Costumes of Europe

7/28/2019 Costumes of Europe

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HIGHLANDERS.


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rillL ADELT II 1 A:* C. O. HENDERSON


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COSTUMES OF EUEOPE:WITH

DESCRIPTIONSOF THE

PEOPLE, MANNERS, AND CUSTOMS,BY A TEAYELLEU THROUGH EUROPE.

ILLUSTRATED WITH 24 ENGRAYINGS.

PHILADELrHIA :C. a. HENDERSON & CO.,No. 1G4 CHESTNUT STREET,

185 2.


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Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1852,BY C. G. HENDERSON & CO.,

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States,in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.


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COSTUMES OF EUROPE,

HIGHLAXDEES.These people are remarkable, both for

their manners and their costume. Theylive in a part of Scotland called the High-lands, or mountain districts. The sceneryin these parts is rude and wild. Craggyrocks are piled upon each other in thegreatest confusion, and so as to admit nofootway between them. Down these, ra-pid torrents, swelled by rain and meltedsnow, rush with great noise, and some-times carry away the flocks, ve^cetables,

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6 COSTUMES OF EUROPE, ^j^and even the houses of the inhabitants.The winters in the Highlands are verysevere. Sometimes during several dayssnow falls so fast and thick, that the airseems like a thick white cloud, throughwhich nothing can be seen. It coversrocks and trees, and buries oxen andsheep beneath it. If any traveller loseshis way among these wild mountains dur-ing a snow storm, he is sure to perish.On one occasion seven young men wereoverwhelmed in this manner. Two ofthem were brothers. When the youngerbrother sunk in the snow, the otherstooped down and felt him. He becameconvinced that it was his own brotherand raising him upon his shoulders, hetravelled on with him, hoping to reach^


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^ HIGHLANDERS. 7some house before he would fall. One afteranother of his companions sunk downbut still he went on, carrying his brotheron his back. At last he reached a housebut was so much exhausted, that whenthe people came out he sank down anddied. The younger brother had revivedfrom the heat imparted to him by hisbrother's body ; and he alone of all theseven was saved. Afterwards the sixbodies were dug out of the snow, andburied in one grave.Yet the Highlanders love their cold

country, and are rarely known to leaveit. They are a brave and hardy people,and in war, make some of the best soldiersin the world. They delight in dancing,hunting the stag, reciting stories of their


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8 COSTUMES OF EUROPE.old warriors, and playing on a kind of amusical instrument called the bagpipe.Their dress is the coarse worsted cloth,called Scotch plaid, which they fashionin various ways ; and on the head theywear a bonnet or turban of the samematerial, ornamented with a large feather.


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FINLANDERS.


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nxxs.Finland is a cold country belonging to

Eussia. In some parts it contains manyrocks, and a few high mountains ; inothers it is flat, sandy, and marshy.There are many lakes in the southernand eastern districts, all of which con-tain excellent fish. In general the soilis not fit for cultivation ; the best por-tions of it produce grain, potatoes, andflax. Cattle, sheep, and horses are fedin the pastures. The woods are largeand gloomy, affording a i^lace of refugefor wolves, bears, and other wild animals.The hunting of these forms a chief occu-

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12 COSTUMES OF EUROPE.pation of the inhabitants. Fishing isalso a favorite as well as a lucrativeemployment.

The Finns are small in stature, butstout. Their countenances are generallyflat, their cheeks sunken, and their com-plexion swarthy. They have gray eyes,and yellow hair. Some of them till thesoil, others lead a wandering lifehunt-ing, fishing, or tending cattle. The bet-ter part of the nation are a sober indus-trious people, inured to hardship, fear-less and brave. To strangers they arekind and hospitable ; but apt to be ob-stinate when opposed. They are fondof poetry and music, and learn rapidly.The picture shows that they are notwanting in taste, with respect to dressing.


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RUSSIANS.


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EUSSIAXS.EussiA is the largest and one of the

coldest countries of Europe. Its peopleare active and hardy, fond of such roughexercises as sleighing, riding on the ice,and bear hunting, and in time of warmake excellent soldiers. The country isruled by an emperor, who is called theAutocrat of all the Eussias, and has fullpower over the lives and property of hissubjects. The higher classes, called no-bles, also possess much power. Nearlyall the wealth of Eussia is in their hands,and some of them treat the poor peoplevery badly. These poor people are

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16 COSTUMES OF EUROPE.slaves. They belong to the nobles onwhose lands they were born, and are soldfrom one to another like cattle. Eussia,as I have already told you, is a very coldcountry ; hence the people are obliged todress themselves in garments muchthicker than we use in this country.Coats or robes made of bear-skins, orseal-skins, and covered with a heavycloak, are some of their most commonarticles of dress. The wide head-dressworn by the women is often embroideredwith flowers, or figures of animals, so asto present an agreeable contrast to theuniform appearance of the other parts oftheir dress. The men wear shaggybeards, thick hair, and short fur caps, sothat they sometimes look almost as


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RUSSIANS. 17

savage as the wolves and bears, whichroam through the vast Eussian forests.But the Russians do not depend upon

their warm dress as much as we do toshield them from the cold. They areinured to it from infancy. One of theirchildren ten years old would laugh andplay in the open air without hat or coaton, in weather that would make an Ame-rican numb. It is said that their infantsare every morning plunged into icy coldwater, so that in a few years they canendure the most severe weather. Thechildren at school often amuse themselvesby building snow-houses and snow-forts,some of them are so large that they re-main standing until spring. The Rus-sians are fond of holidaysespecially


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18 COSTUMES OF EUEOPE.Christmas, when they enjoy themselvesfully as much as the people of Englandor America do.

