Derek’s life and achievements, and who notified the Institute of a generous bequest that he was keen should be made to the Institute on his behalf.

Institute News


The branch opened its 2019-2020 session on 27 August with two linked events on MIC – Microbiologically Induced Corrosion. The well-attended Annual Corrosion Awareness Day (CAD) had a full day teaching programme on MIC risks, mitigations, modelling and bacterial analysis, complimented by an evening visit the following week, to NCIMB Laboratories in Bucksburn and the National Collection of Industrial, Food and Marine Bacteria. The CAD event featured some excellent talks by Dr Carol Devine (ICR), Drs Laura Tiano and Lone Tang (Danish Technological Institute), Mabel Ntim (Shell), and Drs Ian Laing, Daniel Sandana and Mr Steven Loftus (CAD Co-ordinator), from key Sponsor ROSEN.Microbiologically influenced corrosion can have a major impact on operators’ CAPEX and OPEX and cause severe environmental damage. A key aim of the CAD workshop was therefore to improve understanding of complex MIC processes, detection of microbiological activity in pipeline systems and management of MIC in the pipeline industry in particular, which has seen many pipelines lost due to internal corrosion in the North Sea sector. Many analytical techniques were discussed in detail, including qPCR analysis (amplification and quantification of bacterial DNA), traditional culture-based MPN (most probable number), NGS, (next-generation sequencing which has revolutionised biological sciences), Metagenomics (the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples), along with pipeline in-line inspection tools, (deploying a wide range of NDT methods), internal cleaning, chemical treatment and MIC modelling tools for corrosion rate determination. A lively discussion followed with many valuable viewpoints expressed and with great inputs from the four participating Microbiologists.The need for an integrated approach to microbial monitoring combining data from multiple techniques, together with taking a fully holistic approach to pipeline integrity management was emphasized to all CAD delegates.

Local Branch NewsAberdeen Branch

The NCIMB visit on 3rd September built on the previous discussions, with a most informative evening led by Dr Daniel Swan, who was previously Head of Platforms and Pipelines, (now the Genomics Pipelines Group) at the Earlham Institute in Norwich, (formerly The Genome Analysis Centre - TGAC). NCIMB have 68 years’ experience of preserving, storing, distributing, analysing and exploiting micro-organisms, and are the only privately owned, publicly viewable collection of bacteria in the UK.A very comprehensive tour of the NCIMB Laboratories followed Daniel’s presentation and recommendations for effective bacterial monitoring strategies, with everyone kitted out in protective clothing to view a wide range of practical demonstrations of bacterial sampling. archiving and determination.

This most interesting industrial visit to NCIMB, (the first of two in the 2019-2020 programme), generated many questions, so many in fact the event overran by nearly 90 minutes!At the close of both meetings, the new Aberdeen Chair, Mr Stephen Tate presented all speakers and organisers with Certificates of Appreciation. Full details of future Aberdeen events can be found on the diary page of the magazine and on the website, or by contacting: [email protected], and all past branch presentations can be found on: https://sites.google.com/site/icorrabz/resource-center

For all the latest news, events and debates join us on

Dr Carol Devine opened the Teaching Programme with a fascinating insight into her career as a Microbiologist entitled “My Life in MIC”.

Dr Laura Tiano (Danish Technological Institute) discusses bacterial sampling options.

Dr Ian Laing, Principal Corrosion Engineer of ROSEN discussed MIC modelling / MIC management, and the vast range of specialist tools available for cleaning and intelligent pigging.

A peek inside the National Collection of Industrial Food and Marine Bacteria vault: with Samantha Law (Culture Collection Curator).

Institute News


London BranchThe branch has found a new venue for its technical meetings – The Lancaster Hall hotel, 35 Craven Terrace London, W2 3EL. This well-appointed conference/meeting centre will be ideal, and the hotel is only a 300 metre walk from Lancaster Gate underground station (Central Line) or 5 minutes from Paddington station (main line, Bakerloo, Hammersmith & City, Circle and District lines).Generally the meetings will be held on Thursdays, but for the first meeting in 2020, this will be on Wednesday 8th January, starting at 18.00. Full details will be posted on the Institute website.The London Branch 31st Christmas Luncheon will be held on the 5th December at the Royal Overseas League, Park Place, St James’s St, London SW1A 1LR, starting at 11.30. For further details, and information on how to get there, see the announcement on the Institute website, and to reserve a place, contact, Steve Barke on [email protected]

The preparations are well advanced for the AGM on the 31st Oct 2019 at Birmingham, which promises to be an interesting event. Prior to this, the branch meeting has presentations from four world leading corrosion professionals, including Dr Markus Büchler who is presenting on CP criteria. Other presentations include, Trevor Osborne, ICorr: 50 years of Offshore Corrosion Control Experience Brian Wyat, ICorr: Cathodic Protection of Offshore Renewable Energy Infrastructure.Chris Wozencroft, Corrosion Engineering UK: Differences between CP for Pipeline, Marine and Civil Structures.Full details of the presentations and the AGM are on the ICorr website

Midland Branch

New Sustaining Member

ERIMUS insulation was formed as an Insulation Engineering Consultancy and an Insulation contractor.The energy and process industries can have an enormous environmental impact on our planet. One way to combat this is by the simple design and installation of robust insulation systems. This will save money and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and ERIMUS are set up to do just that.ERIMUS also offer; high quality professional independent technical services/advice through any, or all, aspects of; thermal (hot, dual purpose, cryogenic) and acoustic insulation, protective coatings/linings, along with passive fireproofing requirements for any project or, maintenance programme. Such services can include material selection and determining the quantities needed to suit the local environment of the project/works.

ERIMUS Insulation

New Sustaining Member HRS Ltd

HRS offer high quality, innovative and cost-effective solutions to the railway industry. Their aim is to provide a bespoke professional service that incorporates delivering a project on time, safely and within budget, and they have a proven track record of a wide range of services within the industry.HRS specialise in infrastructure maintenance, from design through to build, offering CAD designs and site surveying as a package, with fabrication completed to EXC2-3. Hard work and determination in this field brings their customers

back time after time, and the goal is to create and form long term relationships with them, based on mutual trust and cooperation, and looking to meet, or exceed expectations, not under-promising, but over-delivering.They have recently completed various projects refurbishing, renovating and strengthening bridges to a very high standard across the south east.They are a RISQS accredited contractor and their aim is to grow by reputation, assisting and advising customers regarding compliance, whist maintaining the safety of those under their care. The Company is committed to developing a forward-thinking approach with continual personal development of staff at the heart their strategy.

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Industry News


Industry NewsTQC Sheen and C&W Specialist Equipment move to new property As of end of July, both companies will share a new accommodation in Leominster, Herefordshire.According to TQC, by sharing a property, TQC Sheen and C&W can use each other’s expertise to help their customers even better. Not only in terms of advice, but also in terms of service.

The UK operations include sales, service and calibration of TQC Sheen and C&W Specialist Equipment products.The Dutch company, TQC, merged with Sheen Instruments in England in 2017 and have since continued as TQC Sheen. C&W Specialist Equipment joined in 2019.

Inhibition of acid undercutting of hybrid polyurethane coatings A recent study into the corrosion resistance of inorganic/organic hybrid polyurethane based coatings using a mixture of sol-gel precursors has been reported in the journal, Progress in Organic Coatings.Sol-gel precursors, tetraethyl orthosilicate(TEOS), titanium(IV) isopropoxide , and zirconium(IV) propoxide, were used in the study. Salt spray, acid undercutting, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were carried out to study the anticorrosion behaviour of the coatings. Generally, samples based on mixed sol-gel precursors exhibited better protection compared to the urethane coating without sol-gel precursors or the coating with only TEOS as the single sol-gel precursor. In acid undercutting experiments, mixed sol-gel precursor

samples provided the best results compared to the control and TEOS-based samples.The impedance of the hybrid coatings, of about 1010 ohms cm2 at 0.01 Hz, was three orders higher than the control sample. The water uptake for the control sample was close to 2.5% while that for all the hybrid coatings was about, or lower than, 0.5%.Morphology from SEM revealed that the organic/inorganic sample with mixed precursors maintained the coating integrity while higher porosity was developed in the control sample.The study is published in: Progress in Organic Coatings Volume 134, September 2019, Pages 169-176.

Latest Literature

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Effect of particle shape on the wear behaviour of epoxy coatings In a recently published study, an experimental examination was carried out to investigate the effect of particle shape and size on the friction and wear behaviour of epoxy coatings.Friction and wear experiments were conducted using a pin-on-disk tribometer (a device used to measure friction force developed between surfaces in a relative motion). An epoxy resin was filled with four different shapes of glass particles (spherical, flake, rod, and irregular shape) and varying particle sizes. The wear mechanisms such as

matrix wear, matrix cracking, particle fracture, particle de-bonding, and pull-out and debris formation were studied using scanning electron microscopy. According to observations, it was found that particle shape has an effect on the wear characteristic. The samples with spherical- and irregular-shaped fillers had higher friction coefficients compared to the samples with flake and rod fillers.The study is published in: Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, September 2019, Volume 16, Issue 5, pp 1435–1445.

Industry News


STANDARDS UP-DATE

ISOThe following documents have obtained substantial support within the appropriate ISO technical committees during the past two months, and have been submitted to the ISO member bodies for voting or formal approval.

ISO/DIS 7539-10 Corrosion of metals and alloys — Stress corrosion testing — Part 10: Reverse U-bend method.ISO/FDIS 8504-1 Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — Surface preparation methods — Part 1: General principles (Revision of 2000 version).ISO/FDIS 8504-2 Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — Surface preparation methods — Part 2: Abrasive blast-cleaning (Revision of 2000 version).ISO/FDIS 15091 Paints and varnishes — Determination of electrical conductivity and resistance (Revision of 2012 version).ISO/FDIS 15184 Paints and varnishes — Determination of film hardness by pencil test (Revision of 2012 version).ISO/DIS 21857 Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Prevention of corrosion on pipeline systems influenced by stray currents.ISO/DIS 22581 Surface chemical analysis by XPS - Data management and treatment - Near real time information from the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy survey scan — Rules for identification of, and correction for, the presence of surface contamination by carbon-containing compound.New international standards published during the last two months.

ISO 1518-1 Paints and varnishes — Determination of scratch resistance — Part 1: Constant-loading method.ISO 1518-2 Paints and varnishes — Determination of scratch resistance — Part 2: Variable-loading method.ISO 2808 Paints and varnishes — Determination of film thickness.ISO 10810 Surface chemical analysis — X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy — Guidelines for analysisISO 13679 Petroleum and natural gas industries — Procedures for testing casing and tubing connections.ISO 17872 Paints and varnishes — Guidelines for the introduction of scribe marks through coatings on metallic panels for corrosion testing.

ISO 19901-9 Petroleum and natural gas industries — Specific requirements for offshore structures — Part 9: Structural integrity management.ISO 20074 Petroleum and natural gas industry — Pipeline transportation systems — Geological hazard risk management for onshore pipeline.ISO/TR 21555 Paints and varnishes - Overview of test methods on hardness and wear resistance of coatings.ISO/TR 22770 Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — Analytical colorimetry method to support visual assessment of surface preparation grades.ISO/TS 25138 Surface chemical analysis — Analysis of metal oxide films by glow-discharge optical-emission spectrometry.ISO 3233-2 Paints and varnishes — Determination of the percentage volume of non-volatile matter — Part 2: Method using the determination of non-volatile-matter content in accordance with ISO 3251 and determination of dry film density on coated test panels by the Archimedes’ principle.

