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Forage Resources for Your Bookshelf
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Georgia Soils
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Georgia Forages: Grass Species Over 35 forage grasses. Cool
Season Annuals Cool Season Perennials Warm Season Annuals Warm
Season Perennials
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Georgia Forages: Legume Species Over 25 forage legumes. Cool
Season Annuals Cool Season Perennials Warm Season Annuals Warm
Season Perennials
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Georgia s Grass: A Diverse Forage Base 1)Tall fescue (pasture)
2)Bermudagrass (hay) 3)Some annuals (pasture, hay) 4)Some legumes
and forbs. 1)Bermudagrass (hay, pasture) 2)Bahiagrass (pasture)
3)More annuals (hay, pasture) 4)Few legumes and forbs.
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Forage Productivity Differs Throughout the Year Piedmont
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Forage Productivity Differs Throughout the Year Coastal
Plain
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Tissue Sampling and Troubleshooting
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Tissue Sampling 6 in.
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Troubleshooting
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Plant Tissue Analysis
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Most Common Establishment Mistakes
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Thou Shalt Soil Test Most common cause of poor establishment:
Soil pH and/or fertility is too low. Most common cause of poor
persistence: Soil pH and/or fertility is too low. Most common cause
of poor drought tolerance: Soil pH and/or fertility is too low.
Most common cause of poor establishment: Soil pH and/or fertility
is too low. Most common cause of poor persistence: Soil pH and/or
fertility is too low. Most common cause of poor drought tolerance:
Soil pH and/or fertility is too low.
Slide 24
Poor Stress Tolerance Leafspot Diseases The Stand is Gone! Not
Competitive Grows Very Slow Poor Winterhardiness K is for
Persistence
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Other Specialists with Forage Responsibilities: Weeds and weed
control issues Dr. Patrick McCullough, Griffin Insect and insect
control issues Dr. Will Hudson, Athens (Perennial grasses) Dr.
David Buntin, Griffin (Winter annuals) Disease issues Dr. Alfredo
Martinez, Griffin Economic issues Dr. Curt Lacy, Tifton Soil
fertility issues Dr. Glen Harris, Tifton Weeds and weed control
issues Dr. Patrick McCullough, Griffin Insect and insect control
issues Dr. Will Hudson, Athens (Perennial grasses) Dr. David
Buntin, Griffin (Winter annuals) Disease issues Dr. Alfredo
Martinez, Griffin Economic issues Dr. Curt Lacy, Tifton Soil
fertility issues Dr. Glen Harris, Tifton
Weed ID Websites http://www.wssa.net/Weeds/ID/index.htm
http://www.ppws.vt.edu/weedindex.htm
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www.georgiaforages.com
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If used incorrectly, this will be the biggest limit to your
profitability.
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What is the difference? 1)Digestible energy 2)How much can be
eaten 1)Digestible energy 2)How much can be eaten
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What is high quality forage? Forage that is highly digestible
(i.e., high TDN) Large amounts of the forage can be consumed (i.e.,
high DMI). Relative Forage Quality (RFQ) = TDN * DMI/1.23 Forage
that is highly digestible (i.e., high TDN) Large amounts of the
forage can be consumed (i.e., high DMI). Relative Forage Quality
(RFQ) = TDN * DMI/1.23
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Relative Forage Quality (RFQ) 75100125150175200225 Heifer,
18-24 mo. Dry cow Mature horse, lt. work Heifer, 12-18 mo.
Lactating beef cow Lactating mare Mature horse, mod. work Dairy,
last 200 days Heifer, 3-12 mo. Stocker cattle Weanling horse Mature
horse, int. work Dairy, 1 st 120 days Dairy calf Quality
Required
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Forage Quality has High Value Now CropMaturityCPTDNSupplement
Cost -- % -- lbs/hd/day$/hd/day Bermudagrass4 weeks10-1258-620$0 6
weeks8-1051-554.8$0.48 8 weeks6-845-507.5$0.75 Tall FescueLate
boot14-1666-700$0 Early head11-1360-630$0 Dough8-1050-545.3$0.53
Assuming 50:50 corn gluten:soyhulls supplementation for forage
quality on low end of the range. Approximate price = $200/ton
(current as of 8-20-2013). Supplementing a Lactating Beef Cow +
$2.00/hd/day in hay fed
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What Affects Forage Quality?