In that part of the Kussian dominionscalled Siberia, the inhabitants hunt thesable, the martin, and various kinds offoxes, and other wild animals, whose fursare purchased by the Kussian nobles ata very high price. Below is a Siberianhunter.


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SWISS.


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SWISS.Perhaps you have all heard of Switzer-

land, the country where the Alps, thehighest mountains in Europe are situated.This is a picture of the peoiDle and theirmode of dress. One may know by ob-serving their countenance that they arean open-hearted, kind, and intelligentpeople. They are likewise very brave.During a period of more than five hun-dred years, they have maintained theirfreedom, often in s^Dite of the efforts ofgreat countries to subdue them. "Whenpursued by the armies of their enemies,they went to the tops of hia'h mountains

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22 COSTUMES OF EUROPE.and rolled great stones upon the massesof troops that were pursuing them."William Tell, the brave patriot, who wascondemned by the tyrant Gesler to shootan apple from his child's head, and whoafterwards delivered his country fromGesler's authority, was a Swiss. Thereare many shepherds in Switzerland.They lead a peaceful life, conductingtheir flocks from one pasture to another,without meddling with the noise andbustle of city life. Their flocks mayoften be seen feeding beside the quietlakes, which are embosomed among thetall mountains. Some of the Swiss liveby hunting the chamois. This is a dan-gerous business, and the poor hunterssometimes fall from great heights, and


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SWISS. 23are dashed to pieces on the rocks below.It is dangerous to live among the moun-tains of Switzerland ; for masses of ice,called avalanches, often roll from theirtops, sweeping away every thing thatopposes them. In this manner, men,flocks, barns, and houses have been de-stroyed. The Swiss are famous for theirskill in making watches, and ornamentalmachinery. They are a religious peopleand none of their villages is without achurch and schools for religious instruc-tion. It is pleasing to see these peopleon a Sabbath morning, issuing fromtheir peaceful cottages, and moving to-ward the venerable village church, whosewell known bell is ringing and echoingamong the quiet hills. The Swiss are


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24 COSTUMES OF EUROPE.devoted to their country, and rarelyknown to leave it.

Below are some Swiss hunting thechamois, a species of wild goat that in-habits the Alps.


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GiiEEKS.


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GEEEKS.The Greeks are a remarkable people.

Once their nation was the greatest inthe world, and ruled over two-thirds ofthe known world. Ancient history is fullof their wars, their conquests, and theirgreatness. But this is not all thatmakes their history wonderful. Learn-ing of every kind flourished among them.Some of their poets, their sculptors, theirphilosoj^hers, have never been equalled.Greece taught all other nations. Herlearned men knew more than those ofthe people around. But a sad changecame over this beautiful land. It was

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28 COSTUMES OF EUROPE. 'conquered by barbarians, its learningwas gradually suppressed, nothing wasleft of its former glory except the desertedtemples, and the statues which thepeople had erected in the days of free-dom. These still excite the wonder ofall nations. For many hundred yearsthe Greeks were slaves to the Turks.Sometimes their masters would burntheir villages, murder the men, and sellthe women and their children into bond-age in other lands. Then came a change.The Greeks resolved to be free. Eisingupon their Turkish masters, they foughtas the old Greeks had fought more thantwo thousand years ago. Other nationshelped them, for they pitied the poorwomen who had been sold for slaves.


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GREEKS. 29They drove the Turks from the country,so that the Greeks were once morefree.

The Greeks are a handsome people.They have regular features, full darkeyes, and elegantly rounded limbs. Ob-serve in the picture how handsome, andyet noble they appear. Their countryis one of the finest in the world. Thebeauty of their moonlight nights, sur-passes any thing of the kind ever seenin this country. At this time the Greekslove to be in the open air, and frequent-ly spend the whole night in singing,reciting stories, or dancing. But it issad to think tliat these people once sogreat, have few learned men among themthat the common peasantry of Greece


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30 COSTUMES OF EUROPE.move as strangers among the marblecolumns and sculptured temples raisedby their ancestors.When the Greeks revolted from theTurkish government, the Turks cruellymassacred the inhabitants of Scio, oneof the beautiful islands inhabited byGreeks. Below is a picture of the Mas-sacre of Scio.


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ITALIAN".


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ITALIANS.Italy enjoys a delicious climate, and

abounds in the finest grapes, figs, prunes,and other fruits. For this reason it hasbeen named the garden of Europe. Dur-ing the summer, the sky is remarkablefor its clear deep blue color, and the airfor its softness. The Italians sj^endmuch of their time out of doors, dancing,playing on instruments of music, andsinaino:. They are famous for their loveof music, and by many persons theirsingers are considered the best in theworld. Yery often Italian singers visitour country, and earn large sums of

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34 COSTUMES OF EITROPE.money by singing at concerts and operas.There is another class of Italian musi-cians whom we occasionally see in thestreets. They are called organ grinders.I suppose every child has seen one ofthese individuals, performing under thewindow of some large house in the city.The noise they make is intolerable exceptto those who know nothing of musicBelow is an Italian shepherd.