Standards published within the last two months.

EN 12954 General principles of cathodic protection of buried or immersed onshore metallic structuresThis document describes the general principles for the implementation and management of a system of cathodic protection against corrosive attacks on structures which are buried or in contact with soils, surface fresh waters or underground waters, with and without the interference of external electrical sources. It specifies the protection criteria to be achieved to demonstrate the cathodic protection effectiveness. For structures that cannot be electrically isolated from neighbouring influencing structures, it may be impossible to use the criteria defined in the present document. In this case, EN 14505 should be applied. To assist in forming a decision whether or not to apply cathodic protection, the corrosion likelihood can be evaluated using Annex A. This summarises the requirements of EN 12501-1 and EN 12501-2. Cathodic protection of structures immersed in seawater is covered by EN 12473 and a series of standards more specific for various applications. Cathodic protection for reinforced concrete structures is covered by EN ISO 12696. This document is applicable in conjunction with, EN ISO 15589-1 for application for buried or immersed cathodically pipelines, EN 50162 to manage d.c. stray currents, EN ISO 18086 to manage corrosion due to a.c. interference from high voltage power sources and a.c. traction systems, EN 13509 for cathodic protection measurement techniques, and EN 50443 to manage protection for touch and step voltage.

CEN

TO ADVERTISE IN CORROSION MANAGEMENT

please contact Jonathan Phillips or Debbie Hardwick at:

Square One +44 (0)114 273 0132 [email protected]

Innovative Products


PROTECTING THE WORLD: Introducing Corrosion Science and Engineering

A massive open online course from The University of Manchester and AkzoNobel

Rusty car bodies? Leaking pipes? If you’ve seen these, you’ve seen metal corrosion in action. We’ll teach you why it happens, the environmental and economic consequences, and how we can control it. Featuring materials from our undergraduate and postgraduate Corrosion Control Engineering programme, this course is open to everyone – absolute beginners and professional engineers alike.

Register from mid-August at coursera.org/manchester

Open to everyone I Starts September 2019

Innovative ProductsNew Mil-standard coatings

HMG Paints, the UK’s largest independent coatings manufacturer, has introduced a range of military standard paint systems in direct response to the UK MOD’s introduction of the new Def Stan 80-225, which replaces Def Stan 80-206, Def Stan 80-207, Def Stan 80-208 and Def Stan 80-209. The Def Stan 80-225 system comprises of a choice of primers for ferrous and non-ferrous parts and an IRR and CARC resistant topcoat, which is available in an assortment of colours suitable for military vehicles and non-aircraft equipment. The HMG products in this range are free from chromiumVI, meet low VOC requirements, and are IRR and CARC resistant.

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Innovative Products


Cathodic protection is required by law in many countries for applications including gas pipelines, well head casings, tanks, vessels and marine structures, such as jetties. Furthermore, remote and off-grid sites face the challenge of providing reliable and low-cost power. This article describes the relative merits of impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) when powered by mains, diesel generators and solar or wind powered systems with batteries.ICCP is one of the techniques used to control corrosion of steel structures, and is used widely in the oil and gas, marine and ports industries, and offshore wind farms, where it protects assets such as underground or buried pipelines from natural deterioration. As a result, it protects safety and process continuity, as well as the environment, as it reduces the risk of leaks from oil and gas pipelines and infrastructure. Overall, it provides confidence and efficiency for operators who can apply ICCP to provide a constant trace current to slow down the rate of corrosion.This is particularly important for operators of remote and off-grid sites, where it can be challenging to schedule a visit by a qualified technician for inspection and maintenance of vital assets.

How impressed current cathodic protection worksFour components are needed for corrosion to take place through a natural galvanic reaction: a cathode, anode, electrolyte and an electrical pathway. ICCP works on the principle of overcoming the galvanic current with an opposing current. In a typical ICCP system, a transformer/rectifier draws power from the mains and converts it from AC to DC. It then provides a constant trickle of direct current via anodes in the ground, with current flowing towards the structure to be protected. As a result, this system can prevent the natural oxidation of steel structures.

Depending on the level of current applied, ICCP will slow the rate of corrosion. Some systems can even extend asset life indefinitely as they reduce the rate of corrosion to almost zero. A single system can protect a length of approximately 50km of pipeline in a desert (where soil resistivity and moisture levels are low) but this can drop to 100 metres for structures immersed in sea water.Installations that require protection include pipelines (it is, in fact, a legal requirement in many countries for gas lines in particular). It is also applicable for tanks, vessels, well casings, jetties and any other submerged metallic structure. For many installations, a system can be down for several months without posing a major risk, but the more constant and reliable the supply of current, the better. Some of the different methods of powering ICCP include:Mains power: Around 90 percent of ICCP systems are powered by the grid. It provides high reliability, known and constant current and voltage, and low risk of outages. ICCP systems require relatively low power compared with other industrial loads such as motors for pumping systems. However, it is only possible to specify a mains-fed ICCP system at sites where grid infrastructure exists, or where a grid connection can be delivered for a modest investment that is equivalent, or lower, than the cost of other power solutions. Diesel genset: This is the traditional option for remote sites that do not have access to the grid and uses a diesel generator to provide power, either intermittently or constantly. This solution is relatively inexpensive if a grid connection is not available. However, such sites have high operational costs due to the need for a technician to visit regularly to refuel, inspect and maintain the genset. In addition, when specialised maintenance is needed, the operator will need to call on the services of a qualified technician to supply and fit spare parts, etc., and this can be a logistical challenge in some locations.

Using impressed current cathodic protection in remote and off-grid sitesMohamed Fourati, Sales Manager, France, Saft Batteries

Technical Article


Institute News


Technical ArticleRenewable energy: This option uses solar photovoltaic panels (PV) or wind turbines to generate power to support the ICCP. Because renewable energy does not consume fuel, it has the advantage of having low operating costs that offset the relatively high installation cost. It is best suited to sites that are rich in renewable energy. PV panels are well established in this application, having been used for 20-30 years in ICCP installations. They have the additional benefit that they generate DC power so there’s no need for a rectifier to convert AC to DC. However, when the sun doesn’t shine or the wind doesn’t blow, power drops off and corrosion will restart, which has the potential to increase risk in the long term. As a result, many operators integrate a battery system to store renewable energy and release it when needed. For a solar-powered system, the battery will charge during the day and release energy overnight and on overcast days – and it’s a similar principle for wind-powered systems, which charge the batteries on windy days. Typically the cost of adding a battery is significantly less than the value of the infrastructure that the ICCP system is protecting so it is well worth the investment. However, it’s important to select the battery carefully as not all batteries are tough enough to provide reliable service in a remote off-grid site, where temperatures can vary widely and impact performance and lifetime. All of these methods can be compared with galvanic protection, which uses the natural galvanic potential of different metals to protect a structure with a sacrificial anode. It’s great for small structures like the hull of a ship or another accessible structure where the anode can be changed when it is depleted. However, this option is not so good for extensive buried infrastructure like pipelines or where an operator needs a constant and controllable current output.

The Total Life Cycle Cost of an ICCP systemWhen choosing the right solution for any particular site, it’s important to evaluate the total lifetime cost of the different options to identify the least costly. This should take into account the initial purchase price of the installation, operational and maintenance costs, as well as the salvage cost that can be obtained at the end of an installation’s lifetime when components are sold for scrap. Initial cost includes site surveys, engineering design and specification, delivery to site, installation and commissioning. Requirements are highly specific to the conditions for each installation. A typical ICCP system for a pipeline might draw 1 Amp at 5-10 Volts, whereas systems for well casings will draw 15-20 Amps at a similar voltage. Specifications vary widely as the current drawn differs depending on the soil resistivity and moisture levels in the soil (or salinity of water for subsea installations), climate and the extent of the infrastructure to be protected. During an installation’s lifetime, operational costs include the cost of fuel or power from the grid, as well as the cost of visits by certified technician to inspect, test and deliver maintenance services. These can be costly for remote sites, which require long travelling time and coordination, to ensure that technicians have the right tools and spare parts with them to avoid the need for repeat visits. When mains power is available, installations based on transformer rectifier units are typically the least costly – but this is not always possible, particularly for operators of oil and gas pipelines that run through uninhabited regions. It is just not practical or cost-effective to run a power line across a desert or a remote mountainous region. That leaves a comparison between systems based on diesel gensets and solar PV or wind power – and the high cost of fuel and logistics means that hybrid renewable power supplies are significantly more attractive as running costs mount up over a number of years. An example of the use of a photovoltaic panel/battery system is given on the right.

Case study: Spie Oil & Gas ServicesOne operator that has adopted an ICCP system powered by solar PV and battery systems is the Hassi R’Mel gas field pipeline in Algeria. Located around 550 km south of Algiers in the Sahara Desert, the pipeline is 1,650-km long and stretches from the remote Hassi R’Mel gas field in Algeria to Qued Saf-Saf on the Tunisian border. The pipeline then feeds into Transmed’s supply link that flows from Tunisia to Italy to provide Europe with gas. The field currently represents a quarter of Algeria’s total gas output.In 2018, Spie Oil & Gas Services installed an ICCP system that is powered by solar PV panels in conjunction with nickel-technology battery systems, to ensure a constant unbroken 100 Watt supply to keep the cathodic protection systems operating.

The batteries were installed at 34 stations along the pipeline where they store energy from solar panels. During daylight hours, solar PV panels generate electricity to meet the demands of ICCP, run SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems and charge the batteries. When the sun sets and on overcast days, the batteries step in to maintain a continuous power supply. They are sized to provide up to five days of power to ensure the pipeline is protected even in rare extended periods of overcast weather.

ConclusionThere are some important considerations for engineers who specify batteries for remote sites, where a maintenance call-out can be costly and resource intensive.

Batteries at such sites need to be tough enough to withstand the extreme heat and cold of the desert day and night and the mechanical stresses of transport to the site. Operators typically want to choose batteries that have a proven track record and have demonstrated high reliability in similar operating environments. When choosing battery technology and sizing batteries, it’s important to consider temperature, as it has a significant impact on battery performance and life expectancy. Nickel technology batteries are better able to withstand extreme high or low temperatures than lead-acid technology. Although lead-acid batteries have a low purchase price, they have a limited lifetime, which is further shortened in hot climates.

A lead-acid battery system designed to provide five days of autonomy will last 10-11 years at 25C, or 5-6 years at 35C. In comparison, nickel battery technology will last up to 20 years, so is less costly over the lifetime of an installation. This has a significant impact on Life Cycle Cost of an installation therefore when selecting a battery system, it’s important to use this as the deciding factor. Typically for an ICCP installation, a battery will need to provide a minimum of 2 to 3 days of stand-alone power.

One of the 34 solar-powered CP stations.

A typical battery system for the Hassi R’Mel pipeline.

