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Cost Effective Management of Water Eroded Areas on
Sustainable Basis and Insitu Rain Water Conservation
Muhammad Rashid
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
13.05
6.17 6.28
1.57
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Water Erosion Wind Erosion Salinity/Sodicity Waterlogging
Are
a
(m
. h
a)
Extent of Land Degradation (m.ha)
Water Erosion
1.90, 15%
0.06, 0%
6.50, 50%
4.58, 35%Punjab
Sindh
NWFP
Baloch.
Source: Shah and Arshad (2006)
13.05 m. ha.
Kh.P.K
Present Practices for Controlling
Water Erosion
Plantation of trees
Development of water
resources such as small
dam, min dams, ponds and
dug wells.
Use of earth moving
machinery for land levelling
and terracing.
Construction of masonry
structures
Piece meal efforts
Lack system
approach-[IWM] Sustainable,
Economical and
affordable
technologies required
to implement system
approach.
1. Farm Water/Runoff Control Structures for
improvement of rainfed terraced systems.
2. Green manuring and gypsum for insitu moisture
conservation & crop productivity enhancement.
3. Profitable use of gullied areas without levelling.
4. Profitable use of stored rainwater for high value
crops.
5. Grasses screened under rainfed conditions.
6. Evaluation of the integrated effect of all above
technologies at sub-water scale.
Barani Zone-Pothwar
Technologies being developed/
standardized by SAWCRI
Barani Zone-Pothwar
1. Farm Water/Runoff Control
Structures for improvement of
rainfed terraced systems.
Farm Water/Runoff Control Structures
ISSUES
Damage to terraces with high intensity rainstorms
Loss of soil and water
• CONSEQUENCES
– Reduced moisture for crops.
– Reduced soil productivity.
– Additional expenses to repair embankments & minor leveling (Av. Repair cost Rs. 1500-2500/acre)
– Gully development at downstream
Masonry structures
Existing technology
Concerns
Borrowed technology
Highly expensive due to use of concrete, bricks etc
Rs.25,000 to 2 Lac/structure
No input-output rationale
Rodent damage requires repair by skilled masons so repair cost high.
• CONSEQUENCES
– Not affordable by end users.
– Little adoption.
Farm water/runoff control structures
SAWCRI technology
Indigenous knowledge integrated
with latest scientific development.
Involvement of stakeholders
ensured at planning & evaluation
stages.
International collaboration with
ICARDA
Long-term meteorological data used
in designing on scientific basis.
Different types evaluated at farmers’
fields with their participation
under different rainfall zones and
variable land forms.
More than 150 structures
perfectly given output at farmers’
fields in different agro-ecologies.
#
#
#
#
## #
#
#
#
Bhoun
Jarmote
Hafizabad
Balkasar
Mengun
Nansukh Dk. Ber Khabal
Damal
Khalabat
5
7
5
7
54 7
12
7
5
Talagang
Chakwal
P D Khan
Pindi Gheb
Fatehjhang
Sohawa
Gujar Khan
Attock
Jand
Rawalpindi
Kahota
Murree
Jhelum
ChoasydenshahPotoharregion.shp
Tehsil boundaries.shp
# Farm water control structures.shp
60 0 60 Kilometers
N
Location of Farm Water Control Structures
GIS Cell SAWCRIGIS Cell SAWCRI
Scale = 1:15,00,000Scale = 1:15,00,000
Farm water/runoff control structures
Simplified designing procedure.
Extremely Low-cost (<5000 Rs.), No cement or concrete, only dry stones.
Natural grass acts as cementing material.
Flexible. Automatic stone settlement on rodent burrows.
Negligible repair cost.
Safe disposal of runoff from higher to lower fields.
Soil erosion minimized by >90%.
Insitu rainwater conservation.
Crop productivity increase 20-25%.
Pay back period 3-5 years.
More than 150 structures evaluated on farmers’ fields.
Cost & Benefits
Barani Zone-Pothwar
2. Green manuring and
gypsum for insitu rainwater
conservation
Moisture Conservation & Crop
Productivity Enhancement
26
57
121
143
67
217
1527
3956
43
020406080
100120140160
May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April
Mo
nth
ly R
ain
fall (m
m)
Drought period
(Oct-Dec)
Mean Monthly Rainfall
(last 30 years)
Main Issue Minimum soil moisture at sowing of Wheat.