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SPANIARDS.


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SPANIAEDS.Here is a picture of Spaniards danc-

ing the fandango,for this is the namethey give to their favorite dance. Wewould think people mad who would dancein such style here; but the Spaniardsfind so much enjoyment in it, that theygenerally dance all night in the openair. They are a singular people. Gene-rally they appear grave and solemn, sothat you might suppose they never en-joyed a pleasant hour

;yet the Spaniard

can sing and play the guitar as merrilyas the Frenchman or the Italian. He isfond of games of all kindsI am sorry

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38 COSTUMES OF EUROPE.to say that he delights especially in bullfights. At these cruel exhibitions thous-ands of spectators are sometimes pre-sent, including rich people, nobles, andeven the king or queen. Pride is anotherquality of the Spanish character. It hascaused many a quarrel between one gen-tleman and another, and resulted in theloss of many lives.

Spain was once a powerful country.Its soldiers were dreaded throughout Eu-rope, and its ships sailed in every sea.It was from Spain that Columbus sailedto discover America. Afterwards it con-quered almost all of South America, andand many parts of North America. Butthese great possessions have long sincedeparted from her.


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TURKS.


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TUEKSThis is a picture of some Turks. Youperceive at once that their dress, their

manners, and their whole appearanceare different from ours. Their robes areloose and flowing, and they wear piecesof cloth, called turbans, instead of hats."When sitting, their feet are doubled un-der them in a manner that would givegreat pain to an American. They siton mats or low sofas instead of chairs,eat without using forks, knives, or spoons,place their cups of coffee on the floor,and smoke pipes three yards lomr. Their

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12 COSTUMES OF EUROPE.laws, their customs, and their religion areas singular as their habits.

Turkey enjoys a fine climate, andabundance of the productions of the earthbut the government is despotic. TheTurks were once a powerful people, butthey are now weak and contemptible.They are fond of smoking opium, andwill sit whole days with a pipe in theirmouths, puffing, drinking coffee, andsleeping. They do not allow their wo-men to appear in public, or to speakwithout permission in the presence ofmen.


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GE^ANS.m


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GEEMAXS.Germany is an extensive region, di-

vided into many small countries, whoseinhabitants differ from each other indress, language, and other particulars.The picture shows the dress of a few.None of the Germans are so fond of dressas the Spaniards and Italians are. Theirwish is to be comfortable; and whenthis is gratified they are not anxiousabout elegance or beauty.The German people are kind, open-hearted, and generous. They do not

boast of their honor lik%the Spaniardnor carry dagg^' to defend their good

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16 COSTUMES OF EUROPE.

name like the Italian; yet they havefar more true honor than either Spaniardsor Italians have. Pride is no part of theGerman character ; but their great menlabor harder and acquire more honorsthan those who look upon them withcontempt. There are many great scholarsin Germany; and the German artists,especially those who labor in fine anddelicate instruments, are the best in theworld. Wherever they go they are sureto obtain employment; because theyform not only useful but quiet citizens.Germany is famous for its strong cas-

tles, its wide, gloomy forests, and itsmany noble churches. Some of the cas-tles are very old. They were built bychieftains who lived a '"thousand years


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GERMANS. 47ago, and whose families were protectedby the thick walls and massy gates. Inthe forests many deer, bears, and wildboars once lived. These the old Germanswere fond of hunting ; and many storiesare still told of the danger incurred whilechasing the wild boar, through mountainpasses, thick forests, and along the bor-ders of rivers. Now these animals arenot often met with in Germany ; so thatthe boar hunt is no longer an amusementof kings and nobles.Germany produces some of the finest

wines in the world. The vineyards onthe banks of the Rhine are particularlycelebrated, producing what is called theEhine wines. The wine which is i^ro-duced on the estate of Prince Metternich


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48 COSTUMES OF EUROPE.is called Joliannisberg ; and commandsan enormous price. Below is a companyof peasants gathering grapes for thevantage.


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GIPSIES.


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GIPSIES.The Gipsies have no national home

They wander through the countriesof Europe in small parties, leading thelives of beggars and vagrants. Theyare not white like Euro^Dean people, butof a sallow complexion. It is not knownwhere they first came from. Whentravelling they carry their tents and fur-niture with them, and the mothers havetheir children strapped in sacks on theirbacks. They generally pass the nightnear hills or on a wide plain, apart fromthe dwellings of other people. At suchtimes they sj^read their tents across

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52 COSTUMES OF EUROPE.poles, cook their victuals in the open air,and if the weather is not cold, spendthree or four hours telling tales or sing-ing songs. Most people in Europe areafraid of Gipsies; and the truth is thatthese people are great thieves, neglectingno opportunity to pilfer food or property,They have been known to carry youngchildren from the cradle, and afterwardsbring them up as their own. Often theyhave done so much mischief throughouta particular country, that severe measureswere taken against all who could after-wards be found in it.

The Gipsies are especially famous fortelling fortunes.


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COSSACKS.