Technical Article


A new approach to evaluating corrosion in the oil and gas industryCorrosion has long been recognized as a menace to energy and manufacturing industries, and fighting it can be a costly business. But it’s a game that energy suppliers today are forced to play to reduce the risk of pipes bursting and the costly toll damaged pipes can inflict on human health and the wellbeing of the environment.To combat corrosion, energy producers spend millions each year to coat and treat pipelines, and meticulously monitor and inspect thousands of miles of pipe. But technologies for monitoring corrosion are far from perfect, and the threat of corrosion persists. The oil spill caused by a burst pipeline on the coast of southern California, which happened less than five years ago, is among the latest examples. In parts of the broken pipeline, which left more than 100,000 gallons of crude oil along the coastline, 45% of the metal within the pipe wall had corroded away.Research from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Argonne National Laboratory offers a new, more thorough approach for understanding corrosion, and it comes from an unlikely source—the packages scientists build to secure nuclear waste for millions of years, known as waste forms. The new approach, developed by Argonne researchers Vineeth Kumar Gattu and William Ebert, holistically combines existing techniques for analysing corrosion rates to formulate more durable waste form alloys. Their approach has the potential to aid energy producers in evaluating and qualifying materials used in pipelines by using tools that are already at their fingertips

Similarities between material studies of nuclear waste forms and oil and gas pipelinesLike pipelines, nuclear waste forms are susceptible to corrosion over long periods of time. Aqueous corrosion, which occurs when the refined metals in pipes, bridges, cars, and other structures are contacted by water in the environment—such as rain or groundwater—is one common process leading to material degradation and failure. Another is microbial corrosion, which is promoted by the microorganisms within the soil..Materials that are candidates for use as nuclear waste forms must withstand corrosive conditions deep underground when groundwater inevitably percolates through geological and engineered barriers and breaches waste containers. Similar expectations exist for oil and gas pipelines, but corrosive

conditions can differ depending on the environment, in particular the accessibility of oxygen. Because pipelines are exposed to variety of external and internal environments, from seawater to farmlands, rivers, mountains, and urban landscapes, standards for materials will also vary.

Evaluating corrosionWhether they happen in the soil or the sea, chemical and electrochemical reactions in solutions are the reason corrosion occurs. The corrosive stress of an environmental solution is defined by its chemistry. And in nature, the environment is continually changing. An important impact of the changing environmental conditions is a change in the solution redox potential and the voltage it imposes on the surface of the material—and, as Gattu points out, different environmental redox potentials can trigger different material responses. Some materials resist corrosion at higher voltages better than other materials.As materials corrode in response to the environmental conditions, oxides are generated that can be non-protective, like rust, or protective, like chromium oxide, which forms on stainless steel. Over time, the layers and surface properties become stable and the rates of corrosion remain steady. But both the surface stability and corrosion rate can change when the environment changes.

Problems with existing studiesAware of the critical impact environments can have on how materials corrode, Gattu and Ebert set out to find methods that could tell them how fast different materials corrode under the wide range of environmental conditions that could occur during the service life of a nuclear waste disposal facility. What they discovered is that standard tests fail to capture material responses over even a small range of environmental conditions.Gattu and Ebert saw limitations in standardised electrochemical tests that are among today’s most commonly used approaches for measuring how fast materials corrode. As Ebert and Gattu discovered, those tests measure a material’s short-term response to its environment before the surface has stabilised under the environmental conditions. The tests indicate the propensity to stabilise, but do not measure the response of the stabilised surface.“It’s possible for materials to passivate, or form a stable barrier against corrosion, over time, but short-term tests can miss the effects of processes that stabilise the surface slowly,” said Ebert, who manages the Pyroprocess and Waste Form Development group in Argonne’s Chemical and Fuel Cycle Technologies division. “Short-term tests can also miss processes like leaching, which can end up destabilising the material’s surface over time. Long-term corrosion can be slower or faster than the rates measured in short-term tests.”When using standard electrochemical tests, engineers rapidly scan a material over a standard range of potentials that could occur in an environment, Gattu said, but they only pick one condition to measure how fast the material corrodes.“Most tests are conducted under one particular set of conditions, which may never occur in the actual service environment, but materials are qualified based on performance in that one standard test,” Gattu said. “That’s where I think there is a gap—material performance should be evaluated over the full range of conditions that may occur during service.”Without accounting for how material responses may change over longer periods, materials evaluated under only one set of conditions are at risk of failure under more aggressive conditions that may evolve over time but are not represented in qualification tests. By the same token, materials that are good candidates for specific applications may be ruled out prematurely if tests don’t capture the effectiveness of a protective passivating barrier or surface layer that will form under the service conditions.

Technical Article

Vineeth Kumar Gattu reviews microscopy results of samples evaluated using Argonne’s method. (Image by Argonne National Laboratory).

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Technical Article

Implementing a more holistic approachTo improve existing methods and more accurately predict how a material will hold up in the real world, Gattu and Ebert developed a multi-technique approach to measure the corrosion rates under conditions likely to occur over the long term. Their approach combines a suite of electrochemical tests with microscopy and solution analyses. Their electrochemical tests use an electrolyte to impose important chemical effects such as pH and chloride concentrations, and a potentiostat—a device that controls voltage—to fix the voltage of the material surface at values that could occur during service.“The redox reactions occurring in the environmental solution generate an electrical potential on the surface and we’re representing those effects by using a potentiostat,” Gattu said.Unlike in standard tests, Gattu and Ebert measured responses over long periods to allow surface layers to evolve and stabilise. They used electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), which is a technique for characterising the electrical properties of the oxide layers, to determine when the surface layer has stabilised and relate that to the measured corrosion rate. They considered the steady corrosion rate attained when the surface has stabilised to represent long-term behaviour and to quantify its effect on the corrosion rate at different potentials.“That’s where the gap is. Standard tests, because they are so short, only capture the effects of surfaces while they’re still evolving. But these surfaces need to be given time to stabilise during the test as they will in nature,” Gattu said. “Through our method we can represent the long-term behavior that occurs after the surface has stabilized under the environmental conditions.”Gattu and Ebert used their technique to study selected materials after identifying a short list of materials candidates using traditional screening methods. They ran tests on these materials under a wide range of chemical and surface potential conditions, measuring corrosion rates for each along the way. Those results led to improved formulations and more durable waste forms.

Understanding the physical nature of corrosionWhile running tests with their approach, Gattu and Ebert collected additional data to help them understand in greater detail where and when corrosion is happening. They use microscopy to assess the surface of the material before and after the tests and analyse the solution to identify and quantify the materials that leached or dissolved. Microscopic analyses were performed to identify different regions on the surface of the material that may corrode preferentially during the test. When combined, these approaches

enable researchers to monitor when an oxide layer forms and when it finally stabilizes, measure the corrosion rate after a stable state has been achieved, and provide quantitative insights for predicting long-term behavior.“Standard electrochemical tests run through so many different conditions so fast that we miss the particular condition when the material started corroding, what part of the surface is corroding, and, if there are multiple regions, which region corroded first,” Gattu said. “That’s where microscopy can help.”Augmenting electrochemical tests with microscopy enables researchers to pinpoint the exact region(s) where corrosion is happening and differentiate localised rates of corrosion. Combining microscopic findings with the results of solution analysis also enables them to identify the elements that released into the environment and map them to specific phases or regions of their test material.“A lot of people have done standard tests to measure the corrosion current for a particular environmental condition, but we use a holistic approach. We measure the solution. We measure the surface stability. We measure the corrosion rates for a wide range of environmental conditions so the story emerges when all these pieces are combined,” Gattu said.

Advantages and potential impactEbert and Gattu’s integrated approach has the potential to provide more accurate insight into how pipeline materials corrode over the long term, information that can help when it comes to formulating more durable materials and re-qualifying existing ones. The approach also has the potential to better evaluate the performance of coatings used on pipelines.“We can apply our methods to coated materials, multiphase alloys and metal/ceramic composites, weldments, as well as many other materials to understand their corrosion mechanism, evaluate their performance, and predict their failure,” Gattu said.A major advantage for industry is that the approach is easy to implement. It leverages tools with which most research laboratories are well equipped.“That’s the best part—everybody already has the equipment. It’s just that everybody has been looking at these tests independently. We are combining a lot of analyses to develop an overall picture of material corrosion,” Gattu said.

Editors NoteThe Argonne team is looking for collaborators. For more information, please contact [email protected].

DOE’s Office of Nuclear Energy funds Argonne’s research on nuclear waste forms. Application to non-nuclear materials was funded by Argonne’s Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program.

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Technical Article


An Argument for Judicious Chemical Cleaning: Effect of Sulphide Surface Contaminant Removal on Coating Performance

Worldwide, many thin - and thick - film polycyclamine-cured epoxy linings have performed admirably in the oil industry for high-temperature protection of tank and vessel internals. Notwithstanding, the ever-increasing temperatures and pressure and chemical resistance requirements in oil and gas environments, the demands placed upon linings are becoming more stringent.This article investigates whether the performance of these linings used in maintenance works could be enhanced by first abrasive blasting the steel substrate and then providing a subsequent application (and removal) of a unique chemical reagent to remove deleterious sulphide contaminants, thus improving lining performance in aggressive immersion service conditions, and potentially extending the life-cycles of the applied linings.Accelerated laboratory investigations were carried out on a set of reagent treated, and untreated, carbon steel test panels. Sets of panels were lined with a three coat thin film solvent-borne epoxy novolac coating or a single coat solvent-free, thick film polycyclamine cured epoxy. Proper surface preparation prior to the application of lining systems is fundamentally crucial to long-term coating success. Carbon steel that has been abrasive blasted to an NACE 1/SSPC-SP5 “White Metal Blast Cleaning” standard is the benchmark for lining performance when it is ensured that soluble chlorides and sulphates are kept below threshold levels where they would initiate lining failure. Predictors of successful, or failure-prone, lining applications in the real world include the influences of surface profile, peak height and peak count density, and cleanliness of the steel substrate. Importantly, from a surface profile and morphology viewpoint, a deeper profile with a greater surface area is required for these linings 1-4. Furthermore, in earlier investigations the authors contended that with single-coat and solvent-free thick-film lining applications, the peak height of the profile should preferably be 3-to-4 mils (75-100 microns) and have a jagged pattern (peak height, peak density and coating rheology are all important factors)1. From a surface cleanliness viewpoint, much has been discussed in the literature about the deleterious effects on lining performance by non-visible contaminants, notably soluble salts5-8. With an industry emphasis on an understanding of the effect of anions such as chlorides, sulphates and more recently nitrates (for example flash rusting, osmosis and blistering of linings), the effect of cations and insoluble sulphides (e.g., iron and manganese), has received comparatively scant attention.Iron sulphide species are an ever-present reality in the oil and gas, mining and wastewater industries. Given that iron sulphide is cathodic to steel, and often the scourge of many industrial processes, this investigation was carried out to evaluate lining performance on carbon steel that had been intentionally contaminated by iron sulphide. Iron sulphide may form a thin adherent protective layer on steel surfaces, or a thick, porous detached layer depending upon the pH, H2S concentration, temperature, flow rate and pressure9. When iron sulphide-fouled surfaces are intended to be coated, it is imperative that any residual iron sulphide or other contaminants are removed. Any deposits remaining would act as both a barrier between the coating and substrate that may affect coating adhesion and become a possible corrosion initiation site due to a cathode-anode reaction when sufficient permeation of an aggressive solution through the coating occurs.Previous autoclave and EIS studies carried out by the authors on coated panels subjected to 149 C in acidic gases (10% H2S, 10% CO2 80% CH4), 5% aqueous sodium chloride solution, and sweet or sour crude oil, had indicated that a proprietary post-abrasive blast, water-based cleaner and surface decontamination

