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Cosmic Ray Electronsand GC Observations with H.E.S.S.
Christopher van Eldik (for the H.E.S.S. Collaboration)MPI für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany
TeVPA '09, SLAC, July 2009
The Centre of the Milky Way
C. van Eldik • TeV PA 2009
Aharonian et al. (2006)
H.E.S.S. 2004 (55 hours)
G 0.9+0.1
H.E.S.S. J1745-29038 sigma (55h)H.E.S.S. J1745-290point-like < 1.2' (95% CL)
The Centre of the Milky Way
C. van Eldik • TeV PA 2009
Diffuse emission
H.E.S.S. 2004 (55 hours)
G 0.9+0.1H.E.S.S. J1745-290point-like < 1.2' (95% CL)
The Centre of the Milky Way
Aharonian et al. (2006)
C. van Eldik • TeV PA 2009
● Lack of γ-raysfor l > 1°
● Injection ofprotons at GC
● Assumek = ~3 kpc2 Myr-1for TeV protons→ injection 104 years ago
● Fits age ofSgr A East
Molecular Cloud Association
C. van Eldik • TeV PA 2009
● Not just passive illumination- enhanced flux for > 1 TeV- photon index ~2.3
● Similar index as HESS 1745-290everywhere in the region
C. van Eldik • TeV PA 2009
Diffuse Emission Spectrum
VLA Chandra
SNR Sgr A East? SMBH Sgr A*? DM? PWN G359.95-0.04?
10''300''
Possible Counterparts?
C. van Eldik • TeV PA 2009
VLA Chandra
SNR Sgr A East? SMBH Sgr A*? DM? PWN G359.95-0.04?
10''300''
Possible Counterparts?
C. van Eldik • TeV PA 2009
● Position?● Variability?● Energy spectrum?
Sgr A*Sgr A East
Best Fit HESS J1745-290 (Aharonian et al. 2004)Best Fit HESS J1745-290 (van Eldik et al. 2007) - preliminary-
VLA 90cm image
0.04 deg
Position: Sgr A East ruled out
CvE et al., Proc. ICRC (2007)
● Dedicated data set using optical guiding telescopes
● 6'' systematic pointing error
● Lack of association with Sgr A East
● Chance probability 10-4 ... 10-11
C. van Eldik • TeV PA 2009
Variability studies● Sgr A* highly variable at other wavelengths● Quasi-periodic oscillation● Expect correlated VHE variability if emission produced close to BH surface● No obvious variability in VHE lighcurve observed based on 93 hours of data
Aharonian et al. (2009), arXiv:0906.1247
HESS J1745-290, 28 min flux points
C. van Eldik • TeV PA 2009
Flare Sensitivity
Aharonian et al. (2009)
● Maximum needed lightcurve “amplification” for 3σ flare detection● (as usual) statistics limited
Ahar
onia
n et
al.
(200
9)
C. van Eldik • TeV PA 2009
Variability studies● Simultaneous HESS and
Chandra observations
● X-ray flare detected- 1700s duration- 9x quiescent level
● No increase of gamma flux→ 100% flux increase discarded at 99% CL
Aharonian et al. (2008)
C. van Eldik • TeV PA 2009
Search for QPOs (small time scales)● Quasi-periodic oscillations observed in X-rays and IR● X-ray periodicity 100 s, 219 s, 700 s, 1150 s, 2250 s● Related to accretion disk?● Rayleigh test for continuous 28 min observations (2004-2006 averaged)
→ no hint for QPOs < 1150 s in VHE data
Ahar
onia
n et
al.
(200
9)
C. van Eldik • TeV PA 2009
Search for QPOs (large time scales)● Lomb-Scargle periodogram
averaged over 2004-2006● Power spectrum compatible
with noise● No indication for QPOs
on 600 s – 1.5 h time scales
Ahar
onia
n et
al.