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COSSACKS.Here are some very rough looking

characters. It would be hard to describetheir dress, since no two of them appearto be dressed alike. These are Cossacksa people who in battle are among themost terrible horsemen of any known atthe present day. They live on the bor-ders of Eussia and Turkey, and are gene-rally regarded as forming a part of theEussian army in time of war. Beingalmost constantly on horseback, they arethe best riders in the world ; and whenfive or six thousand of them sweep downagainst an enemy's armv nothing can

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56 COSTUMES OF EUROPE.withstand the shock. Sometimes theyride without any saddle, and with no-thing but a rope for a bridle. Whenroving about from one place to another,they often eat and sleep on horseback.They are barbarous in peace and cruelin war. In battle they give no quarter,riding down those who flee or those whostand, and spearing the wounded thatmay be lying on the ground. If theytake any prisoners they murder themwithout mercy. A party of Cossackswill sometimes enter a Turkish vil-lage, tie the inhabitants, and carryaway every thing valuable that they canfind. In the wars of Eussia with diffe-rent nations they have been found moreefficient than even the Russian cavalry.


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HUNGARIANS.


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HUNGAEIANS.Hungary was once an independent na-tion. It was ruled by its own king, and its

nobles were brave and warlike. The peoplewere open-hearted, generous, and brave.Now Hungary is subject to Austria, andits people are oppressed by the Austriansoldiers. Yet they are still brave andgenerous. The men are proud of theirdescent from the old nobles who oncefought against the Austrians, and watchfor an opportunity to deliver themselvesfrom the yoke of their masters. Theyhave tried to do so several times, but as

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yet without success. Perhaps a timewill come when Hungary will be free.These people like the Austrian s are

fond of dress. The men generally wearcoats in the military style, with highboots, and an ornamented cloak. Thewomen dress in various ways, but usuallywith taste and elegance. They are fondof martial music and dancing.

There are many high mountains inHungary. To these the people retirewhen the country is invaded by anenemy. In some places the road betweenthe rocks is so narrow, that a few mencould drive back or destroy an army thatwould attempt to pass through. In thismanner a small party of Hungarians hassometimes defeated the Austrian forces


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COSTUMES OF EUROPE. 61which were sent to enslave them. Butthen in revenge, the enemy would deso-late their fields, and burn their villages.Hungary is at present much oppressedby Austria. Her great men have beenshot or hanged, the peasantry have beenplundered, and many parts of the landmade desolate. Hundreds of these op-pressed peoi^le driven from their homesare now wandering through the diflferentcountries of Europe seeking a place ofrefuge.Some of them have come to our own

country, and have been received withvery cordial welcome. Among the restwas the veteran general who had com-manded the Hungarians during their longand obstinate defence of the city of Co-


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morn, which was beseiged by the Aus-trian forces. Another interesting Hun-garian exile is Mademoiselle Jagello, whoserved as a lieutenant in the recentstruggle against the Austrian power.


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AUSTllIANS.


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AUSTEIANS.Austria is a large country in the south-

ern part of Europe. Its people are fondof holidays, parades, and gay dress. Themen wear clothes of very bright colors,with feathers in their hats, and longswords by their sides. The women deckthemselves in a variety of ways. Allstrive to appear as fine as they can, andto wear the richest clothes they can af-ford. Some have their hair hanginground their shoulders in curls or longplaits ; others place roses or other flowersin it ; and many tie it with long greenribbons which hang down and flutter in

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the wind. Women as well as men learnto smoke at a very early age.Austria is a fine country. The climate

in most parts is warm and healthful.There are long thick forests, noble rivers,and high mountains. The soil producesin abundance, grains, fruits, vegetables,and useful trees. The people of such acountry would be happy if they hadgood rulers. But the Austrian rulers donot care for the people. The nobles, asthey are called, despise the poor peasantsand laborers, and treat them cruelly.They are obliged to pay many taxes tosupport the emperor, the army, and therich clergy.But though badly governed the Aus-

trians are generally cheerful. They de-


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AUSTRIANS. 67light to hear music and to dance. Whilegathering their harvest or their vintage,they make the fields resound with theirloud laughter and merry songs. Thechildren of the poorer classes have towork when they are quite young ; andthe women labor in the fields, ploughing,reaping, and mowing, like the men. Thenobles are those who own great castles,extensive fields, and much money.The capital of Austria is Vienna. Here

the emperor and the court reside. It isa very ancient and splendid city, andcontains a great number of fine buildingsand beautiful works of art. Here theyhave large and splendid opera houses,and the finest music in the world maybe heard in them. The emperor has


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several palaces in Vienna and its neigh-borhood, and these palaces are adornedwith beautiful pictures and statues.


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SCLlVONIANS.