process appeared to show considerable merit10. However, studies reported elsewhere on soluble salt removal from steel and coating performance concluded that the same cleaner and decontamination process (using tap water and not deionized water) had neither a positive nor negative effect on the performance of ten atmospheric coating systems or on four internal lining systems11, 12.The primary interest of the present investigations centred on (a) the efficacy of the post-blast chemical cleaning treatment to remove insoluble iron sulphide contaminants and the difference in lining performance with or without the chemical treatment, and (b) comparing and contrasting the metal surface after abrasive blasting and post-blast chemical treatment.The cleaner and decontamination procedure was claimed to remove both soluble salts, and insoluble sulphides (authors’ emphasis), carbonates and oxides, and produce a residue-free and so-called passivated iron layer on the steel substrate. Furthermore, it appeared to have improved the performance of a thin-film epoxy novolac tank lining system applied to a NACE 1/SSPC-SP510. The epoxy novolac lining blistered under the test conditions on a white metal surface that had not received the chemical treatment. In contrast, the same epoxy novolac lining did not blister after having been applied to the white metal surface post treated with the surface cleaner decontamination procedure. However some questions remained, 1. Were the results repeatable and therefore, other things being equal, able to genuinely demonstrate the efficacy of the post- abrasive-blast applied, water-based cleaner to enhance the adhesion and performance of the lining system?2. Did the cleaner and decontamination process serve as an effective, complementary and arguably necessary treatment to abrasive blasting? Did they decontaminate the surface and remove non-visible and insoluble iron sulphide contaminants?3. Did the cleaner “passivate steel” as reported in the literature?13

4. Was the steel surface modified by the cleaner in some unknown way?The answers are given below.

Test procedure Surface decontamination The proprietary two-step decontamination process was stated to remove deleterious soluble salts, flash rust and insoluble metal sulphides from carbon steel substrates. This process was said to be accomplished first by application of a proprietary acidic cleaner, then followed by the application of an alkaline wash to neutralise the substrate prior to a coating application.

Coatings Based on earlier studies, a thin-film multi-coat solvent-borne epoxy novolac and a thick-film single-coat solvent-free polycyclamine-cured hybrid epoxy coating were chosen for the present investigations. Each lining is known to be well-suited to the oil and gas industry for new construction as well as maintenance and repair projects for tanks, vessels and pipe spools.The solvent-borne, thin-film epoxy novolac (Coating 1) was applied in three-coats to achieve approximately 12 – 15 mils (305 - 380 microns) total dry-film thickness (DFT). This coating has an extensive worldwide track record in the lining of tanks and vessels in the oil and gas industry. It possesses excellent hydrolytic, thermal (up to 121C) and chemical resistance, and cures at temperatures as low as 10C.

Dr Yasir Idlibi, Michal Consulting, Jason Hart, previously with Adanac Global Testing & Inspection, Dr Mike O’Donoghue and Vijay Datta, MS, International Paint LLC; and Bill Johnson AScT, Acuren Group Inc.

Institute News


Technical ArticleCoating 2 was a new-generation, rapid-cure, solvent-free epoxy lining with a longer pot life than most rapid-curing, single-coat solvent-free epoxy linings, and it was applied in one coat at 16-25 mils ( 406 – 635 microns) by single-leg spray. As with Coating 1, it possesses excellent hydrolytic, thermal (up to 149C) and chemical resistance, and cures at temperatures as low as 5C.

Experimentation Preparation and Treatment of Steel Panel

Uncontaminated carbon steel panelsUsing staurolite 20/40 abrasive the panels were abrasive blasted to NACE 1/SSPC-SP5 white metal blast to achieve a sharp angular profile in the range of 2.5-to-4 mils (63.5 - 100 microns). Fourteen of these panels were set aside and designated as Set A.

Deliberately contaminated carbon steel panelsThe remaining 28 bare panels were deliberately contaminated by exposing them to a gaseous phase of 10% H2S, 10% CO2, 80% CH4 and an aqueous phase of 5% NaCl, in an autoclave for four days at 149C and 250 psig. This contamination procedure was undertaken to ensure that a significant amount of black iron sulphide was formed on the steel panels and that the steel was also contaminated with iron carbonate and chlorides.After taking conductivity measurements, the 28 deliberately contaminated panels were then pressure washed on both sides at 3,500 psi with tap water. One side of the panels was then abrasive swept to restore the clean and original NACE 1/SSPC-SP5 condition and the other side left alone and which turned dark over time. Fourteen of these panels were set aside and designated as Set B.

Decontaminated carbon steel panelsBoth sides of the remaining 14 panels were designated as Set C, and treated with the cleaner and surface decontamination gel almost two weeks later. The test panels were treated by exposing the entire panel to the acidic gel cleaner in a ziplock bag for 30 minutes. These panels turned the gel dark grey. The panels were then power washed on both sides with a 1% solution of alkaline rinsing aid in deionised water using a low-pressure, 4,000 psi pressure washer. The panels were left exposed under indoor ambient conditions.

Lining ApplicationsBoth coatings were applied in accordance with the lining manufacturer’s instructions to the three sets of panels.

Test methods for coating evaluationAutoclaveThe primary screening test most commonly employed by facility owners in the oil industry for tank and vessel linings is NACE TM0185, “Evaluation of Internal Plastic Coatings for Corrosion Control of Tubular Goods by Autoclave Testing.”14 The test environment consists of three phases: a gas phase mixture of 10% H2S, 10% CO2, 80% CH4, a hydrocarbon phase of sour crude, and an aqueous phase of a 5% NaCl solution. The tests were conducted at 149 C and at a total pressure of 250 psig.

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)EIS was used as a diagnostic tool to compare barrier properties before and after autoclave exposure. Essentially, the low frequency impedance is related to the permeability of the coating to water, organic molecules, and small gaseous molecules such as H2S and CO2. The log Z value, where Z is impedance at 0.01 Hz is typically used as the basis for comparison of a coating’s barrier properties15, 16. The higher the impedance of a coating, the higher barrier properties it has, thus the more protective the coating is. A basic rule of thumb is that the barrier performance of a coating is excellent, good or marginal when log Z values are on the order of 10, 8 and 6, respectively.

Adhesion and Visual Rating After the coated panels were removed from the autoclave they were evaluated visually for any defects such as blistering per ASTM D714 or cracking. The coatings’ adhesion was also assessed per ASTM D6677 and the DFT was measured.

Measurements on Bare Steel Before lining ApplicationSurface Profile Measurements Surface profile measurements were performed using high-temperature, extra-course replica tape. Three measurements were taken on each sample. No surface profile measurements were carried out on panels that had heavy black iron sulphide deposits.

Conductivity Measurements Total dissolved salts (TDS) conductivity was carried out in accordance with SSPC Guide 1517. A 500ml liquid sample was taken from each steel panel using the laboratory boiling extraction method.

SEM-EDX/ X-Ray Diffraction SEM can be used for the examination of surfaces and EDX detects elemental composition. One limitation of this analysis is that it will not determine the compounds present, only the elements present. Hence, X-ray diffraction was used to further characterize the crystallographic phase of compounds present on the surface. Analyses were performed on the surface of test panels in Sets B and C.

Results and discussionThe results of the autoclave testing of Coating 1 and Coating 2 at 149 C in sour crude are summarised in Tables 1 and 2, in which 1A refers to the front side of a given panel from the A panel set, and 2A refers to the back side of the same panel. The same nomenclature applies to panels B and C.Post-autoclave test panels are shown in Figures 2 and 3. A coating was deemed to have failed in the autoclave test if it blistered, cracked or flaked in any of the three phases. Adhesion ratings of the coating films were considered of lower importance than the presence, or absence, of film blistering. Coatings may provide sufficient adhesion and sub-film corrosion resistance even when water has been permeated and reached the coating/metal interface.

Figure 1. A schematic outline of the preparation of the 42 carbon steel (4.5 x 1.5 x 11/8 inch) test panels.

Uncontaminated carbon steel panels (42) • Abrasive Blasted• NACE 1/SSPC SP-5 → Panel A’s (14) • Designated Set A Panels →Contamination of Panel A’s (28) • Autoclave @ 1490C• H2S/CO2/NaCl → • Both sides of panels powerwashed at 3500 psi with tap water • One side brush blasted to restore NACE 1/SSPC SP-5• One side remained contaminated with FeS and Fe(CO3)2 • Designated Set B Panels →

Decontaminated Panel B’s (14)• 2-Step Chemical Cleaner Treatment• Step 1: cleaner, Step 2: wash• DI water used for Step 1 and 2 → • Both sides received Cleaner Treatment Chemically Cleaned • Designated Set C Panels

Panel B’s (14)Clean side: NACE 1/SSPC SP-5 Dark side: FeS and Fe(CO3)2

Panel C’s (14)Both sides Chemically Cleaned and Decontaminated

Technical Article


The solvent-borne Coating 1 showed no blistering in all phases regardless of panel type, with the exception for panel 2B which showed F2-sized blisters in the water phase. Coating 1 maintained or in many cases improved its adhesion compared to its pre-test value. The coating showed excellent pre-test impedance and maintained high log Z of greater than 10 values post-test in the gas and hydrocarbon phases. However, these values decreased in the water phase to log Z of 7-to-8 indicative of the more aggressive water phase.Inspection of the EIS values showed that the performance of Coating 1 slightly improved in the gas phase on chemically treated Set C panel surfaces compared to Set A and Set B panel surfaces.

In earlier studies, the performance of Coating 1 at 149C was excellent when applied to a NACE 1/SSPC SP-5 white metal blasted surface that had been post treated with the chemical cleaner and subject to a surface decontamination process; the performance of Coating 1 at 149 C was very poor when applied to a surface prepared to a NACE 1/SSPC-SP5 standard10. In the present study, however, the performance of Coating 1 under similar conditions was very good on both types of surfaces. This result indicates that a certain inconsistency of coating performance can arise on steel that has been prepared to a white metal standard alone. This is not surprising since the appearance of a white metal surface does not signify the absence of residual soluble or insoluble moieties, nor detrital materials. The solvent-free Coating 2 had as high pre-test impedance values as did Coating 1 and showed similar post-test impedance behaviour. With Coating 2 on white metal Set A panel surfaces there was an inconsistency of EIS values not seen on the chemically cleaned Set C panels. Adhesion of Coating 2 on Set B panels decreased significantly in all phases when compared to panels from sets A and C which maintained, or slightly changed, vis-à- vis adhesion rating. Overall, the adhesion ratings of Coating 2 were lower than Coating 1 indicating superior wetting out of the solvent-borne Coating 1. Interestingly, the adhesion ratings for Coating 2 improved significantly in the gas phase on the chemically prepared Set C panel surfaces.The adhesion of Coating 2 was markedly improved on Set C panel surfaces versus Set B panel surfaces. This showed that the chemical cleaner had performed well in achieving a contaminant-free surface, removing both soluble and insoluble moieties. In the case of Set C panels with the chemical cleaner treatment, as evidenced by the log Z values, the excellent

149°C, 250 psig, 10% H2S, 10% CO2, 80% CH4, Sour Crude, 5% NaCl in Distilled Water, 96hrs

Coating 1

Avg. DFT

Adhesion Rating (ASTM D6677)

Blistering(ASTM D714)

Impedance (log Z @ 0.1 Hz)

Pre-Test Water HC Gas Water HC Gas Pre-

Test Water HC Gas

1A 13.08

10 10 8 N N N10.29

7.85 9.99 10.082A 14.3 10 10 8 N N N 7.74 10.05 10.331B 14.0

810 8 8 N N N

10.107.79 10.33 10.09

2B 13.8 8 8 8 F#2 N N 7.63 10.60 10.751C 16.4

1010 10 8 N N N

10.397.91 10.78 11.01

2C 15.0 10 10 8 N N N 6.61 10.10 10.71

Table 1 – Coating 1 Autoclave Analysis

Notes for Table 1 and 2: 1. DFTs were measured for each coating and each phase. Average DFT reported;2. HC = hydrocarbon;3. Panels A – Applied to NACE 1/SSPC SP-5 abrasive blasted steel;4. Panels B – Applied to panels above which were then deliberately contaminated with gaseous H2S (10%) and 5% NaCl solution, washed with tap water, and brush blasted on one side;5. Panels C – Applied to Panels B treated with the chemical cleaner.

