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12/7/2015
1
Cortical Visual
Impairment
Dominick M. Maino, OD, MEd, FAAO, FCOVD‐A
Professor of Pediatrics/Binocular VisionIllinois Eye Institute/Illinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago, Il
LyonsFamilyEyeCare.comFB: Vision Therapy at Lyons Family Eye Care
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment Society
The American Conference on Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment brings together professionals in optometry, ophthalmology, occupational therapy and visual educational psychology to increase the understanding of the definition, diagnosis and management of cortical vision loss in children.
Drs. Dominick Maino, Joseph Maino, Kerri Pillen, Curt Baxsrom, Beth Ballinger, Nicole Hooper have all participated.
Cortical Visual Impairment
Kran B, Mayer L. Vision Impairment and Brain Damage
Ciuffreda K, Kapoor N. Acquired brain injury.
Both in Taub M, Bartuccio M, Maino D. (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , NY, New York; 2012
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
History of CVI Brain injury 19th century with Phineas P. Gage
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Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
World War I, wounded veterans with brain injury
Displayed perceived motion in the “blind, non‐seeing” visual field.
Ability to sense motion, lights, and colors
Conscious or subconscious.
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Statokinetic dissociation (in children) greater reduction in sensitivity to stationary visual stimuli relative to similar targets in motion
Riddoch phenomenon (adults) Ability to sense movement even though blind
“See” moving objects…but not stationary ones
Blindsight
Ability to ‘sense’ objects in the way
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Statokinetic dissociation (in children)
Movement in the peripheral visual field may elicit a smile in the blind child with quadraplegia and profound intellectual disability.
Children who are fed with a spoon may intermittently open their mouths to receive food when the spoon is moved in an arc from the peripheral visual fields, but not when it approaches the mouth from straight ahead.
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Statokinetic dissociation (in children)
For those children who understand language stating what is being seen as the child reacts to it may enhance both visual and language development.
Such children may rock to and fro. Whether this generates an image is difficult to know.
Rarely, children with cerebral blindness who are mobile move slowly around obstacles. This phenomenon has been called travel vision (Blindsight).
Alesterlund L, Maino D. That the blind may see: A review: Blindsight and its implications for optometrists. J Optom Vis Dev 1999;30(2):86‐93
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
1980’s adults with bilateral occipital cortex insult (cortical blindness)
Term applied to children.
Cortical visual impairment used in the 1980’s onward
Definition of CVI includes injury lateral geniculate nucleus/visual cortex
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Reduced visual acuity identifying feature.
Many children damage to white matter surrounding the ventricals (perventricular leukomalacia PVL)
Cerebral Visual Impairment now used (especially in Europe)
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Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Cerebral visual impairment: inclusive term Reduced visual acuity
Oculomotor anomalies
Visual field loss
Vision information processing problems
Cognitive Visual Dysfunction (CVD)
Used to identify visual perceptual anomalies
Used to identify vision information processing problems
Cerebral vs Cortical Visual Impairment
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Classification of CVI
Ocular visual impairment: Refractive state. Optics, Eye health
Cerebral visual impairment: Neuro‐pathway problems, cortical problems, oculomotor dysfunction, vision information processing (dorsal and ventral streaming processing mechanisms)
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
The ventral stream (also known as the "what pathway") travels to the temporal lobe and is involved with object identification. The dorsal stream(or, "where pathway") terminates in the parietal lobeand process spatial locations.
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Reduced visual acuity due to a
“brain problem”
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Delayed Visual Maturation (DVM) DVM type I Visually impaired infants: improved visual abilities by the age of 6 months, often without treatment.
DVM type II: attention problems, associated with neurological/learning abnormalities. Improvement takes longer
DVM III: children have nystagmus, albinism. Vision improves later, can improve to low‐normal levels.