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SCLAVONIANS.ScLAVONiA is a small province in the

south-eastern part of the empire of Aus-tria. It produces grain, fruits, and nutsin great abundance. In the thick forests,wild honey is found in large quantitieswhile the mountain districts containvaluable plants and minerals, many ofwhich are used in medicine. Excellentfish are caught in the rivers.The people of this country are called

Sclavonians. They are brave and cheer-ful, and greatly attached to their ownland. Most of thorn are engaged in thetending of cattle. They roam with their

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72 COSTUMES OF EUROPE.large flocks from place to place ; but aregenerally fond of the i)asture at the bot-tom of mountains, or near streams ofwater. These people fight bravely fortheir land, and will not allow the Aus-trians to exercise much dominion overthem. But they have not much educa-tion. There are few schools or learnedmen in the country. The children in-stead of being engaged with books untilthey are twelve or fifteen years old,learn to watch flocks of sheep to givenotice if a w^olf approaches, to hunt forhoney in the woods, and to climb fromrock to rock of their high mountains.Thus they become strong and healthy,and afterwards make able soldiers. Scla-vonia is divided into a number of tribes,


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SCLAVOXIANS. 73each of which has its own chief, and isindependent of the others. Our pictureshows the dress in one of these tribes.You observe that the people are tall andhandsome, and look somewhat like Hun-garians. The shepherds and mountaineersdress very differently.

In Sclavonia, a good deal of excellentwine is made. Fruit is very plentiful,and there are vast orchards of plums,from which a favorite liquor, called Sli-voh'tza, is distilled. The people breedimmense herds of live stock ; and havelarge flocks of hogs feeding wild in theforests. They export cattle, hogs, hides,skins, rye, wheat, honey, wax, timber,and other articles, to the most distantprovinces of the Austrian empire.


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74 COSTUMES OF EUROPE.The wealth derived from this exten-

sive internal commerce is great; andmany of the Sclavonians are quite rich.


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'-'''^'''^rry^^^y^^^CEOATS.


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CEOATS.These people inhabit a province of

Austria, which joins Hungary. A por-tion of it is fertile, possessing fine riversand extensive plains. The remainderhas high mountains in its northern dis-tricts. The climate is mild and health-ful. The soil produces maize and grainof various kinds, fruits, vegetables, andforest trees. Mines of iron, copper, andsulphur abound. Cattle, sheep, horses,and swine are raised ; the woods aboundwith game, and the rivers with fish.

The Croats are a fierce and warlikepeople. In battle they rush forward with

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78 COSTUMES OF EUROPE.loud shouts upon the enemy, as thoughthey delighted in scenes of death andmisery. Their war songs are said to belively and powerful, stirring the blood ofthose who hear them. The Croatian wo-men labor in the fields, tend cattle andhorses, engage in hunting parties, andcarry heavy burdens from one place toanother. The Croats lead a rude life,mostly as husbandmen or shepherds;for among them, many of the tradeswhich flourish in civilized countries areunknown. Tet they are honest, indus-trious, and contented.

The picture, which represents a Croa-tian dance, will serve to exhibit the half-barbarous manners of these people.


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SERVIANS.Servia is a large province belonging

to Turkey. It is covered by thick fo-rests; but the population is small onaccount of the wars, which for manyyears past have desolated the country.The Servians are a brave people. Theyfought long and well against the Turks,who endeavored to reduce them to slavery.During a number of years, the Turkisharmies burned their villages, murderedthe men and carried the women andchildren into slavery. The Servians fledto the mountains, and there fought hardfor their liberty. The Russians helped

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82 COSTUMES OF EUROPE.tlicm. They drove out the Turks andestablished a government of their own.This the Sultan of Turkey would notagree to ; so he began another war. Buthe could not subdue the Servians, andwas forced to consent that they shouldhave a government of their own, andonly pay him a sum of money. Thisthey have continued to do ever since.Many of the Servians are very poor.

They live in small huts and have towork very hard to support their children.The picture exhibits the dress and ap-pearance of a Servian shepherd. He isgenerally a contented and happy being,leading a peaceful life with his jflocksamong the mountains and green pasturesof his country.


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TrEOLESB.


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TTEOLESE.Tyrol is a beautiful country, situated

among some of the liigliest mountains inEurope. The prospect from the summitof these mountains is very grand. Stretch-ing over the country or dotting its sur-face, may be seen, fields of corn wavingwith their golden harvests, well plantedorchards, with the fruit peeping fromtheir covering of leaves, thick forests,dark and gloomy; small lakes fromwhose still waters the sun shines as frompolished glass, little cottages near thehill sides, with the smoke curling fromtheir chimneys. The people are brave,

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86 COSTUMES OF EUROPE.cheerful, honest, and industrious. Theydelight in music. In the evenings, whentheir labor is over, little groups of six orten assemble under the olive trees, andspend many hours in singing and dancing.Many years ago the people fought hardto maintain their freedom against othernations, whose armies entered their terri-tory. If overpowered by numbers, theyretired to the highest rocks and hurleddown large stones upon the enemy. Inthis manner they several times destroyedthe greater part of the invading army.The Tyrolese are very skilful in mak-

ing tops, watches, delicate machinery,and household wares. Sometimes oneof their number leaves his own countryand travels to Germany, England, or


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TYROLESE. 87America, to sell his goods. After re-maining for several years in his newhome, he returns to Tyrol with his hardearned fortune, and passes the remainderof his life among the lakes and moun-tains where he stood in childhood.The picture represents the usual dressof these people. Sometimes, instead ofa coat, they wear a cloak thrown grace-fully around the shoulders. In their ap-pearance as well as their habits anddisposition they closely resemble theSwiss.The music of the Tyrolese is very pe-

culiar in its character, and is greatly ad-mired for :its sweet melody and its sin-gularly wild and abrupt changes, suitedto the heroic disposition of the people,


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88 COSTUMES OF EUROPE.and the romantic beauty of the mountainscenery ^Yhich abounds in Tyrol.The Tyrolese are not less remarkable

for patriotism and love of domestic plea-sures than for their heroic courage inwar. Hofer, the patriot, who resistedthe French in the time of Xapoleon, iscalled the William Tell of the Tyrol.After bravely defending his native land,he was finally captured and barbarouslyput to death by the French.