149°C, 250 psig, 10% H2S, 10% CO2, 80% CH4, Sour Crude, 5% NaCl in Distilled Water, 96hrs

Coating 2 Avg. DFT

Adhesion Rating Blistering

(ASTM D714)Impedance (log Z @ 0.1 Hz)

(ASTM D6677) Blistering HC Gas Water HC Gas Pre-

Test Water HC Gas

1A 21.18

10 10 6 N N N9.96

7.07 10.68 10.492A 21.0 10 10 6 N N N 6.98 7.19 6.981B 24.5

88 4 6 N N N

10.047.44 10.57 10.28

2B 24.5 6 4 4 N N N 7.50 10.29 10.581C 16.7

810 10 8 N N N

10.286.54 10.05 10.01

2C 17.4 10 10 10 N N N 7.45 10.11 10.60

Table 2 – Coating 2 Autoclave Analysis

Figure 2, Coating 1 panels, post-autoclave.

Figure 3, Coating 2 panels, post-autoclave.

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Technical Articlebarrier performance was consistent on both panel sides (Table 2). However, in the case of Set A panels with only the NACE 1/SSPC-SP5 abrasive blast, there was good barrier performance on one side of the panel but poor performance on the other side. Hence, as seen in our earlier studies, the efficacy of the chemical treatment appears to lead to an increasing consistency of superior performance when using the cleaner as a complementary (and to re-iterate, arguably necessary) treatment for the abrasive blast-cleaning prior to coating application.The chemical treatment improved the adhesion of the solvent-free Coating 2 on decontaminated steel, compared to the Coating 2 adhesion on either NACE 1/SSPC-SP5 white metal or contaminated, power washed and white metal surfaces that were subsequently brush-blasted (Table 2).The results of the conductivity and surface profile measurements are shown in Table 3. The surface profile of two panels that were abrasive blasted to an NACE 1/SSPC-SP5 white metal standard averaged 2.63 mils (67 micron) for the first panel, and 2.50 mils (63.5 micron) for the second panel. In marked contrast, the surface profile of two panels that were abrasive blasted to NACE 1/SSPC-SP5 white metal, contaminated in the autoclave prior to a low-pressure water wash at 3,500 psi, and then given the chemical cleaner treatment, averaged 3.63 mils (92 micron) for the first panel and 3.53 mils (90 micron) for the second panel. This increase in profile depth occurred as a result of the corrosion of the steel in the autoclave since, in separate work, the cleaner itself was shown not to increase the profile depth on bare steel panels abrasive blasted to NACE 1/SSPC-SP5. Application of the cleaner and its subsequent neutralisation and removal with low-pressure washing removed all abrasive media embedded on a panel from Set C (whereas the abrasive-blasted white metal panel from Set A was full of embedment). The removal of embedded detrital material was not achieved by pressure washing alone. An uncontaminated panel from Set A and a chemically treated panel from Set C both had conductivity measurements of zero. The unwashed and deliberately contaminated panel had a conductivity of 14 µS/cm. The deliberately contaminated panel that was low-pressure washed at 3,500 psi with tap water had a conductivity of 32 µS/cm. (This tap water was later determined to have a conductivity of 348 µS/cm). It is important to note that the manufacturer stipulates that to achieve proper chemical decontamination only deionized water should be used. The efficacy of this two- step cleaning process is not based on the application of corrosion inhibitors where inhibitor moieties are intentionally left on the steel surface and can affect the performance of the coating. Rather, this system is designed to clean the steel surface without leaving any chemicals which can interfere with the coating performance or participate in corrosion.

SEM-EDXBulk surface analysis performed on un-coated panels (from Set A) with EDX indicated the presence of iron, oxygen and carbon with aluminium, silicon and titanium, suspected oxides

from the embedded blasting media (Figure 4).Residual oxides and sulphides were present on a panel from Set B, especially the back surface which also exhibited a dark surface. The amount of surface oxide and sulphide constituents was greatest on this sample (Figure 5).The post abrasive-blast, water-washed and chemically treated surface of a panel from Set C was extremely clean and possessed greater angularity and profile depth compared to the blasted and water-washed surface of panels from Set B (Figure 6). This profile difference is a direct result of the corrosion of the abrasive-blasted steel in autoclave conditions and not the cleaner treatment itself.The results from XRD confirm the findings of the EDX analysis. The chemically cleaned pewter-coloured panel shows significant cleaning with negligible surface film, no sulphide deposits, no carbonate deposits or any apparent oxide formation. Both EDX and XRD penetrate the surface somewhat, and there is a possibility that a very thin surface film may be present that is not detectible using these techniques. It was speculated that the surface is not passivated per se, in terms of a protective oxide layer, but to be in a passive state given that it appears to essentially consist of pure iron.Also of significance, is that the back surface of panel B (a side not reblasted) which exhibited a large amount of surface contamination, was essentially a bare steel substrate after the chemical cleaning process. The surface was approximately 97% iron after cleaning, with small concentrations of other crystallographic constituents present.

ConclusionsThe lining performance on steel panels subject to the chemical cleaner decontamination procedure after first abrasive blasting to an NACE 1/SSPC-SP5 white metal standard is equal to (or marginally superior in the case of the solvent-free polycyclamine-cured hybrid epoxy coating) the performance observed on steel prepared to a white metal standard.The chemical treatment afforded discernible performance increments in terms of adhesion for the increasingly popular solvent-free coating, Coating 2.Based on conductivity measurements, abrasive blasting to a white metal standard showed no difference between coated panels tested with or without the chemical decontamination procedure. The efficacy of the proprietary cleaner used as a means to decontaminate abrasive blasted steel was clearly demonstrated in the SEM-EDX and XRD studies. The cleaner was not deleterious to the carbon steel substrate even during extended surface contact of the cleaner with steel as tested. It readily removed ample amounts of insoluble iron sulphide species, iron carbonate and iron oxide from the substrate.Based on the authors’ current and previous studies the performance of the linings on post chemically treated abrasive blasted steel surfaces has been shown to be more consistent and predictable than that on the industry benchmark of a white

Test Panel from Set: General Characteristics and Comments

Total Dissolved Salts (TDS)

Average Surface Profile (mils)

A: no contamination abrasive blast

NACE 1/SSPC SP-5 white metal blast standard 0 µS/cm 2.63 (1st panel)

2.50 (2nd panel)

B: deliberate contamination, washed*, not re-swept

Black surface: uniform rusting throughout (FeS/iron oxide) 32 µS/cm N/A

B: deliberate contamination unwashed, not re-swept

Black surface: uniform rusting throughout (FeS/iron oxide) 14 µS/cm N/A

C: chemical treatment to a Panel B that was washed

NACE 1/SSPC SP-5 white metal blast standard 0 µS/cm 3.63 (1st panel)

3.53 (2nd panel)

Table 3 – Conductivity and Surface Profile Measurements of Test Panels Pre-Coating Application

Technical Article


metal blast. In addition, under the conditions tried, the chemical treatment proved as-good-as or better for lining performance even when challenged with contaminated surfaces. To the answers to questions posed at the outset of this study. First, some of the autoclave, EIS and adhesion trends seen in previous studies were not repeated in this work. The cleaner did demonstrate an advantage using the post-abrasive blast applied treatment to enhance the adhesion of the solvent-free system, but not the solvent-borne system. Second, the cleaner decontaminated the carbon steel surface and removed both non-visible (and ample amounts of visible) iron sulphide, iron carbonate, iron oxides and soluble salt contaminants. Third, the cleaner afforded a passive state surface (perhaps as opposed to passivation vis-à-vis an oxide layer) of iron alone on the carbon steel. Fourth, the cleaner did not show any evidence of etching the steel surface.

AcknowledgementsThe authors wish to express sincere appreciation to the following for their considerable assistance in this work.Park Derochie, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, for preparing the steel panels and the coating application.Norske Corrosion & Inspection Services, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada, for conductivity and surface profile measurements.Travis Gafka, International Paint LLC, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, for panel preparation and field inspections.Bob Tucker, Stone Tucker Instruments Inc. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada for surface profile analyses.Jim Knocke, Corrosion Prevention Technologies, Houston, Texas, for providing the chemical decontamination material.

Editor’s Note: A version of the article was previously published in the November 2016 JPCL.

References 1. O’Donoghue M, Datta V.J. and Spotten R. “Angels and Demons in the Realm of the Underworld of VOCs,” JPCL, April, 2011, pp.14-29.2. Tinklenberg G. and Allen J.R. “Anchor Pattern: What’s Best,” publication provided to the authors, pp. 62-80.3. Ward D. “An Investigation into the Effect of Surface Profile on the Performance of Coatings in Accelerated Corrosion Tests,” NACE Corrosion 2007 Conference and Expo.4. Roper H.J., Weaver R.E.F. and Brandon J.H. “The Effect of Peak Count on Surface Roughness on Coating Performance,” JPCL, June, 2005, pp. 52, 62, 63.5. Schilling M.S. “Soluble Salt Frenzy-Junk Science: Part I,”

Sample ID Iron Silicon Oxide

Aluminum Oxide

Iron Carbonate

Iron Sulphide

Zinc Sulphide

Calcium Carbonate

Iron Phosphide

Iron Oxide

Magnesium Hydroxide

Sample B 94.0 1.0 4.3 -- -- -- -- --- -- 0.7

Sample B2 2.3 1.4 -- 53.5 36.4* 4.1 -- --- 1.5 ---

Sample C 99.4 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1

Sample C2 96.6 0.3 -- 0.8 1.3 -- 0.4 0.4 *0.2 --

FeS consists of Troilite (33.2%), Rudashevskyite (3.2%), and Mackinawite (0.8%)

Table 4 – Summary of XRD Results (wt%)

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Oxygen

Sulphur

Bare steel: Figure 4 Panel A – Gold Standard for 70 yrs SSPC-SP5/NACE No.1, Figure 5 Panel B – Panel A contaminated, pressure washed, reblasted, Figure 6 Panel C – Panel B chemically cleaned, not reblasted.

