COS 125

DAY 19

Agenda Assignment #6 Due April 7 Next Capstone Progress Report Due April 7 Next Quiz (Quiz #4)

April 11 Castro Chap 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 20 M/C questions, 4 Short Essay 60 min

WebSite for text book http://www.cookwood.com/html5ed/

Lecture/Discuss Layout With Styles Style Sheets for Printing

Learning Objectives Layout a Web Page using CSS Understand the Box model Understand the absolute, relative and

fixed positioning available in CSS Understand the display property Change background colors, images and

attachments Use the width and height properties

Layout with Styles Allows for more possibilities than xHTML

layout Can create Liquid layouts that expand or

contract with browser window Separate layout from Content allowing you

to change layout without re-coding WebPage

Examples of everything in this lecture available at http://perleybrook.umfk.maine.edu/samples/StyleLayout.htm

Structuring Your Pages Divide your page in logical sections using

the <div> element Name each division using the id attribute

id=“daName” Put the sections in order in your XHTML

page Use headers (h1, h2, h3 etc ) in a

consistent fashion

The Box Model For CSS, every element is in an invisible

Box that has the following Content (middle) Padding (between Content & Border) Border (round element) Margin (Between element border and next

element) Boxes are either block level (new

paragraph) or inline (on same line) xHTML flow from top to bottom with line

breaks around block level elements

Box Model (inline)

Margin

Border

Padding

Content

Margin

Border

Padding

Content

Box Model (block)Margin

Border

Padding

Content

Margin

Border

Padding

Content

Controlling the flow (position) 4 ways to position an element box

Static – with the flow Absolute – in a fixed position relative to parent

element Fixed – in a fixed position relative to browser Relative – with respect to default position in

the flow If boxes overlap you can control which

goes over which using z-index

Displaying and Hiding Elements You can control how the browser display

an element using the property display: h1{display:”value”}

Values can be none hides the element block displays element as block level inline displays the element as inline list-item displays the element as thought you

has used <li> tag (covered later)

Positioning Elements Absolutely Elements in a xHTML web page flow in the order

they appear in the xHTML You can take them out of the flow and position

them wherever you want with respect to their parent Selector{postion:absolute; top:v or bottom:v; left:v or

right:v} Generally you use

top or bottom left or right

V is desired distance you want offset from parent in absolute (12px) or relative values (1em, 1.5em) or as a percentage of parent (10%)

Can cause overlaps Percentages create “liquid” layouts

Fixing an Element in the Browser Windows Cause an element to fixed..doesn’t move

when the page is scrolled Doesn’t work in IE; works in Netscape

Selector{Postion:fixed; top:v; left:v; bottom:v; left:v}

V is desired distance you want offset from browser in specific (12px) or relative to parent values (1em, 1.5em) or as a percentage of browser (10%)

Can (and most likely will) cause overlaps

Offsetting Elements in the Natural flow Every element as a “natural” location

based on page flow You can moved the an element relative to

its natural position Does not effect any other element in page

Selector{Postion:relative; top:v; left:v; bottom:v; left:v}

V is desired distance you want offset from natural location in absolute (12px) or relative values (1em, 1.5em) Can cause overlaps

Changing backgrounds Every element including the page itself can have its own background To set background color

selector{background-color:”blue” or “#336677” or rgb(200,100,34) or transparent}

To use a background image selector{background-image:url(image.gif)} If you use both color and image the color will be used until the image is loaded

and will be seen through any transparent parts of the image To repeat background image

background-repeat:repeat or repeat-x or repeat-y or no-repeat To fix background relative to element

background-attachment:fixed or scroll To specify position of background

background-position: x y To do all at once

background:url(image.gif) repeat-x fixed bottom left; Default setting

background:transparent none repeat scroll top left

Changing the foreground color selector{color:colorname or #rrggbb or

rgb(r,g,b) or rgb(r%, g%, b%) Foreground doesn’t work on image (img)

element

Changing the cursor You can set how the cursor looks in each element Selector{cursor:value}

Value can be Pointer default crosshair move wait help text x-resize

X can be n, s e or w or combinations

Setting the Border Every element can have a border Border-style: type

Type can be dotted, dashed, solid, double, groove, ridge, inset, or outset

Border-width: Npx If you give 4 values one value you can modify each side Border-width: 2px 3px 4px 5px Top = 2, right= 3, bottom = 4 , left = 5