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TRANSYLVANIAN SHEPHERDS.


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TRANSYLYANIAN SHEPHERDS.Here is a fine picture of a bold and

hardy race of people. Their country iscovered with high mountains, wide fo-rests and deep lakes. Wolves and bearsare found among the forests, and in manyplaces the climate even in the summeris quite cold. To all these difficulties theshepherds are exposed. But at an earlyage they learn to endure the cold, towander with the flocks amid the wildestscenery, and to hear, without exhibitingsigns of fear, the howling of wild beasts.Most of them go armed, generally withknives, guns, and pistols. Some of the

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ways in which they dress are shown inthe engraving.In time of war these shepherds often

leave their flocks to the care of their fa-milies, and join their countrymen in driv-ing oft' the enemy. Being good marks-men, they are useful as skirmishers andsharp shooters ; and after enduring thehardships of a shepherd's life, they arewell fitted to sustain the labors of acamp.

Transylvania is a large country, sub-ject to the Emperor of Austria. It iswild and rocky, possessing many streamsof water, but destitute of large plains.The climate is cold, but grain, vegetables,and fruit are raised in considerableabundance. The people, like those in


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TRANSYLVANIAN SnEPIIERDS. 93

other parts of Austria, are divided intonobles and peasants. Many of the latterare treated no better than slaves ; whilethe nobles possess most of the wealthand property of the country. The Tran-sylvanians are much oppressed by thegovernment of Austria; though amongthe mountains small tribes are foundwhich do not acknowledge the authorityof that country.

The rearing of horses and other livestock is one of the most importantsources of wealth in Transylvania. Theirhorses are celebrated for spirit andspeed. They have the long-wooled andcurly-horned sheep of Wallachia; andimmense herds of swine feed in theirgreat forests of oak and beech trees.


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94 COSTUMES OF EUROPE.Transylvania has rich mines of goldand silver, and the sands of her rivers

are mingled with gold dust. Iron, lead,copper, antimony, arsenic, tellurium, andcoal are also found in this country.


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ALBANIANS.


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ALBANIANS.Albania is a proyince of Turkey. It

contains many liigli mountains, whichrender the climate colder than that ofmost other provinces of that country.Some thick forests extend through thenorthern parts ; while the middle andsouthern portions are watered by thebranches of large rivers. The peopleare fierce and warlike. Some of themattend flocks upon the sides of the moun-tains ; some hunt wolves and other wildanimals, for killing which they receive areward ; many search among the moun-tains for valuable minerals, which they

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98 COSTUMES OF EUROPE.sell to traders; and others, uniting insmall bands, roam about the country,attacking travellers and plundering thehouses into which they are able to forcetheir way, Thus they lead a wanderinglife, full of dangerous adventure. Some-times a party consisting of several hun-dreds, with their wives, children, cattle,and goods, leave their country, and settlein one of the neighboring provinces. Theemigrations, as they are called, havebeen so frequent during some years, asto greatly lessen the i^opulation. In muchthe same manner, a gang of robbing Al-banians, occasionally wander into othercountries, and commit much mischiefbefore they can be taken.You may readily suppose, that such


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ALBANIANS. 99people do not care mucli for either booksor schools. Among the greater part ofthe Albanians such things are unknown.They-are more anxious that their childrenshould become strong hunters and har-dy shepherds, than that they shouldknow how to read and write. Hence,from the time that their boys and girlscan walk, until they can take care ofthemselves, they are inured to cold,hunger, toil, and hardship of every kind.By this means their limbs and bodiesbecome strong and powerful, and theyare able to sustain much more fatiguethan those who have been educated incivilized countries.

The Albanians, in consequence of thiscourse of education, have always been a


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100 COSTUMES OF EUROPE.very courageous, patriotic, and valiantpeople. Their king, George Castriot,surnamed Scanderberg, was the greathero of the fifteenth century ; and fortwenty-four years he maintained a per-petual war with the Turks, under theirfamous sultans, Amurath and MahometII. Scanderberg was at that time justlyconsidered the bulwark of Christian Eu-rope against the Mahometan power. TheAlbanians are still a very warlike people,and fond of liberty and the wild inde-pendence of their mountain life.


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BAYAEIANS.