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Technical ArticleCorrosion and Materials, ACA, Vol. 31, No.5, 2006, pp. 1015.6. Tator K.B. “Soluble Salts and Coatings– An Overview,” JPCL, February, 2010, pp. 5-63.7. Mitschke H. “Effects of Chloride Contamination on the Performance of Tank and Vessel Linings,” JPCL, March, 2001, pp. 49-56.8. Ault J.P. and Ellor J.A. “Painting Over Flash Rust and Other Surface Contaminants,” TRI-Service 2007 (Denver, Colo, NACE) p. 1, 2007.9. Zheng Y, Ning J., Brown B., Young D., Nesic S. “Mechanistic Study of the Effect of Iron Sulfide Layers on Hydrogen Sulfide Corrosion of Carbon Steel,” NACE International Corrosion Conference and Expo 2015, Houston, Texas.10. O’Donoghue M. and Datta V.J. “Old, New and Forgotten Wisdom for Tanks and Vessel Linings,” presented at SSPC National Conference, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, February, 2014.11. Melancon M., Hourcade S. and Al-Borno, A. “The Effect of Four Commercially Available Steel Decontamination Processes on the Performance of External Coatings,” Corrosion, March, 2014, pp. 1-15.

12. Melancon M., Hourcade S., Al-Borno A., Liskiewicz T., Cortes J. and Chen X. “The Effect of Four Commercially Available Decontamination Processes on the Performance of Internal Linings,” SSPC Conference Proceedings, February, 2015.13. Bock P. and Crain R. “Removal of Bound Ions from Carbon Steel Surfaces,” NACE 2015 Corrosion Conference and Expo.14. NACE TM0185-2006, “Evaluation of Internal Plastic Coatings for Corrosion Control of Tubular Goods by Autoclave Testing,” NACE International, Houston, Texas.15. Gray L.G.S., Danysh M.J., Prinsloo H., Steblyk R. and Erickson L. “Application of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) for Evaluation of Protective Organic Coatings in Field Inspections,” Presented at NACE Northern Area Regional Conference, Calgary, Alberta, March, 1999.16. Gray L.G.S. and Appleman B.R. “EIS: Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy A Tool to Predict Remaining Coating Life?” JPCL, Vol. 20 (2), pp. 66, 200317. SSPC-Guide 15 (latest revision), “Field Methods for Extraction and Analysis of Soluble Salts on Steel and Other Nonporous Substrates,” Pittsburgh, Pa.

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CorrosionManagement | September/October 2016

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ISSN: 13 55 52 43

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lCoating Thickness dry / wet lEnvironmental conditionslSurface CleanlinesslInspection toolslSoluble SaltslAdhesionlHardness lPorosity lProfilelEtc.www.icorr.org


Sustaining Members


CATHODIC PROTECTION ENGINEERING LTD Chapel Green Farm, Chapel Lane, Wythall, Birmingham B47 6JXTel: 07399607344 Email: [email protected]

CORROCONSULT UK LIMITED The Kiosk, Overley, Telford, TF6 5HD Tel: 01952 740234

3C CORROSION CONTROL COMPANY AB (GOLD MEMBER) Box 324, 261 23 Landskrona, Sweden Tel: +46 418 411 900 Fax: +46 418 411 935 Email: [email protected] Website: www.3ccc.se

CORROSION CONTROL INCORPORATED (GOLD MEMBER) 494 Fairplay Street, Rutledge, Georgia 30663, USA Tel: +706 557 9624 Email: [email protected]

CORROSION TECHNOLOGY SERVICES EUROPE LTD (GOLD MEMBER) 11 & 12 Merlin Park, Mildenhall, Suffolk IP28 7RD Tel: 01638 711955 Fax: 01638 711953 Email: [email protected] www.ctsonline.com

CORRPRO COMPANIES EUROPE LTD (GOLD MEMBER) Adam Street, Bowesfield Lane, Stockton On Tees, ClevelandTel: 44(0) 1642 614 106 Fax: +44(0) 1642 614 100Email: [email protected] www.corrpro.co.uk

ICR INTEGRITY LTDClaymore Avenue, Aberdeen Energy park, Bridge of Don, Aberdeen AB23 8GWTel: 01224 822822 www.icr.world.com

IMPALLOY LTD Bloxwich, Walsall, West Midlands, WS3 2XNTel: 01922 714400 Fax: 01922 714411 Email: [email protected] www.impalloy.com MAPEI UK LTD (GOLD MEMBER) Mapei House, Steel Park Road, Halesowen B62 8HDTel: 0121 5086970 Email: [email protected] www.mapei.co.uk

BEASY Ashurst Lodge, Ashurst, Southampton, Hants, SO40 7AATel: 02380 293223 Fax: 02380 292853 Email: [email protected] www.beasy.com

CESCOR UK LTD Gable House, 18-24 Turnham Green Terrace Chiswick, London, W4 1QPTel: 0208 996 5111 Email: [email protected]

CORROSION CONTROL 3 Ivy Court, Acton Trussell, Staffordshire, ST17 0SN 01785 711560 Fax: 01785 711561 Email: [email protected] www.controlcorrosion.co.uk

CORROSION ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS LTD Unit S1, 64-66 Akeman Street, Tring, Herts, HP23 6AFTel: 01442 767 899 Email: [email protected] www.corrosionengineering.co.uk

PRO-TECH CP LTD Chase End, The Oxhey, Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire GL20 6HRTel: 01684 298679 Mobile: 07717 487632Email: [email protected] www.protechcp.com

SEGCORR LTD 11a Springfield Avenue, Newport, Shropshire TF10 7HPTel: 07484838232 Email: [email protected]

SGK (GOLD MEMBER) Technoparkstr 1, Zurich 8005, SwitzerlandTel: +41 44 2131590 Email: [email protected]

AQUATEC GROUP LIMITED Aquatec House, Stroudley Road, Basingstoke, RG24 8FWTel: 01256 416010 Email: [email protected]

CATHELCO Marine House, Dunston Road, Chesterfield S41 8NYTel: +44 (0) 1246 457900 Fax: +44 (0) 1246 457901Email: [email protected] www.cathelco.com

[email protected] +44 (0) 1476 590 666

UK based specialists in cathodic protection since 1950:• Buried and immersed, marine and steel in concrete• BS EN ISO 15257 qualified staff• Design and consultancy• Full range of material supply• Maintenance services• Surveys (CIPS, DCVG, DOC, ECDA)

TRUst® Transformer RectifiersThyristor / Switch Mode Power SuppliesRemote Monitoring and Control Systems

Refine™ Reference ElectrodesELGARD™ MMO Mesh AnodesCuprion® Marine Anti Fouling

Cathodic ProtectionCo Limited

CATHODIC PROTECTION CONSULTANCY SERVICES

CATHODIC PROTECTION AND MONITORING

CATHODIC PROTECTION INTERNAL CORROSION MONITORING PIN BRAZING POWER SUPPLIES

T: +44 (0) 1952 290321 E: [email protected] W: www.bacgroup.com W: www.rcslgroup.com

Specialists in Cathodic ProtectionInspection - Design - Installation

Commission - Monitoring - TestingTel: 01952 230900 Email: [email protected]

CANADA USA

TEL: 905-634-7751 FAX: 905-333-4313

www.Rustrol.com

SOLID-STATE CATHODIC ISOLATOR®

Mitigation Of AC Induced Voltages • Lightning • AC Fault Current

Leaders in the Cathodic Protection Industry…Since 1957INTERPROVINCIAL CORROSION CONTROL CO. LTD.

ALWAYS RUGGED. ALWAYS RELIABLE.

THERE’S A REASONWE MAKETHEM RUGGED.World-Wide Leaders in Decoupling Technology • Optimize CP Systems • Solid-State Construction • Fail-Safe Performance • Maintenance-Free • Rated for AC Faults, Lightning • Rated for Induced AC Current • Third Party Certification

www.dairyland.com • [email protected]

Sustaining Members


METEC CATHODIC PROTECTION LIMITED Visage House, 2 Shaftesbury Avenue, South Shields NE34 9PHTel: 0191 7316010 714411 Email: [email protected]

MGDUFF INTERNATIONAL LIMITED (GOLD MEMBER)1 Timberline Estate, Gravel Lane, Quarry Lane, Chichester,West Sussex, PO19 2FJTel: +44 (0) 1243 533336 Fax: +44 (0) 1234 533422 Email: [email protected] www.mgduff.co.uk

MME GROUPMateriaal Metingen Europe B.V, Rietdekkerstraat 16,PO Box 4222, 2980 GE Ridderkerk, The NetherlandsTel: +31 (0) 180 482 828 Fax: +31 (0) 180 462 240 Email: [email protected] www.mme-group.com

OMNIFLEX UK LTD67 Europa Business Park, Bird hall Lane, Cheadle, Stockport Cheshire SK3 0XATel: 0161 491 4144 Email [email protected] www.omniflex.com

PENSPEN (GOLD MEMBER)Corrosion Engineering and Cathodic Protection Field ServicesTel: 0800 0328210 / 0191 2606200 Email: [email protected] / [email protected] www.penspen.com

PHOENIX CPC LTD26 Markwick close, Newark, Nottinghamshire, NG24 2LGTel: 07486076800 Email: [email protected] www.phoenixcpc.com

SAITH LTDICM House, Yeoman Road, Ringwood, Hampshire BH24 3FATel: 01425 207555 Email: [email protected] www.saithlimited.com

SILVION LIMITEDThe Brambles, Grantham Road, Old Somerby, Grantham, Lincs, NG33 4AB, UKTel: 01476 590932 Fax: 07872 857310 Email: [email protected] [email protected] www.silvion.co.uk

SPECIALIST CASTING LTDTatham Street, Sunderland SR1 2AGTel: 0191 5108843 Email: [email protected] www.specialistcastings.com

VECTOR CORROSION TECHNOLOGIES27a Upper High Street, Cradley Heath, Birmingham, B64 5HXTel: 01384 671400 Email: [email protected]

VOLKERLASERThe Lodge, Blackpole Road, Worcester, WR4 9FHTel: 0800 022 3292 Email: [email protected] www.volkerlaser.co.uk

ALFRED BAGNALL & SONS LTD6 Manor Lane, Shipley, W.Yorks BD18 3RDTel: 01274 714800 Fax: 01274 530171 Email: [email protected] www.bagnalls.co.uk

APB CONSTRUCTION (UK) LTD (GOLD MEMBER)First Floor Offices, Grange Business Centre, River Works, Grange Lane, Sheffield, S5 0DPTel: 01709 541000 Fax: 01709 541411 Email: [email protected]

APB GROUP LIMITEDRyandra House, Ryandra Business Park, Brookhouse Way, Cheadle, Stoke on Trent ST10 1SRTel: 01538 755377 Fax: 01538 755010

BRIDGECOAT LTD3 Shawcross Industrial Estate, Ackworth Road, Hilsea, Portsmouth, PO3 5JPTel: 02392 666161 Email: [email protected]

DENHOLM INDUSTRIAL SERVICES200 Carmichael Street, Glasgow, G51 2QUTel: +44 (0)141 445 3939 Email: Damian.O’[email protected]

D.F. COATINGS LTDUnit 17 Willments Industrial Estate, Hazel Road, Woolston, Southampton, SO19 7HSTel: 02380 445634 Email: [email protected]

DYER & BUTLER LTDMead House, Station Road, Nursling, Southampton, Hampshire, SO16 0AHTel: 02380 742222 Fax: 02380 742200 Email: [email protected] www.dyerandbutler.co.uk

