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Course Book of
Fluid Mechanics
By
Mr. Brosk Frya Ali
Petroleum Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering
Koya University
2013-2014
2
CONTENT ……………………………………………………… 2
1. Course Coordinator and List of Lecturers on this Course..................... 3
2. Course Overview......................................................................................... 4
3. Course Objectives....................................................................................... 4
4. Course Reading List.................................................................................... 5
5. Syllabus…………………………………………………………………… 6
6. Topics Covered............................................................................................ 7
9. Student Feed Back ………………………………………………………….. 13
3
Course Coordinator and List of Lecturers on this Course
Course Name: Fluid Mechanics (Theory and Tutorial)
Lecturer: Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana
Department: Petroleum Engineering
Faculty: Engineering
University: Koya
Email: [email protected]
Course Name: Fluid Mechanics (Practical)
Instructor: Mr. Ali Hussein
Department: Chemical Engineering
Faculty: Engineering
University: Koya
Email: [email protected]
Course coordinator: Mr. Pshtiwan Tahsin Mohammed Jaf
Department: Petroleum Engineering
Faculty: Engineering
University: Koya
Email: [email protected]
4
Course Overview
Fluid is a substance that deforms continuously when subjected to a shear stress, no matter
how small that shear stress may be, based on that, both gases and liquids are classified as
fluids. As its name suggests, fluid mechanics is the study of fluids either in motion (fluid
dynamics) or at rest (fluid statics) and the subsequent effects of the fluid upon the
boundaries, which may be either solid surfaces or interfaces with other fluids. The
number of fluids engineering applications is enormous: breathing, blood flow, swimming,
pumps, fans, turbines, airplanes, ships, rivers, windmills, pipes, missiles, engines, filters,
and jets, to name a few. When you think about it, almost everything on this planet either
is a fluid or moves within or near a fluid. Petroleum engineers are also encountering the
application of fluid flow most frequently, e.g. flow of fluids in well tubing and in flow
lines and pumping raw materials such as natural gas and petroleum products over very
long distances to domestic or industrial consumers. This being the case, this course is
aimed at students of petroleum engineering, namely, second year, and it is designed to
provide them with an understanding of the basic principles of fluid mechanics and of
their application to this area of engineering problems.
Course objectives
During the fluid mechanics course students will be introduced to the fundamental
Engineering science concepts related to the mechanics of fluids. This includes fluid
properties, fluid static, and fluid dynamics; flow of liquids through pipes, pumps and
pumping, flow of compressible fluids, flow measurement devices, two phase flow, flow
of non-Newtonian fluids and flow in porous media.
On successful completion of this course students will be:
Able to explain the fundamental properties of fluids.
Familiar with behavior of fluids when it is at rest and accordingly can deal with it.
Able to apply dimensional analysis to problems in fluid mechanics.
Able to analyze incompressible flows in pipe systems, including series and
parallel pipe systems.
Familiar with methods of flow and pressure measurements.
Aware of fundamental aspects of more complicated types of flow such as Gas –
Liquid flow in pipes, flow of non-Newtonian fluids and flow of fluids in porous
media.
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Course reading list
Dr. R. K. Bansal, “A Text Book of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic
Machines”.
Streeter V.L., Wylie E.B. and Bedford K.W.,(1998),“ Fluid Mechanics”, 9th
Edition. by McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Frank M., White, “Fluid Mechanics”, 4th
edition, McGraw-Hill.
William D.McDAIN, Jr. (1990), “The Properties of petroleum fluids”, 2nd
edition, PennWell Publishing Company.
Elemer Bobok, (1993) “Fluid mechanics for petroleum engineers”, Elsevier
science publisher and Akademia kiado, Budapest Hungary.
Goldstein R.J, (1996), “Fluid Mech. Measurements”, 2nd edition, Pub.
Taylor and Francis.
Azzopardi, B. J., (2006), “Gas-Liquid Flows”, Pub. Begell House, Inc.
Brill, J. P., and Beggs, H. D., (1991), “Two Phase Flow in Pipes”, 6th edition,
University of Tulsa.