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BAVAEIANS.These people inhabit a small kingdom

in the southern part of the great Germa-nic empire. As their country bordersupon Tyrol and Switzerland, they enjoy asight of the fine mountain scenery ofthose two countries. Bavaria enjoys awarm and healthy climate, and is notedfor the intelligence and industry of itsinhabitants. The soil produces all kindsof grain and vegetables, together withthe more common fruits. The moun-tainous districts are well adapted to theraising of cattle ; and many shepherds,like those among the mountains of Swit-

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104 COSTUMES OF EUROPE.zerland, tend their Hocks in the pasturesamong the vallies. In the northern parts,the people are mostly engaged in agri-culture and manufactures. This differ-ence of occupation makes so much differ-ence in appearance and manners, thatthe Bavarians of the south seem to beof a different nation from his country-men of the north. There are many canalsand public roads in this kingdom. Overthese, traders from the north of Germany,France, and Austria, convey their mer-chandize to Italy, Turkey, and othersouthern countries.The Bavarians are famous for their

skill in making mathematical instru-ments. Their telescopes, chronometers,microscopes, and sextants, are sent to


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BAVARIANS. 105every part of the known world. Theirwatches, spectacle-glasses, and jewelry,are likewise excellent. The picture re-presents one of these people selling toysand other trinkets. Sometimes theyleave their own country and travelthrough different parts of Europe sellingthese wares. Many musical instrumentsare also manufactured in the cities ofBavaria. They are considered, good andusually command a high price.The Bavarians are fond of hunting,wrestling, and other manly sports. Thosewho inhabit the mountains hunt thechamois. Their women like rich dressesand ornaments. Some of them wearhoods of rich gold lace, and boddices or-namented with rich silver chains, from


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106 COSTUMES OF EUROPE.which hang a number of medals. Eventhe servants and the poorer class oftrades people wear rich ornrments onSundays and holidays.


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DANES.


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DANES.In reading a description of Denmark,

you must not expect to see accounts ofbeautiful fields, high mountains, andtempting orchards. It is one of themost barren spots in Europe. On allsides except the south, it is surroundedby the sea. There are no woods, no fieldsof corn, no hills, and no good pasturesfor cattle. In some places the sea haswashed so much sand upon the shorethat it resembles a desert. For themost part the ground is damp ai:id cold,unfit for cultivation except after muchlabor has been bestowed upon it. Many

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marshes exist, especially in districtsnear the sea; and a large i^ortion of thecountry is covered with heath. Woodcannot be bought except for a greatprice ; but turf, a hard substance, grow-ing in the earth, is found in abundance.The inhabitants of Denmark are calledDanes. Once they were the boldestpeople in Europe, and would venture outto sea, in little boats made of bark, dur-ing storms, Avhich the strongest vesselsof that time could not brave. Theyroamed from one country to another,taking whatever they pleased in theirroute, defeating armies, and seizing wholeprovinces as their own. Among othercountries they conquered England, north-ern Germany, and part of France. Par-


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DANES. Ill

ties of them, in swift boats, often visitedthe shores of the southern nations,burned a number^^of villages in one night,seized the men, women, cattle, and pro-perty, and departed before morning.After leading this robbing life for severalhundred years, the Danes became weakand irresolute. At the same time othernations, ceasing to fear them, united todefend themselves; and at last theseonce powerful people were driven intothe small territory they now inhabit.The picture shows the manner in whichthey dress at present.The Danes have recently been engagedin a very obstinate war with some of the

German states, on some question respect-ing the territory of Schleswig IIulr;teii]


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This war has been protracted for severalyears, and has been attended with manysevere battles and great expenditure oflife and treasure; and although it hasbeen repeatedly suspended by truces, itis not yet terminated.


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DUTCH PEASANTS.


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DUTCH.Sometimes these people are called Hol-

landers, because the name of their coun-try is Holland. This is a singular re-gion. It is quite level, without hill ormountain, and on the side toward thesea is much lower than the sea. Itwould therefore be soon overflowed withwater if the industry of the inhabitantshad not provided against such a calamity.On the low shores that border on thesea, high banks, called dikes, have beenbuilt, which are fortified so strongly thatthe waves cannot break through. TheDutch are famous for their industrv.

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Throughout their flat country they haveconstructed roads, canals, and otherpublic works, which render ti'avelingeasy and comfortable. In some cities,canals are used instead of streets. Dur-ing the summer they are navigated bysmall boats ; but in winter, when hardfrozen, the Dutch travel on them bymeans of skates. At an early age thechildren, both boys and girls, learn toskate ; so that they soon become moreexpert at this exercise than the inhabi-tants of any other country are. Men,women, and boys, with great loads ontheir heads or in their arms, travel inthis manner along the frozen canals fromone market town to another.

In aiDpearance the Dutch are rude and


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DUTCH. 117awkward ; and their habit of almost in-cessant smoking, render them repulsiveto the more delicate feelings of the Ame-ricans. It is generally believed thatthey are very fond of money, and willendure almost any sacrifice which canbe endured honestly in order to obtainit. The higher classes are often learnedand liberal in their feelings and opinionsthe poorer classes are ignorant and ad-dicted to intoxication. The Dutch oftenleave their country to seek a fortune inforeign lands ; but they remain ardentlyattached to it, and seem never to unitewith the feelings and customs of othernations.

Holland has produced many scholarsof great learning and ability, many great


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generals and naval commanders, and agreat number of painters, whose picturesadorn the galleries of princes and lords,and are esteemed excellent specimens ofart. In industry, commerce, wealth, andwarlike ability, Holland has long beenranked among the first nations in theworld.


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ENGLISH PEASANTS.