F A CLOVER & SON LTDBardolph Road, Richmond, TW9 2LHTel: 020 89486321 Fax: 020 89487307 Email: [email protected]

FIRESAFE SERVICES (NE) LIMITEDUnit 28A Spencer Road, Blyth Riverside Business Park, Blyth, Northumberland, NE24 5TGTel: 01670 351666 Fax: 01670 352666 Email: [email protected]

FOUNTAINS (PART OF THE OCS GROUP)Blenheim Court, George Street, Banbury, OX16 5BHTel: 07876 556197 Email: [email protected]

R & R Corrosion Ltd. 5 Broomiesburn Road,

Broomiesburn Industrial Estate, Ellon, Aberdeenshire AB41 9RD

Tel: 01358 729644 Fax: 01358 729655 Email: [email protected]

www.rrcorrosion.com

COATING APPLICATORS

T: +44 (0) 113 2760 760 E: [email protected] www.corroserve.com

• Specialist in corrosion protection and engineering services, both on and off-site• We combine engineering expertise and coatings application technology to ensure the best long-term protection of all types of equipment and structures• A proven track record within many sectors including petrochemical, oil & gas, power generation, mining, marine, water and waste and structural steel• Fully equipped engineering facility and coating application shop in Leeds and specialist on-site teams• Repair and refurbishment of components including pumps, pipes, valves, tanks and vessels

Corroserve ad 75x90.qxp_Layout 1 23/1/19 4:12 pm Page 1

stoprust.com

OFFSHORE CORROSION CONTROL

Deepwater EU Ltd. 4.8 Frimley Business Park | Frimley Camberley | Surrey | GU16 7SG

Tel: +44 (0) 1483 600482

UK based specialists in DC Power solutions with over 35 years experience. Designer and manufacturer of Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Power solutions.

Pipelines, Storage tanks, Piers, Platforms, Well castings, Wind farms and Concrete Structures.

• Switch Mode Power supplies • Enhanced Surge Protection • External Interrupter - 50V 50A • Remote Monitoring and control • Portable ICCP solution • Custom Cabinets and Frames

Duvine Ltd Unit a8, Sturmer Road

Haverhill, Suffolk CB9 7UU

www.duvine.co.uk

Tel: +44 (0)1440 706777 Email: [email protected]


Please contact Jonathan Phillips or Debbie Hardwick at:

Square One +44 (0) 114 273 0132 [email protected]

Sustaining Members


R & W RAIL LTDLocks Farm, Main Road, Dibden, Southampton SO45 5TDTel: 02380 845379 Website: www.rwcivilengineering.co.uk

SCA GROUP LIMITED7 Crane Way, Woolsbridge Industrial Park, Three Legged Cross, Dorset, BH21 6FATel: 01202 820820 Email: [email protected] Website: www.sca-group.com

SPECIALIST PAINTING GROUP LTDUnit 3 Prosper House, Astore Park, Padholme Road East, Fengate, Peterborough, PE1 5XLTel: 01733 309500 Email: [email protected] www.specialistpaintinggroup.co.uk

SHUTDOWN MAINTENANCE SERVICES LIMITEDTel: 01634 256969 Fax: 01634 256616 Email: enquiries@shutdownmaintenance.comwww.shutdownmaintenanceservices.co.uk

SPECIALIST BLASTING SERVICE LTDTrevol Business Park, Torpoint, Plymouth, PL11 2TBTel: 023 8044 4455

STANDISH METAL TREATMENT LTDPotter Place, West Pimbo, Skelmersdale, Lancs, WN8 9PWTel: 01695 455977 Fax: 01695 728835 Email: [email protected]

SURFACE TECHNIK (OLD HILL) LIMITEDSovereign Works, Deepdale Lane, Lower Gornal, Dudley, DY3 2AFTel: 1384 457610 Fax: 01384 238563 Email: [email protected] www.surfacetechnik.co.uk

WEDGE GROUP GALVANIZING LTDStafford Street, Willenhall, West Midlands WV13 1RZTel: 0845 271 6082 Email: [email protected] www.wedge-galv.co.uk

WESCOTT INDUSTRIAL SERVICES LTDWestcott House, Unit 9 B/C &10 Tyne Point Industrial Estate, Jarrow, Tyne & Wear, NE32 3UPTel: 0191 497 5550 www.wescottis.com

W G BEAUMONT & SON LTDBeaumont House, 8 Bernard Road, Romford, RM7 0HXTel: 01708 749202 Fax: 020 85909885 Email: [email protected]

WILLIAM HARE LTDBrandlesholme House, Brandlesholme Road, Bury BL8 1JJTel: 0161 609 0000 Fax: 0161 609 0468 Email: [email protected] www.williamhare.co.uk

AW CORROSION SOLUTIONS LTD5 Brookfield, Four Elms, Edenbridge, Kent, TN8 6NJTel: 01732 700924 Email: [email protected]

CANHareness Road, Altens, Aberdeen, AB12 3LETel: 01224 870100 Fax: 01224 870101 Email: [email protected] www.cangroup.net

GABE (IS) LTD 12 Church Street, Omagh, Co Tyrone, BT78 3BXTel: 028 82240391 Email: [email protected]

HANKINSON PAINTING GROUPCotton Place, 2 Ivy Street, Birkenhead, Wirral CH41 5EFTel: 0870 7892020 Email: [email protected]

HDM TUBES LTDI Shed, Longships Road, ABP Ports, Cardiff Docks, CF10 4RPTel: 07710080845 Email: [email protected] www.hdmtubes.co.uk

HERRINGTON INDUSTRIAL SERVICES LTD Crown Works, Crown Road, Low Southwick, Sunderland, Tyne & Wear, SR5 2BS Tel: 0191 516 0634 Fax: 0191 548 1553 Email: [email protected] www.herringtonltd.co.uk

HRS RAIL LTD Unit 1A Dengemarsh Road, Lydd, Romney marsh, TN29 9JH Tel: 01797 329421 Email: [email protected] www.hrsrail.co.uk

INDUSTRIAL COATING SERVICEIndustrial Coating Services Ltd., A1 House, Rolling Mill Road, Norton Canes, Cannock, Staffordshire, WS11 9UH Tel: 01543 450167 Email: [email protected] www.industrialcoatingservices.co.uk

JACK TIGHE LTDRedbourne Mere, Kirton Lindsey, Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, DN21 4NWTel: 01652 640003 Email: [email protected]

JPV (PAINTERS) LTDUnit 8, Prospect Way, Hutton Industrial Estate, Brentwood, Essex, CM13 1XATel:01277 201515 Fax: 01277 201616 Email: enquiries @jpvpainters.co.uk

KAEFER LIMITEDEthan House, Royce Avenue, Cowpen Lane Industrial Estate, Billingham, TS23 4BXTel: 01642 371850 Fax: 01642 562971 www.kaeferltd.co.uk

KUE GROUP LIMITEDBirksland Street, Bradford, BD3 9SUTel: +44 (0)1274 721188 Fax: +44 (0)1274 720088 www.kuegroup.com

MCL COATINGS LTDPickerings Road, Halebank Industrial Estate, Widnes, Cheshire, WA8 8XWTel: 0151 423 6166 Fax: 0151 495 1437 Email: [email protected] www.mcl.eu.com

MCL SITE PROJECTS LTDPickerings Road, Halebank Industrial Estate, Widnes, Cheshire WA8 8XW Tel: 0151 423 6166 Email: [email protected]

MIDIS ENERGY SERVICES LIMITED (GOLD MEMBER)29 Alhaji Bashorun Street, South-West Ikoyi, Lagos, NigeriaTel: +234027218985 Email: [email protected] www.midisenergyservices.com

NUSTEEL STRUCTURESLymane, Hythe, Kent CT21 4LREmail: [email protected] www.nusteelstructures.com

ORRMAC COATINGS LTDNewton Chambers Road, Thorncliffe Park Estate, Chapeltown, Sheffield S35 2PHTel: 0114 2461237 Fax: 0114 2570151 Email: [email protected] www.orrmac.co.uk

PAINTEL LIMITED4 Bowker House, Lee Mill Bridge, Ivybridge, Devon, PL21 9EFTel: 01752 719701 Email: [email protected] www.paintel.co.uk

PIPELINE TECHNIQUE (GOLD MEMBER)Deveronside Works, Steven Road, Huntly, Aberdeenshire, AB54 4PSTel: 01466 795888 Email: [email protected]

PIPERCREST LTD T/A HALLS SPECIALISED SERVICESBrooklyn Farm, North Hill, Norden on the Hill, Essex SS17 8QATel: 01375 361408 Fax: 01375 361448

OWENS CORNING FOAMGLAS® INDUSTRY (GOLD MEMBER)31-35 Kirby Street, Hatton Garden, London, EC1N 8TETel: 07789 507094 Email: [email protected]

CONSULTING TESTING AND INSPECTION

Sustaining Members


STEEL PROTECTION CONSULTANCY LTDPO Box 6386, Leighton Buzzard, Beds. LU7 6BXTel: 01525 852500 Fax: 01525 852502 Email: [email protected] www.steel-protection.co.uk

TOPLINE LIMITED40 Birabi Street, GRA Phase 1, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, NigeriaTel: 084 46238 Email: [email protected] www.toplinelimited.net

SSE LTDGrampian House, 200 Dunkeld Road, Perth, PH1 3GHTel: 01738 456000 Fax: 01738 456647

CLIENT INSPECTION SERVICES LTDSuite 004 Swan Hunters Centre for Innovation, Station Road, Wallsend, Tye & Wear, NE28 6HJTel: 0191 4477730 Email: [email protected] www.clientinspectionservices.co.uk

CORROSION MANAGEMENT LTDEngineering Consultants, Rugby, CV22 6HL, United KingdomEmail: [email protected]

EQUILIBRANT LTDUnit 45, North City Business Centre, 2 Duncairn Gardens, Belfast, BT15 2GGTel: 02890 767227 Email: [email protected] www.equilibrant.co.uk

ERIMUS INSULATION52 Newham Avenue, Tollesby, Middlesbrough, Teesside, TS5 7PNTel: 07968828825 Email: [email protected] www.erimusi.com

EXOVARosewell house, 2A(1F) Harvest Drive, Newbridge, Midlothian, EH28 8QJTel: 03302220321 Email: [email protected] www.exova.com

HELVETICA TECHNICAL CONSULTING SAGL (GOLD MEMBER)Piazza Indipendenza 3, 6830 Chiasso, SwitzerlandTel: +41 768307656 www.htc-sagl.ch

HYDROCOMM LTD1 Kent Place, Oughtonhead Way, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, SG5 2LETel: 07779333781 Email: [email protected]

HYDROSAVE UK LTDSwallow Court, Kettering Pkwy, Kettering, Northamptonshire NN15 6XXTel: +44 (0) 1536 515110 Fax: + 44 (0) 1536 515119 www.hydrosave.co.uk

INTECSEALansbury Estate, 102 Lower Guildford Road, Knaphill Woking, GU21 2EPTel: 01483 795300 Email: [email protected]

OCEANEERING INTERNATIONAL SERVICES LTDOceaneering House,Pitmedden Road, Dyce, Aberdeen, AB21 0DPTel: 01224 758500