DVM IV: associated with retinal,
optic nerve, macular anomalies
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Determining Vision Function and
Functional Vision in Children with
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
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Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Diagnostic Approaches & Strategies
1.Case History2.Visual Acuity3.Refractive Error4.Vision Function Assessment5.Ocular Health6.Special Tools
Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision Function
Clarity of vision (visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, refractive error)Oculomotor ability (pursuits and saccades; convergence and divergence)Accommodation (focusing)Depth perception (3D vision)
Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision FunctionEye health
BiomicroscopyTonometryDilated Fundus Evaluation
Special diagnostic toolsEOG (electrooculogram)ERG (electroretinogram)VER/VEP (visually evoked response visual evoked potential)
Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Functional Vision
Functionally induced disability that overlays pathologically induced disability
Uncorrected refractive error : AmblyopiaConstant Strabismus: Amblyopia Oculomotor dysfunction, Binocular vision dysfunction, Accommodative dysfunction: Attention
Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Functional vision
Vision information processing (VIP)/ Visual perceptual skills
laterality/directionalityvisual motor integrationnon‐motor perceptual skillsauditory perceptual/processing
Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity? What is contrast sensitivity?What is refractive error?
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Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity?
The ability to see a certain size object at a certain distance.
Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity?
Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels. Visual information at low contrast levels is particularly important:
1. in communication, since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions.
Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
2. in orientation and mobility, where we need to see such critical low‐contrast forms as the curb, faint shadows, and stairs when walking down. In traffic, the demanding situations are at low contrast levels, for example, seeing in dusk, rain, fog, snow fall, and at night.
Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
3. in every day tasks, where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast, like cutting an onion on a light colored surface, pouring coffee into a dark mug, checking the quality of ironing, etc.
Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
4. in near vision tasks like reading and writing, if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy, barely readable invitation, etc.
from http://www.lea‐test.fi/en/vistests/pediatric/cstests/cstests.html
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Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Tests of Visual Acuity and ContrastUsed with permission
Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
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Pursuits, Saccades, Convergence
Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Retinoscopy
Bell (Apell)
Target(Wolf Wand) directly in front of the retinoscopePatient fixates the target Move the ball toward the patient slowly and smoothlyThe distance of the target from the patient is recorded for a change in motion or other changes of interest Expect to see a change from “with” to “against” on the way in at 35 ‐42 cm. (14 ‐ 17inches) and a change from “against” to with at 37.5 ‐ 45 cm. (15 ‐18 inches).
Retinoscopy
Color vision, copy forms, Matching, Visual Fields
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Therapeutic Strategies for the
Treatment of
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Treatment begins with the basics.
Vision function
Refractive correction
Spectacles therapeutic
Eye health
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Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Treatment with spectacle/lenses
multi‐focal prescription/bifocal
prism
occlusion
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Treatment with spectacle/lenses/computer devices
task specific glasses
high “+” adds (magnification)
Telescopes
Microscopes
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Vision Therapy
Oculomotor/hand‐eye/accommodation
& fusion
Biocular
Binocular
Integration
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Vision Therapy Integration/Stabilization
Visual stimulation
Vision information processing
Vestibular/VisionApps 4 Vision Development
http://www.sovoto.com/group/apps4VisionDevelopment
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
http://www.wonderbaby.org/articles/cvi‐educational‐tools
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Perceptual Learning vs Vision Therapy
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Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Thinking Outside the LightBox
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
What follows is supplemental information to the presentation, resources and references that are not necessarily a part of this presentation, but which I thought you would like to have for your own information.
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
How Do Environmental Factors, Medications and Non‐Visual Handicaps Affect the Evaluation and Treatment of Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment?