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Primary Factors Affecting Forage Quality FactorRecommendation
Plant Maturity Cut bermudagrass every 4-5 wks; cut tall fescue in
the boot or early head stage. Forage Species Use the
highest-quality species that will persist in your environment. Bale
Storage Protect bales from rainfall and weathering during storage
(i.e., barn, tarp, etc.) Rain During Curing Avoid cutting if
significant rainfall (> 0.50 inches) is predicted during curing.
Moisture at Baling Allow forage to dry to the appropriate moisture
(Round: 15%; Square: 18%) Fertilization Provide fertilizer based on
soil test recommendations Variety Use varieties that have proven to
be higher in quality.
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The Paradox of Forage Quality and Quantity Digestibility &
Palatability
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Fescue Maturity- Digestibility Majority of hay harvested at
hard seed stage Only truly applicable with spring harvest JUST MORE
MANURE!!!
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Bermudagrass Harvest Interval: Effects on Protein and
Digestibility McCollough and Burton., 1962 DMI 11.9, 8.8, 9.5 lbs
ADG 1.2,.9, 0 lbs Percent, %
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Harvest Timing Recommendations Hybrid Bermudagrass - 1st cut at
12-16 inches - Subsequent cuttings at 3.5-5 week intervals Tall
fescue, ryegrass, orchardgrass, etc. - Spring cut at early flower
stage - Mid to late boot stage for higher quality - Subsequent
cuttings at 10-12 inches (better quality) Alfalfa - Spring cut at
when 10-20% of plants are blooming - Cut at late bud 10% bloom
stage Hybrid Bermudagrass - 1st cut at 12-16 inches - Subsequent
cuttings at 3.5-5 week intervals Tall fescue, ryegrass,
orchardgrass, etc. - Spring cut at early flower stage - Mid to late
boot stage for higher quality - Subsequent cuttings at 10-12 inches
(better quality) Alfalfa - Spring cut at when 10-20% of plants are
blooming - Cut at late bud 10% bloom stage
Slide 40
Primary Factors Affecting Forage Quality FactorRecommendation
Plant Maturity Cut bermudagrass every 4-5 wks; cut tall fescue in
the boot or early head stage. Forage Species Use the
highest-quality species that will persist in your environment. Bale
Storage Protect bales from rainfall and weathering during storage
(i.e., barn, tarp, etc.) Rain During Curing Avoid cutting if
significant rainfall (> 0.50 inches) is predicted during curing.
Moisture at Baling Allow forage to dry to the appropriate moisture
(Round: 15%; Square: 18%) Fertilization Provide fertilizer based on
soil test recommendations Variety Use varieties that have proven to
be higher in quality.
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Quality Differences in the Major Forage Species Maint. Mod.
Production High Production
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Typical Range in Quality of Common Forages
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Primary Factors Affecting Forage Quality FactorRecommendation
Plant Maturity Cut bermudagrass every 4-5 wks; cut tall fescue in
the boot or early head stage. Forage Species Use the
highest-quality species that will persist in your environment. Bale
Storage Protect bales from rainfall and weathering during storage
(i.e., barn, tarp, etc.) Rain During Curing Avoid cutting if
significant rainfall (> 0.50 inches) is predicted during curing.
Moisture at Baling Allow forage to dry to the appropriate moisture
(Round: 15%; Square: 18%) Fertilization Provide fertilizer based on
soil test recommendations Variety Use varieties that have proven to
be higher in quality.
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14 inches
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Moisture distribution of mixed grass-legume round bales stored
on the ground Shinners, University of Wisconsin Twine Wrapped %
Moisture Net Wrapped
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Moisture distribution of mixed grass-legume round bales stored
on the ground vs. elevated Shinners, University of Wisconsin Twine
Wrapped % Moisture On a Pallet
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Primary Factors Affecting Forage Quality FactorRecommendation
Plant Maturity Cut bermudagrass every 4-5 wks; cut tall fescue in
the boot or early head stage. Forage Species Use the
highest-quality species that will persist in your environment. Bale
Storage Protect bales from rainfall and weathering during storage
(i.e., barn, tarp, etc.) Rain During Curing Avoid cutting if
significant rainfall (> 0.50 inches) is predicted during curing.