PAINT INSPECTION LIMITED61 High Street, Fareham, PO16 7BGTel: 0845 4638680 Email: [email protected] www.paint-inspection.co.uk

PIPELINE TECHNIQUE (GOLD MEMBER)Deveronside Works, Steven Road, Huntly, Aberdeenshire, AB54 4PSTel: 01466 795888 Email: [email protected]

PLANT INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT LTD1st Floor Office, Woodburn House, Woodburn Road, Blackburn AB21 0RXTel: 01224 798870 Email: [email protected] www.pim-ltd.com

RAWWATER ENGINEERING COMPANY LIMITEDCulcheth Enterprise Park, Withington Avenue, Culcheth, Warrington WA3 4JETel: 01925 767990 Website: www.rawwater.com

SAFINAH LTD5 Keel Row, The Watermark, Gateshead, Tyne & Wear, NE11 9SZTel: 01670 519900 Email: [email protected]

SCALED SOLUTIONS LTD6 Nettlehill Road, Houston Industrial Estate, Livingston, EH54 5DL Email: [email protected] www.scaledsolutions.co.uk

SGK (GOLD MEMBER) Technoparkstr 1, Zurich 8005, SwitzerlandTel: +41 44 2131590 Email: [email protected]

SONOMATIC LTDDornoch House, The Links, Kelvin Close, Birchwood, Warrington WA3 7PBTel: 01925 414000 Email: [email protected] Web: www.sonomatic.com

SPECIFIERS

SUPPLIERS COATINGS

Winn & Coales (Denso) LtdDenso House, Chapel Road, London SE27 OTR Tel: 0208 670 7511

Fax: 0208 761 2456 Email: [email protected] Web: www.denso.net

LONG-TERM SOLUTIONS FORCORROSION CONTROL

LEADERS IN CORROSION PREVENTION &SEALING TECHNOLOGY

A MEMBER OF WINN & COALES INTERNATIONAL

• Developer and manufacturer of an extensive range of high technology coating systems and composites• Fully committed to research and development and providing high levels of technical support• Many coatings have an extremely low VOC content with little or no solvent content for reduced atmospheric pollution• Effective single coat solutions available

T: +44 (0) 113 2760 760 E: [email protected] www.corrocoat.com

Corrocoat ad 75x90.qxp_Layout 1 23/1/19 4:07 pm Page 1


Please contact Jonathan Phillips or Debbie Hardwick at:Square One +44 (0) 114 273 0132 [email protected]

Sustaining Members


RENTAJET GROUP LIMITEDPaultons Park, Ower, Romsey, Hampshire SO51 6ALTel: 02380 817160, Fax 02380 814016 Email: [email protected]

SCANGRITEastfield Road, South Killingholme, Immingholme, Immingham, North Lincs, DN40 3NFTel: 01469 574715 Fax: 01469 571644 Email: [email protected] www.scangrit.co.uk

ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTDThe Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GDTel: 01865 843000 Fax: 01865 843010

INSTITUTE OF METAL FINISHINGExeter House, 48 Holloway Head, Birmingham, B1 1NQTel: 0121 6227387 Fax: 0121 6666316 Email: [email protected] www.uk-finishing.org.uk

IMECHE ARGYLL RUANE 4 Europa View, Sheffield Business Park, Sheffield, S9 1XHTel: +44 (0)114 3995720 Fax: +44 (0)114 2430035Email: [email protected] www.imeche.org/arl

MPI GROUP Peel House, Upper South View, Farnham, Surrey GU9 7JNTel: 01252 732220 Email: lucy @corrodere.com www.corrodere.com

QUALITY CONTROL

+44 (0)161 371 [email protected] www.elcometer.com

- Surface Profile - Surface Cleanliness- Climatic Testing - Dry Film Thickness- Material Thickness - Adhesion- Appearance - Pinhole & Porosity- Concrete Inspection - Data Management

from start...

...to finish

Corrosion Management Jan 2016 65x75mm.indd 1 1/21/2016 2:11:54 PM

CHEMCO INTERNATIONAL LTDInnovative rust & wet-tolerant, Solvent-free Coatings East Shawhead Industrial Estate, Coatbridge, Scotland, UKTel: 01236 606060 Fax: 01236 606070 Email: [email protected] www.chemcoint.com

HEMPEL UK LTD (GOLD MEMBER)Berwyn House, The Pavillions, Cwmbran, Torfaen, South Wales, NP44 3FD, United KingdomTel: 01633 874024 Fax: 01633 489012 Email: [email protected] www.hempel.com

INDESTRUCTIBLE PAINT LTD25 Pentos Drive, Sparkhill, Birmingham, B11 3TATel: 0121 7022485 Email: [email protected] www.indestructible.co.uk

INTERNATIONAL PAINT LIMITED (GOLD MEMBER)Stoneygate Lane, Felling, Gateshead, Tyne & Wear, NE10 0JYTel: 0191 469 6111 Fax: 0191 496 0676 Email: [email protected] www.international-pc.com

JOTUN PAINTS (EUROPE) LTD (GOLD MEMBER)Stather Road, Flixborough, Scunthorpe, North Lincolnshire DN15 8RRTel: 01724 400 125 Fax: 01724 400 100 Email: [email protected] Web: www.jotun.co.uk

SHERWIN-WILLIAMS PROTECTIVE & MARINE COATINGS (GOLD MEMBER)Tower Works, Kestor Street, Bolton, BL2 2AL, UKTel: +44 (0)1204 521771 Email: [email protected] sherwin-williams.com/protectiveEMEA


PPG PROTECTIVE & MARINE COATINGS (GOLD MEMBER)Huddersfield Road, Birstall, Batley, West Yorkshire, WF17 9XATel: 01924 354700 Email: [email protected] www.ppgpmc.com

SPECIALTY POLYMER COATINGS INC (GOLD MEMBER) LTDContact our UK based stockist & certified distribution centreTel: +44 (0) 7748 993326 Email: [email protected] www.spc-net.com

FISCHER INSTRUMENTATION (GB) LTDGordleton Industrial Park, Pennington, Lymington, Hampshire, SO41 8JDTel: 01590 684100 Email: [email protected]

FUTURE PIPE LIMITED11 Hobart Place, London SW1W 0HHTel: 0207 8388660 Email: [email protected] www.futurepipe.com

GMA GARNET (EUROPE) GMBHPO Box 9, Middlewich, Cheshire, CW10 9FDTel: 01606 836233 Email: [email protected] www.gmagarnet.co.uk

LAKE CHEMICALS & MATERIALS LTD3 Paper Mill Drive, Redditch, Worcestershire, B98 8QLTel: 01527 594630 Email: [email protected]

LLEWELLYN RYLAND LTDHaden Street, Birmingham, B12 9DBTel: 0121 4402284 Email: [email protected]

MILLER FABRICATIONS LTD (GOLD MEMBER)Overtown Road, Waterloo, Wishaw, Scotland, ML2 8EWTel: 01698 373 770 www.millerfabrications.com

MPI GROUPPeel House, Upper South View, Farnham, Surrey, GU9 7JNTel: 01252 732220 Fax: 01252 732221 www.protectivecoatingseurope.com


PRESSERV LTDUnit 7 Ocean Trade Centre, Altens, Aberdeen, AB21 0GUTel: 01224 772694 Email: [email protected]

SUPPLIERS GENERAL

RECIPROCAL ORGANISATIONS

TRAINING AND COATING INSPECTORS

FOR ALL THE LATEST CORROSION

INDUSTRY JOBS VISIT THE ICORR

JOB BOARD https://jobs.icorr.org/

Absolutely reliable.Even under harsh conditions.

Corrosion protection starts well before the fi rst coat of paint. The corrosion kit MMS® Inspection comprises three devices that are needed before, during and after surface coating. With the SPG, you can reliably measure the surface profi le. The DPM provides all the necessary data for determining the dew point. The powerful DFT is your mobile companion for all coating thickness tasks (ferrous and non-ferrous substrates).

www.fi schergb.co.uk

THE NEW MMS® INSPECTION SERIES

BRANCH DATES29th October 2019 Aberdeen Branch Venue: Robert Gordon University Growing ICorr membership, and Reservoir Management Gareth Hinds (ICorr President) and Matt Streets (Rawwater).

31st October 2019 Midland Branch Venue: Council Chambers, Chamberlain Room, Council House, Victoria Square, Birmingham, B1 1BB United Kingdom Technical afternoon 1pm - 4.30pm.

31st October 2019 Midland Branch The ICorr 2019 AGM Meeting Venue: Council Chambers, Chamberlain Room, Council House, Victoria Square, Birmingham, B1 1BB United Kingdom 4.30 - 5.30pm.

26th November 2019 Aberdeen Branch, joint meeting with IOM3 Venue: Robert Gordon University Application of Bismuth Based Alloys to Address Oilfield Challenges Paul Carragher (BiSN), Lance Underwood (BISN) and Angus MacLeod (BP)

5th December 2019 London Branch Venue: Royal Over-Seas League, Over-Seas House, Park Place, St James’s Street, London, SW1A 1LR. 31st Annual Christmas Luncheon.

28th January 2020 Aberdeen Branch Venue: Robert Gordon University Structural Integrity Issues: Under-deck, air-gap, splash zone deterioration (of conductors, caissons and risers).

25th February 2020 Aberdeen Branch Venue: Robert Gordon University Two Key Areas of RBI.

Institute EventsDIARY DATES 2019

www.icorr.org

Visit the ICorr website for all the

latest news

www.icorr.org

BRANCH CONTACT DIRECTORYABERDEEN:Stephen Tate (Chairman)Email; [email protected]

LONDON: Paul Brooks (Chairman)Mobile: 07880 791087Steve Barke (Secretary)George Winning (Speakers)[email protected]

MIDLANDS BRANCH: Bill Whittaker (Chairman)Email: [email protected]

NORTH EAST:Neil Wilds (Chair)Marie Halliday (Vice Chair)Alex Sandilands (Secretary)Email: [email protected]

NORTH WEST: Andy Bradley (Chairman)Tel: 01706 871700Email: [email protected]

YORKSHIRE: Nigel Peterson-WhiteTel: 07793 710559Email: [email protected]

CSD DIVISION: Julian [email protected]

CED DIVISION: Nick SmartTel: 0118 913 7752


Visit the ICATS websitewww.icats-training.org

ADDITIONAL DIARY DATES28th October 2019 Cathodic Protection Buried (ISO 15257) – Level2 Technician IMechE Argyll Ruane, Sheffield

5th November 2019 Painting Inspector - Level 1 IMechE Argyll Ruane, Sheffield

11th November 2019 Cathodic Protection Buried (ISO 15257) – Level 3 Technician IMechE Argyll Ruane, Sheffield

19th November 2019 Painting Inspector – Level 2 IMechE Argyll Ruane, Sheffield

26th November 2019 Insulation and Fireproofing Inspector IMechE Argyll Ruane, Sheffield

2nd December 2019 Painting Inspector – Level 1 IMechE Argyll Ruane, Sheffield

9th December Pipeline Inspector IMechE Argyll Ruane, Sheffield

16th December 2019 Insulation and Fireproofing Inspector IMechE Argyll Ruane, Sheffield

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Corrosion A journal of the Institute of Corrosion...Square One Advertising and Design Limited Neepsend Triangle Business Centre, Unit 8, 1 Burton Street, Sheffield, S3 8BW. ... the