2.51
(25%)
1.90
(46%)
2.22(38%)
2.1
(34%)
2.031.52
(10%)
3.59
(19%)
3.89
(31%)
4.29
(33%)
4.36
3.27(37%)
3.44
(46%)
3.67
(46%)
3.66 (29%)
3.24
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Cont 0.5 1 1.5 2 32001-02(98mm) 2002-03(235mm) 2003-04(120mm)
Wheat grain yield (t/ha) Vs Rabi
Rainfall (Research Farm)
GYPSUM T/Acre
Economic benefit of use of gypsum on wheat Rs-ha-1 at farmers’
fields (at fixed price of wheat) on one year impact basis
Gypsum
Dose
t-ha-1
Net benefit over no gypsum
Rs-ha-1
Number of
farmers
11 17 10
2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
1.25 - 2780 2728
2.50 2865 5305 9415
5.00 3488 1405 4800
7.50 - -3010 698
Wheat Grain price @ Rs 415/40 kg; Wheat straw price @ Rs 50/40kg; Gypsum @ Rs40/50 kg bag
Standardized dose for fallow-wheat system i.e. @
1 Tone/acre application before monsoon.
On average, 22% percent increase in wheat yield
at farmers field
study under various cropping patterns in
progress.
Initial results show about 10-15% increase in
various crops at farmers’ fields i.e. Groundnut,
Brassica, Mung, Sorghum fodder.
Beneficial impact of gypsum application available
for at least three years.
Gypsum Technology-Summary
Two green manures i.e.
cowpeas & guar (from 12)
crops found most effective for
insitu rainfall conservation
and increasing wheat yield.
Cowpeas for medium and high
rainfall areas.
Guar for low rainfall areas.
Wheat productivity increase at
farmers fields 20%
Green Manuring
Guar
Cowpeas
Rotavator is not
available in area.
Results of three years
study proved that
Mouldboard plough is
equally good for
incorporation in rainfed
areas.
Incorporation of Green Manures
Barani Zone-Pothwar
3. Profitable use of gullied
areas without leveling.
Land leveling
Economical if around ten hours
• Top fertile soil buried
• More prone to erosion
• Huge expenditure
•Rate of soil formation: 0.1 mm/yr
•Soil profile development takes centuries
450 plants of blood red variety of citrus were planted in 1996-97
Eyebrow terraces with plantation in staggered arrangement
MULCH
Stop wash barriers
Cucurbits were grown with same water and nutrients
200 peach & Apple plants were planted in 1998-99
Soil & water losses monitoring
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
WA
TER
LO
SSES
(m3 /h
a)
CTR
US
PEAC
H
EUC
ALYP
YUS
CO
NTR
OL
CATCHMENTS
IMPACT OF INTERVENTIONS ON WATER LOSS IN
DIFFERENT CATCHMENTS
1997
2003
Soil erosion minimized and gullies formation averted.
Standardized the technology for control of soil and water losses from small catchments through stop wash barriers, staggered plantation and providing ground cover etc.
The research studies proved that gullied lands can be made productive on sustainable basis without the intervention of leveling by bulldozer through growing of fruit plants using stored rainwater.
However, survival rate differed amongst various fruit species in relation to water stress, temperature, rodent attack and other soil factors.
Ensures proper utilization of marginal lands, where growing of other fruit crops not only provides sustained economy but help in improving the environment.
Barani Zone-Pothwar
6. Evaluating the performance
of technologies/measures at
sub-water scale.
The Watershed
1
Barani area
10 0 10 Kilometers
Dharabiwsbdtheme1.shp
Nikka dam watershed.shpChak khushi.shp
Watershedbd.shpLahore islamabad motorway.shp
Talagang chakwal road.shpChakwal khushab road.shp
Water bodies.shpPernial streams.shp
Lsw8.shp
Lsw7.shpLsw6.shp
Rsw5.shpLsw4.shp
Lsw3.shpLsw2.shp
Lsw1.shp
Rsw-8.shpRsw-7.shp
Rsw6.shpRsw5.shp
Rsw3.shp
Rsw2.shpRsw sialws.shp
Non perrnial streams1.shp
N
Total area = 19600 ha; Gullied/Waste land = 36% Grazing land = 31% ; Built-in area = 3% Irrigated area = 5%; Wetlands = 5% Rainfed agriculture = 20% Natural Lake
Villages = 13; Town = 1
Small dams = 2; Mini dams = 13
Population = 27,000; Rainfall = 575 mm
Main partners:
ICARDA,
SAWCRI,
BARI,
Arid Univ,
NRSP,
Vienna Univ.
• Soil loss monitoring system • Six catchments with wiers
• Rainfed terraced sub-watershed systems • Gyspum for Wheat • Runoff harvesting Structures.
• Rehabilitation of wastelland/ gullied areas • Mot Grass in gullies
•Rainfed terraced sub-watershed systems
• Runoff harvesting Structures.
• Rehabilitation of wasteland
• Mot grass in gullies
• Gully Farming
• Rehabilitation of wasteland
• Mot grass in gullies
• Rainfed terraced sub-Watersheds.
• Gypsum • Structures
WATERSHED ACTIVITIES Rehna Sadaat Community
Khokharbala Community
Dhoke Mohri Community
Chak Khushi Community Ratta Community
• Weather station • Runoff and water
quality monitoring