Moisture at Baling Allow forage to dry to the appropriate moisture
(Round: 15%; Square: 18%) Fertilization Provide fertilizer based on
soil test recommendations Variety Use varieties that have proven to
be higher in quality.
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The Effect of Rainfall on DM Loss DM Loss, % Rainfall, in.
Scarbrough et al., 2005
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Crop Moisture Lessens Rain Damage on Bermudagrass DM Loss, %
Rainfall, in. Scarbrough et al., 2005 76% Moisture, Not
Significant. 40% Moisture 13% Moisture
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Crop Moisture Lessens Rain Damage on Bermudagrass NDF, %
Rainfall, in. Scarbrough et al., 2005 76% Moisture, Not
Significant. 40% Moisture 13% Moisture
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The Effect of Rain on Tall Fescue Hay Turner et al., 2003
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Primary Factors Affecting Forage Quality FactorRecommendation
Plant Maturity Cut bermudagrass every 4-5 wks; cut tall fescue in
the boot or early head stage. Forage Species Use the
highest-quality species that will persist in your environment. Bale
Storage Protect bales from rainfall and weathering during storage
(i.e., barn, tarp, etc.) Rain During Curing Avoid cutting if
significant rainfall (> 0.50 inches) is predicted during curing.
Moisture at Baling Allow forage to dry to the appropriate moisture
(Round: 15%; Square: 18%) Fertilization Provide fertilizer based on
soil test recommendations Variety Use varieties that have proven to
be higher in quality.
Slide 54
Heat Damage to Crude Protein Heat Protein Useable Protein
Heat-Damaged Protein DM Intake
Slide 55
Primary Factors Affecting Forage Quality FactorRecommendation
Plant Maturity Cut bermudagrass every 4-5 wks; cut tall fescue in
the boot or early head stage. Forage Species Use the
highest-quality species that will persist in your environment. Bale
Storage Protect bales from rainfall and weathering during storage
(i.e., barn, tarp, etc.) Rain During Curing Avoid cutting if
significant rainfall (> 0.50 inches) is predicted during curing.
Moisture at Baling Allow forage to dry to the appropriate moisture
(Round: 15%; Square: 18%) Variety Use varieties that have proven to
be higher in quality. Variety Use varieties that have proven to be
higher in quality.
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Yield and Digestibility of Bermudagrass Hybrids
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Primary Factors Affecting Forage Quality FactorRecommendation
Plant Maturity Cut bermudagrass every 4-5 wks; cut tall fescue in
the boot or early head stage. Forage Species Use the
highest-quality species that will persist in your environment. Bale
Storage Protect bales from rainfall and weathering during storage
(i.e., barn, tarp, etc.) Rain During Curing Avoid cutting if
significant rainfall (> 0.50 inches) is predicted during curing.
Moisture at Baling Allow forage to dry to the appropriate moisture
(Round: 15%; Square: 18%) Variety Use varieties that have proven to
be higher in quality. Fertilization Provide fertilizer based on
soil test recommendations
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CP in Bermudagrass Forage as Effected by N Fertilization
Source: Dr. Bill Anderson, USDA-ARS Tifton
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Effect of N Rates on Bermudagrass CP & Digestibility Burton
et al.
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Does fertility or harvest timing affect quality more?- Crude
Protein Colovos et al. 1961 (4X as much N) Bromegrass
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Does fertility or harvest timing affect quality more?-
Digestibility (3.8 X as much N) Colovos et al. 1961 Bromegrass
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Primary Factors Affecting Forage Quality FactorRecommendation
Plant Maturity Cut bermudagrass every 4-5 wks; cut tall fescue in
the boot or early head stage. Forage Species Use the
highest-quality species that will persist in your environment. Bale
Storage Protect bales from rainfall and weathering during storage
(i.e., barn, tarp, etc.) Rain During Curing Avoid cutting if
significant rainfall (> 0.50 inches) is predicted during curing.
Moisture at Baling Allow forage to dry to the appropriate moisture
(Round: 15%; Square: 18%) Variety Use varieties that have proven to
be higher in quality. Fertilization Provide fertilizer based on
soil test recommendations
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Be Careful of Cutting Height
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Write this down in BIG BOLD letters! GRASS GROWS GRASS.
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