Border-color: colorname or #rrggbb or rgb(r,g,b) or rgb(r%,g%,b%)

Can also just effect one side using border-top-style:

Shorthand border-side-property: value(s)

Border-top-color:blue; Border-right-style:groove;

Adding padding From inside out of an element

Content, padding, border, margin Selector{padding:x}

X = size in px (10px) or relative (2em) or percentage (10%)

Can also set padding by side padding-top:x padding-left:x

Margin

Border

Padding

Content

Setting margins Margins are outside of the border Selector{margin:x}

X = size in px (10px) or relative (2em) or percentage (10%)

Can also set margin by side margin-top:x margin-left:x

If two elements with margins touch the space between their borders is the larger of the two margins and not the sum of the two margins

Setting the height and width of elements You can set the height and width as a

absolute values or relative to parent element

Selector{width:w;height:h} Setting width or height to auto allows the

browser to calculate Exampes

#banner{width:100%; height:auto} img{width:200px, height:auto}

Positioning elements in 3D You can effect in which “layer” each

element appears Very important when you have overlap selector{z-index:n}

The highest n goes on top The lowest n goes to the bottom Think of n as the elevation of the element

Children will assume the z-index of parent first then will be in “Z” order versus their siblings

Determining Overflow What happens when the content of an element is

larger than the “box” you have created for it?? Condition can be controlled via overflow property Selector{overflow:value}

Value can Hidden (invisible) Visible (makes the box bigger) Scroll (forces scroll bars) Auto (scroll bars only when necessary)

Problems with IE 6

Making elements float You can make elements “float” in a “sea”

of text This property has buggy results Selector{float:left or right)

Elements “float” in the direction selected If more than one element is floated in the

same direction they will stack in the order they appear in xHTML

Controlling whether or not elements can floats next to another If you don’t want anything float to the left

right or both of a particular element Selector{clear:left or right or both}

Example #banner{clear:both} #blockhouse{clear:left}

Aligning Elements Vertically Selector{vertical-align:value} Value can be

baseline -- bottom of element lines up with bottom of parent

middle -– middle of element lines up with middle of parent

sub – lines up below parent super –lines up above parent text-top – top of element aligns to top of parent text-bottom – align the bottom of element to bottom of

parent top –aligns top of element to top of tallest element in

the same line bottom- aligns bottom of element to bottom of lowest

element in the same line

Learning Objectives Use Media-specific style sheets Understand the difference between

screen and print styles Specify when pages will break in a style

sheet for printing Identify print-specific properties using the

@page rule.

Media-Specific Style Sheets You can designate a stylesheets to be used only for

printing, for screen display or for both. Use attribute “media=“print” or “screen” or “all” in the

open link or style tag You can also import using

@import “print.css” print; Example

<link rel=”stylesheet” media=“print” type=“text/css” href=“print.css”>

<link rel=”stylesheet” media=“screen” type=“text/css” href=“screen.css”>

How Print Style Sheets Differ Can be the same or very different from screen

version Some suggestions

Use points instead of pixels for sizing 12points instead of 15px

Hide sections like sidebars, banners or ads display:none

Remove background colors and images Adjust margins Set page breaks Let viewers know that printouts are different than

viewed pages Test the print out (print preview) and adjust if

necessary

Controlling Page Breaks WebPages can be very long Use CSS to control where the contents are printed relative

to printer page Where page breaks occur

Page-break-before:values Page-break-after:values Page-break-inside:values Values are “auto” “always” or “avoid”

Examples p{page-break-inside:avoid} h1,h2,h3{page-break-before:always}

Other print Specific CSS properties These do not work in IE or Netscape (yet!) You can predefine printing pages

@page :left or :right or :first “name”{ stuff } Stuff can be

Size:w h w=width of page h=height of page Margin:x Marks:kind Any other property:value pairs

Example @print :first{size 8.5in 11in; margin:1in marks:none} @print legal{size 8.5in 14in; margin 1in 0.5in 1in 0.5in}

Use predefined rule Selector{page:legal;}

Widows and Orphans Orphan is a term used to describe a single word appearing

at the bottom of a paragraph or column. A widow is a single word or short phrase appearing alone

at the top of column. To modify using css

Selector{orphans:n} Selector{widows:n} N is minimum number of lines to appear at the top (widow) or

bottom (orphan) of a page p{orphans:4;widows:4}