(200
9)
C. van Eldik • TeV PA 2009
C. van Eldik • TeV PA 2009
Spectrum – a bit of history
● Hard spectrum: Γ = 2.25 ± 0.04 ± 0.10● 10% Crab above 1 TeV● No cut-off: EC > 9 TeV (95% CL)
● 2004-2006 data93 h live time
● 4185 γ-rays (61 σ)160 GeV < E < 70 TeV
● Exponential cut-offΓ = 2.10±0.04±0.10Ec = 15.7±3.5±2.5 TeVχ²/d.o.f. = 23/26
Aharonian et al. (2009)A&A acceptedarXiv:0906.1247
HESS J1745-290Spectrum
C. van Eldik • TeV PA 2009
Aharonian et al. (2009)A&A acceptedarXiv:0906.1247
HESS J1745-290Spectrum
C. van Eldik • TeV PA 2009
● 2004-2006 data93 h live time
● 4185 γ-rays (61 σ)160 GeV < E < 70 TeV
● Exponential cut-offΓ = 2.10±0.04±0.10Ec = 15.7±3.5±2.5 TeVχ²/d.o.f. = 23/26
● Broken powerlawΓ1 = 2.02±0.08±0.10Γ2 = 2.63±0.14±0.10EB = 2.57±0.19±0.44χ²/d.o.f. = 20/19
10''
Sgr A*
G359.95
Wang et al. (2005)
Hinton + Aharonian (2007)
● Dense radiation fields● Comparably low
magnetic field→ IC dominant→ plausible candidate
C. van Eldik • TeV PA 2009
HESS J1745: a pulsar wind nebula?
● All models viablewith current statistics
● CTA/AGIS will help● LAT?
Sgr A* Emission Modelspp interactionsin accretion disk
Aharonian & Neronov (2005)
electron scenariocurvature + IC
Cosmic Ray Electrons
Aharonian et al. (2008)
● Suffer severely from synchrotron and inverse Compton losses → steep GeV spectrum ~E-3.3 → steepening at TeV energies ~E-3.9 → TeV electrons must come from local sources
● Compatible with lower-energy measurements: Г = 3.1 with cut-off at 2.1 TeV
● H.E.S.S. can measure electrons at TeV energies → electrons are gamma-like → large detection area
● Large backgrounds - Cosmic ray showers - Galactic diffuse emission - extragalactic diffuse emission
Standard Background Modelling
Ber
ge e
t al.
(200
7)
C. van Eldik • TeV PA 2009
● Random Forest: train machine learning algorithm on shower image parameters → needs electron simulations and cosmic background for training
● For each shower, RF determines “electron likeness” parameter ζ ε [0;1]
● For ζ>0.9, total background suppression is 10-6
● Signal extraction → Fit ζ-distribution with combination of electron/proton simulations → depends on hadronic interaction model (Sybill/QGSJet)
data
simulatedbackground
Electrons: Background Modelling
C. van Eldik • TeV PA 2009
● Extrapolation of gamma-ray flux to VHE energies suggests small contribution only
● FERMI preliminary extragalactic diffuse gamma flux softer than EGRET
● Test with first interaction height (only poorly reconstructed)
● At most 50% gamma contamination
Gamma-ray contamination
Aharonian et al. (2008)
C. van Eldik • TeV PA 2009
● Separate fits in energy bands
● Two complementary analyses: - high energies: 600 GeV – 5 TeV (hard cuts for best reconstruction) - low energies: 340 GeV – 700 GeV (looser cuts on image intensity, 2004/2005 data only)
Energy Spectrum
Aharonian et al. (2008)
Aharonian et al. (2009) arXiv:0905.0105
C. van Eldik • TeV PA 2009
● No indication of feature similar to ATIC
● Break in spectrum: Г1 = 3.0±0.1±0.3 Г2 = 4.1±0.3±0.3 EB = 0.9±0.1 TeV
● Compatible to FERMI within energy shift uncertainty
Aharonian et al. 2009
C. van Eldik • TeV PA 2009
Low Energy Analysis
Aharonian et al. (2009) arXiv:0905.0105
Meade et al. (2009)arXiv:0905.0480
Putting Electrons and GC together
Summary● Solid detection of the GC point source● Sgr A East excluded as a source● After 100 hours of observation, spectrum shows significant deviation simple power-law● No indication for variability● No indication for QPOs
● Measurement of CR electrons (+ extragalactic diffuse gammas)● Implies existence of nearby sources● Energy range 340 GeV – 5 TeV● Consistent with FERMI● No indication for ATIC spectral feature● Significant spectral steepening beyond 1 TeV
Thanks!
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