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Syllabus
Week Contents
1 Introduction, Definition of fluid, Types of fluids.
2,3 Units and Dimensions, Dimensional Analysis, Methods of dimensional
Analysis: Rayliehg’s method, Bukingham’s -theorem.
4 Properties of fluid: Bulk modulus of elasticity (K), Vapor Pressure,
Viscosity, Surface tension and Capillarity.
5 Fluid-Static: Fluids pressure at a point, Pascal’s law, pressure variation in
a fluid at rest.
6,7 Measurement of pressure: Simple manometers, Single column
manometer, Differential manometers and Mechanical gauges.
8,9 Kinematics of flow, Types of fluid flow, Rate of flow or Discharge,
Continuity equation, Velocity and Acceleration.
10,11
Fluid –Dynamic: Equations of motion, Euler's equation of motion,
Bernoulli’s equation from Euler’s equation, Bernoulli's equation for real
fluid.
12,13
Newtonian’s Fluid (Incompressible Fluid): Laminar and turbulent flow,
Reynolds Number, Flow of liquids through pipes, calculation of pressure
drop, friction factor.
14 Minor losses, sudden contraction and expansion, non-circular diameter
pipes.
15 Multiple pipe systems: Pipe connected in series, pipe connected in
parallel, branching pipe
16,17 Flow measurement devices, orificemeter, venturimeter, nozzle, pitote
tube, rotameter, weirs,
18,19 Pumping of Liquids
20,21 Flow of compressible fluids
22 Cavitations, Cavitation in a Variable Diameter Pipe, Cavitation in
siphons, Cavitation in a Pumping System.
23 Flow in open channels
24,25 Flow of Multiphase Mixtures
26,27 Non-Newtonian fluid flow
28 Flow in porous media
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1: Introduction, Definition of fluid, Types of fluids.
Fluid Static: is the study of fluids at rest.
Fluid kinematics: deals with the motion of fluids without considering the forces and
momentums that cause the motion.
Fluid dynamics: is concerned with velocity and forces exerted by or upon fluids in
motion.
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2,3: Units and Dimensions, Dimensional Analysis, Methods of dimensional Analysis:
Rayliehg’s method, Bukingham’s -theorem.
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Dimensional Analysis: Solving practical design problems in fluid mechanics usually
requires both theoretical developments and experimental results. By grouping significant
quantities into dimensionless parameters it is possible to reduce the number of variables
and to make this compact result (equation or data plots) applicable to all similar
situations.
Static
Kinematics
Dynamics
Fluid Mechanics
Static
Kinematics
Dynamics
Fluid Mechanics
8
4: Properties of fluid: Bulk modulus of elasticity (K), Vapor Pressure, Viscosity,
Surface tension and Capillarity.
Properties of fluid: The engineering science of fluid mechanics has developed because
of an understanding of fluid properties. The properties of density and viscosity play
principle roles e.g. in open and closed channel flow. Surface tension effects are
important e.g. in the formation of droplets, and in situations where liquid-gas-solid or
liquid-liquid-solid interface occurs. The property of vapor pressure becomes important
when reduced pressures are encountered:
5: Fluid-Static: Fluids pressure at a point, Pascal’s law, Pressure variation in a fluid at
rest.
6,7: Measurement of pressure: Simple manometers, Single column manometer,
Differential manometers and Mechanical gauges.
Fluid Static: Fluid static is that branch of mechanics of fluids that deals with fluids at
rest. Problems in fluid static are much simpler than those associated with the motion of
fluids. Since individual elements of fluid do not move relative to one another, shear
forces are not involved and all forces due to pressure of the fluid are normal to the
surfaces on which they act. With no relative movement between the elements, the
viscosity of the fluid is of no concern.
Many of the hydrodynamic concepts such as fluid pressure, pressure measuring concepts
and devices and forces acting on submerged bodies may be illustrated with a fluid at
static. A flowing fluid starts with a fluid at static e.g. pumping fluids from tanks. The
pump suction head is a function of the fluid hydrostatic pressure at the pump. Fluid
static provide means to measure pressure difference of flowing static fluids. Barometers
and manometers devices are examples where static fluid is used to measure the pressure
or pressure difference:
8,9: Kinematics of flow, Types of fluid flow, Rate of flow or Discharge, Continuity
equation, Velocity and Acceleration.