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ENGLISH PEASANTS.In almost every country of Europe the

people are divided into two great classesnobles and peasants. The noblespossess nearly all the land, have largefortunes, and live in splendor ; the peas-ants work hard for their daily bread.This is th^tate of things in England.In no country are the nobility riclier, orthe peasantry more laborious. The pic-ture represents some English peasants.They look as if just returning from workand one may observe that their wholeappearance is rough and weather beaten.Their dress is pretty much the same as

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is worn by the poorer classes in thiscountry; yet, you may remember that,this is by no means the manner in whichthey all dress.

Only a part of the English peasantsare engaged in tilling the ground. Someof them attend to the parks and estatesof the nobility. Some lead a wanderinglife among the mountains which borderupon Scotland, and others labor in thecoal mines. They generally live in cot-tages, built on commons or near hills,far from the large cities. Most of thesecottages are quite small, like huts, withthatched roofs, and dark unhealthy rooms.Here the hard working peasant and hiswife with their little children live anddie. Generally they live on the poorest


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ENGLISH PEASANTS. 123

faresome milk and coarse bread, or alittle brothnor have they any hopethat their condition will ever be better.When a number of these cottages standtogether it is called a village. Villagersare usually more comfortable than thosewhose huts stand alone. They have ge-nerally a cow or some sheep of their own,they have a store in the villages at whichthey purchase many articles of food orclothing, and on Sundays they lay asidetheir daily occupations and go to thevillage church.' During the few lastyears many of the English peasantryhave been taught to read and write, andtheir children have received some educa-tion in schools established by benevolentpeople.


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124 COSTUMES OF EUROPE.I This change is in consequence of itshaving been ascertain-ed by recent inqui-

ries that the English peasantry are notonly very poor, but generally almost en-tirely destitute of education. No peoplein all Europe, it is said, are so illiterateas the English peasants. On the conti-nent, the despotic governments cause thegreat mass of the people to be taughtreading and writing. The Prussian andAustrian schools are excellent; and inFrance, Napoleon established a systemof national education, \^hich has beenmaintained ever since his time. TheEnglish are now becoming sensible ofthis defect, but little has been done toremedy it.


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i-


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FKENCH PEASANTS.


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FRENCH PEASANTS.In France there is a great variety of

costumes. Every province has its ownpeculiarities of dress ; and in the differ-ent provinces there is also quite a varietyof corruptions of the French language.The picture represents the dresses of thefemale peasantry in the neighborhood ofMarseilles, in the south of France. Thesepeople, like the other inhabitants of therural districts of France, are a very livelyand merry set. They love to dance inthe open air, and are active in all theout of door games and sports of thecountry.

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128 COSTUMES OF EUROPE.In some of the provinces of France,

the people wear wooden shoes ; and thisfashion is much ridiculed by the lowerclasses of the English, who forget thattheir own hobnailed shoes are quite asheavy and inconvenient as the woodenshoes of the French peasantry.


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HENDERSON k CO'S JUVENILE PUBLICATIONS.

11111 i^tt,A. Lively Book of Rhyines for very little Cliildren.

RICHLY EMBELLISHED WITH PICTURES.Square 16mo. Paper Covers, . . . 12i cents.

Cloth Binding, ... 25


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HEXDERSON k CO S JUYEXILE PFBLTCATIONS.

llM'i ilFii3n f\j)i[nit.

'M

WITH NEW AND ORIGINAL DESIGNS,BY ABSOLON*


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HENDERSON & CO S JUVENILE PUBLICATIONS.

AN ITALIAN STORX,,Mnd other Storie for Noting- People,

Beautifully Illustrated witu Engravings from Original Desions.Square 16mo. Cloth Binding.

Ihifl ifl a very touching and entertjiining i^tory lor Youth. The Scene is laid LEngland, and in Italy, the incidents are of a peculiarlyinteresting character.


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nENDERSOV & COS JUVHENILE PUBLICATION'S.

if>i

ia:^^^^&^,

OP THEQ>?o OCEAN.


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HENDERSON k Co's JUVENILE PUBLICATIONS.

Nut Cracker and Sugar DollyTRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN.

BY CHARLES A. DANA.SQUARE 16mo. CLOTH AND CLOTH GILT.

This Neyr Fairy Tale is one of the liveliest, most readaMe, and mostunexceptionable for Children which has ever appeared.


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HENDERSON k Co's JUVENILE PUBLICATIONS.

C08TmiE8 OF IMIRICI.An excellent Tolume for Young People of both sexes, and well calculated to

awaken an interest in the History of this Continent.Illustrated with Twenty-four Engravings of Original Costumes. One volume,

square IGmo. Cloth, 50 cents. 'With Colored Tlates, 75 cents.


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HENDERSON k CO*S JUYENILE PUBLICATIONS.OSTyMiS_OF_EilllOPS.

Beautifully Embellished with 24 Engravings of Original Costumes. One toI.S(juare 16mo. Fine Cloth binding, 60 ct8;.with Col'd Engravings, 75 cts.

This is a Companion volume to the COSTUMES OP AMERICA, and is equallyinstructive as well as pleasing for young readers.4^Every intelligent Boy should possess a Copy of the Book of Costumes ofEurope and America.


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130SB IJBRARy


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^%jkB 000 007 831 1

/


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Costumes of Europe