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
For individuals with disability…
Medications: Prescribed many more medications
Higher affinity for adverse effects due to environmental/systemic factors
Seldom complain of symptoms related to their disability, systemic anomalies, or medication side effects
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D. Evidence based medicine and CAM: a review. Optom Vis Dev 2012;43(1):13‐17
Lemer P. Complementary and Alternative Approaches. In Taub M, Bartuccio M, Maino D. Visual Diagnosis and Care of Patients with Special Needs. Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins. 2012
Traditional allopathic approaches
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Mental illnesses in children
Pediatric Bipolar disorder
Pediatric depression
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Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Major environmental hazard: People do not know how to respond
make assumptions
true for lay individuals, teacher, health care professionals
Medication Side Effects
AntidepressantsAbdominal pain/constipation Blurred visionAbnormal dreams/thinking Increased risk of
DisturbancesAnxiety Photophobia
Medication Side Effects
Anticonvulsants
Memory problems/amnesia Blurred visionSedation Dimming of visionInsomnia DiplopiaBronchitis Involuntary eye movementsFluid retention Dry eye
Medication Side Effects
Anti-Parkisons
Abnormal dreams/insomnia Vision abnormalities
Increased muscle tone/weakness Blurred visionInvoluntary movements MydriasisHallucinations Decreased
accommodation
Medication Side Effects
Tranquilizers
Breast development in men Risk of narrow angle GLCBreathing problems Cycloplegia/MydriasisInsomnia Decreased visionTardive dyskinesia Capsular cataract
Medication Side Effects
Anti-anxiety
Anemia Decreased accommodationSeizures NystagmusBlood disorders DiplopiaUnusual excitement Mydriasis
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PCVI: References
Dutton GN, Bax M. (eds). Visual impairment in children due to damage to the brain. Clinics in Developmental Medicine. no 186. MacKieth Press. London;2010.
Strategies for dealing with visual problems due to cerebral visual impairment: Gillian McDaid, Debbie Cockburn, Gordon N Dutton available from http://www.ssc.education.ed.ac.uk/courses/vi&multi/vjan08i.html
Alesterlund L, Maino D. That the blind may see: A review: Blindsight and its implications for optometrists. J Optom Vis Dev 1999;30(2):86‐93
Kran B. Mayer L. Vision impairment and brain damage. In Taub M, Bartuccio M, Maino D. (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , NY, New York; 2012:135‐146.
PCVI: References
Colenbrander A. What’s in a name? Appropriate terminology for CVI. J Vis Impair Blind. 2010:583‐585
Roman Lantzy CA, Lantzy A. Outcomes and opportunities: A study of children with cortical visual impairment. J Vis Impair Blind. 2010:649‐653.
http://www.aph.org/cvi/define.html
Cerebral Visual Impairment in Periventricular Leukomalacia: MR Correlation: Available from http://www.ajnr.org/content/17/5/979.full.pdf
References
Luek AH. Cortical or cerebral visual impairment in children: A brief overview. J Vis Impair Blind. 2010:585‐592.
Woodhouse JM, Maino DM. Down syndrome: In Taub M, BartuccioM, Maino D. (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , NY, New York; 2012:31‐40.
Wesson M, Maino D. Oculo‐visual findings in Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, and mental retardation with non‐specific etiology. In Maino D (ed). Diagnosis and Management of Special Populations. Mosby‐Yearbook, Inc. St. Louis, MO. 1995:17‐54.
Taub M, Reddell A. Cerebral Palsy. In Taub M, Bartuccio M, Maino D. (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , NY, New York; 2012:21‐30.
References
Ciuffreda K, Kapoor N. Acquired brain injury. In Taub M, Bartuccio M, Maino D. (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , NY, New York; 2012:95‐100.
Roman‐Lantzy, C. Cortical visual impairment: An approach to assessment and intervention. AFB Press, NY, New York; 2007.
http://www.MainosMemos.blogspot.com
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Resources Facebook (http://www.facebook.com/Thinkingoutsidethelightbox) Pinterest http://pinterest.com/achampine0302/cortical‐visual‐
impairment‐cvi‐goodies/ Blogs http://www.MainosMemos.blogspot.com Apps http://www.sovoto.com/group/apps4VisionDevelopment Infant Visual Stimulations https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/infant‐
visual‐stimulation/id427443223 Infant Visual Stimulation Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eyj5PqwUn0w COVD http://www.COVD.org OEPF http://www.OEPF.org Vision Help blog http://visionhelp.wordpress.com/ MainosMemos http://www.MainosMemos.blogspot.com
Dominick M. Maino, OD, MEd, FAAO, FCOVD‐AProfessor of Pediatrics/Binocular Vision Illinois Eye Institute
Illinois College of Optometry3241 S. Michigan Ave. Chicago, Il 60616
Lyons Family Eye Care3250 N. Lincoln Ave. Chicago, Il 60657
LyonsFamilyEyeCare.comMainosMemos.com
FB: Vision Therapy at Lyons Family Eye Care