Kinematics is the branch of mechanics that deals with quantities involving space and
time only. It is used to describe the motions of particles and objects, but does not take
the forces that cause these motions into account.
Continuity of Flow: Mass cannot be created nor destroyed therefore it follows that under
steady state flow condition the mass flow rate into any control volume must equal the
mass flow out of the control volume this applies to gases, vapours, and liquids.
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10,11: Fluid –Dynamic: Equations of motion, Euler's equation of motion, Bernoulli’s
equation from Euler’s equation, Bernoulli's equation for real fluid.
Dynamics of fluid flow: is the study of fluid which is in motion taking into
consideration the forces causing the flow, e.g., fluid flow in pipes which are probably
the most common problems encountered in engineering.
Bernoulli's equation: Bernoulli equation is the most useful equation in fluid especially
for incompressible flow calculations. These equations are derived from the principle of
conservation of energy, which states: For any mass system, the net energy supplied to
the system equal the increase of energy of system plus the energy leaving the system.
12,13: Newtonian’s Fluid (Incompressible Fluid): Laminar and turbulent flow,
Reynolds Number, Flow of liquids through pipes, calculation of pressure drop, friction
factor.
Laminar Flow: In this type of flow layers of fluid move relative to each other without
any microscopic intermixing between them.
Turbulent Flow: in turbulent flow there is an irregular random movement of fluid in
directions transverse to the main direction of flow and eddies are formed. Turbulent
flow is the most probable for engineering applications.
Reynolds Number (Re): When a fluid flows through a pipe, the flow varies with the
velocity, the physical properties of the fluid, and the geometry of the pipe. This was
expressed by what is so known in Fluid Dynamics as Reynolds Number (Re):
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Calculation of pressure drop: Pressure drop is a key parameter in pipeline design.
Information on this parameter is very important to determine the pumping power
needed for the movement of the fluids through pipelines and through other equipment
such as heat exchangers.
14: Minor losses, sudden contraction and expansion, non-circular diameter pipes.
Minor losses: Losses which occur in pipelines because of bends, elbows, joints, valves,
etc…, are called local or minor losses. This is misnomer because in many situations
they are more important than the losses due to pipe friction. However, the name is
conventional.
11
15: Multiple pipe systems: Pipe connected in series, pipe connected in parallel,
branching pipe.
Pipes Connected in Series: A series pipe connection or a compound pipe is one in which
a number of pipes of different diameters, different lengths and different friction factors
are connected in series with gradual or sudden changes in section.
Pipes Connected in Parallel: If two or more pipes are connected between two given
points of a flow system, it is called parallel pipe system.
16,17: Flow measurement devices, orificemeter, venturimeter, nozzle, pitote tube,
rotameter, weirs.
Fluid flow measurements are performed across the breadth of engineering, eg flows of
oil, gas, petrol, water, process chemicals, effluent are all necessarily and routinely
measured. Several types of flow meter are rely on Bernoulli's principle (they are also
called pressure based flow-meters): e.g. Venturi meter, Orifice meter and Pitot-tube.
18,19: Pumping of Liquids
For the pumping of liquids or gases from one vessel to another or through long pipes,
some form of mechanical pump is usually employed. The energy required by the pump
will depend on the height through which the fluid is raised, the pressure required at
delivery point, the length and diameter of the pipe, the rate of flow, together with the
physical properties of the fluid, particularly its viscosity and density.
20,21: Flow of compressible fluids
For a wide range of fluids employed in engineering the assumption that the fluid is
considered to be incompressible and thus it has a constant density is valid because the
pressure changes which occur are normally too small to cause an appreciable change in
density. For gases, however, this assumption cannot be made since large variations of
density can be produced as a result of a change of pressure which occurs in normal
engineering applications: this compressibility must be taken into account.
22: Cavitations, Cavitation in a Variable Diameter Pipe, Cavitation in siphons,
Cavitation in a Pumping System.
Cavitation: the formation and subsequent collapse of vapor bubbles known as cavitation
and it can occur In situations that the flow of liquids are involving at pressures equal or
less than vapor pressure. Cavitation can affect the operating performance of hydraulic
pumps and turbines and can result in erosion of the metal parts In the region of
cavitation.
12
23: Flow in open channels
Flow in open channel is similar to pipe flow in many ways but differ in one important
respect, open channel flow must have a free surface, whereas pipe flow has none. A free
surface is subject to atmospheric pressure.
24,25: Flow of Multiphase Mixtures.
Multiphase flow is more complicated than single phase due to the complex nature of the
interface between the phases. Flow may be vertical, horizontal or inclined. Petroleum
engineers encounter multiphase flow most frequently in well tubing and in flow lines
and even during transportation both gas and liquid phases over long distances through
pipeline systems before separation. This being the case, students of petroleum
engineering must be familiar with the fundamental aspects and the behavior of such
flow, specially gas-liquid two phase flow as one of the common flow in this field of
engineering.
26,27: Non-Newtonian fluid flow
Fluids encountered in the petroleum industry often act as non-Newtonian fluids. These
include: many of the drilling muds, fluids such as cements, frac and spacers used during
well completion activities, and many of the oil and oil-water mixtures that are
produced. The design of non-Newtonian piping systems becomes complicated since the
use of conventional friction factor correlations is not directly applicable. Therefore, it is
important that students in this field of engineering to understand the basic principles of
flow of such type of fluids.
28: Flow in porous media
Flow in porous media occurs in many important industrial applications, especially, in
the areas of petroleum engineering. A petroleum reservoir system is one example of a
system where fluid flow control is critically important to maximize recovery of the
available hydrocarbon resources. Therefore, it is important for the students on this
course to understand and appreciate the mechanisms that drive fluid flow in porous
media and to apply this knowledge to some of the more complex problems of fluid flow
through porous media.
13
فيدباكي قوتابي خويَندكار بؤ بابةتةكة
2013-2014: ڵىسا : سرۆك : روارەب
Fluid Mechanics :تەباب ىناونيشان ىبروسك فريا عل: ستاۆمام بابةتئاسيت ثرسياري هةلَسةنطاندن
1-5 بةشيَوةيةكي –تيَبيين زياتر
بابةتيانة
ئاماجنةكان و ثوختةي ثةيامةكاني بابةتةكة رِوون 1 وئاشكرا بوون
ناوةرؤكي بابةتةكة سوودبةخش بوو و ثةيوةندي بة 2 ئاماجني سةرةكي كؤرِسةكةوة هةبوو
ثةرِاوي بابةتةكة بة ثيَي ثيَويست ئامادة كرابوو 3
مامؤستاكة لة كاتي وانة وتنةوةدا هةولَي دا ثرينسيث 4و ناوةرؤك و خالَة طرنطةكاني بابةتةكة بة جواني و
بة سادةيي شيَ بكاتةوة
مامؤستا هةولَي دا تةركيزم لةسةر بابةتةكة النةكةويَ 5
مامؤستا لة كاتي خؤيدا هاتة وانةكة و لة كاتي خؤيدا 6 وانةكةي تةواو كرد
مامؤستاكة بة نةرمي و بة هيَمين و بة رِيَزليَنانةوة لة 7 كاتي وانة طوتنةوةدا هةلَسوكةوتي دةكرد
ساليدةكاني بةكار هيَنران رِوون و ئاشكرا و سةرنج 8 رِاكيَش بوون
مامؤستا كاتي ثرسيار كردني هيَشتةوة و هةولَي دا 9 ثرسيارةكان بة تيَرو تةسةلي وةآلم بداتةوة
سةرضاوةكاني خويَندنةوة نويَن و لةطةلَ ناوةرؤكي 11 بابةتةكة دةطوجنيَن
كؤي ئاستةكان
ثيَوةري هةلَسةنطاندني ئاسيت ناوةرؤك
1 2 3 4 5 زؤر باش باش مام ناوةندي خراث زؤر خراث
