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Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science
MECH 478 (Biomaterials)
Course Outline – Fall 2015
Instructor Information
Mort Shirkhanzadeh, PhD
Nicol Hall Rm 328A 613-533-2748 [email protected]
Office Hours: Friday 4-5pm
Teaching Assistant Information
Teaching Assistants (TAs) contact information can be found on the class website.
Calendar description
2
Course Description
An introduction to the structure, properties and performance of biomaterials used for the construction of medical devices. Examples of biomaterials are bioactive ceramics, biodegradable polymers and advanced titanium-based alloys used for the construction of orthopedic implants. Topics covered will include surface and bulk properties of biomaterials and their impact on the clinical performance of implants. Discussion will focus on tissue-biomaterials interactions, biocompatibility and biodegradation. The course will also cover the current in-vitro and in-vivo testing methods for evaluating the long-term performance of biomaterials.
Indicators and Outcomes
Course Learning Outcomes (CLO)
This course is an introduction to the structure, properties and performance of biomaterials used for the construction of medical devices. By the end of this course, learners should be able to:
(a) Understand the interdisciplinary nature of the field of biomaterials and how it intersects with other fields.
(b) Understand the broad spectrum of ideas in processing, characterization, testing and applications of a wide range of materials for construction of medical devices.
(c) Understand the technological advances in the field of biomaterials.
Evaluation
Activity
Due Date
(before midnight EST, unless otherwise specified)
Weight Alignment
with UDLEs1
Alignment with
CLOs
Midterm Week 5 of the Term 20%
Team Project Week 8-12 20%
3
Activity
Due Date
(before midnight EST, unless otherwise specified)
Weight Alignment
with UDLEs1
Alignment with
CLOs
Final Exam (Proctored)
During the exam period 60%
Total 100%
Final Examination
The date, time and location of the Final Examination will be announced through SOLUS. The Final Exam is closed book.
Course materials
1. Biomaterials Science (An Introduction to Materials in Medicine) Edited by B.D. Ratner, A.S. Hoffman, F.J. Schoen, and J.E. Lemon (1996, Academic Press)
2. Biological Performance of Materials: Fundamentals of Biocompatibility J. Black , 2nd Ed., N.Y, 1992.
3. Handbook of bioactive Ceramics, T. Yamamuro, L.L. Hench, J. Wilson CRC Press, Fl, 1990.
Journal of Materials in Medicine
Biomaterials
Journal of applied Biomaterials
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research
Required calculator
A Casio 991 OR a comparable calculator. ONLY this type of non-programmable, non-communicating calculator will be allowed during tests and exams.
4
Other material
All other course material is accessible via the class website. Once you have completed reading this Course Outline in detail, explore the Content link on the class website to find the module-specific material.
Timetable
Week Learning Outcomes (with alignment to CLOs shown in square brackets)
Deliverable (with alignment to CLOs shown in square
brackets)
1
Introduction
History of Biomaterials
Characteristics of biomaterials science
Biocompatibility: An Overview
Definition of biocompatibility
Events influencing biocompatibility
- Local host response
- Remote or systemic effects
Stability of materials in Tissues
The consequences of materials degradation
Inflammatory response
Healing process
Ideal conditions for healing
Surface Properties of Materials
The Nature of a Surface
Methods for Surface Measurement
Contact Angle Method
Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA)
5
Week Learning Outcomes (with alignment to CLOs shown in square brackets)
Deliverable (with alignment to CLOs shown in square
brackets)
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Infrared Spectroscopy
Scanning tunnelling Microscopy (STM)
Atomic force Microscopy (AFM)
2
Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials
-Significance of Mechanical Properties
-Laboratory Experiments
Elastic Deformation
Plastic Deformation
- Yielding
- Proportional limit
- Yield Strength
- Tensile strength
- Ductility and Toughness
- Creep and Viscous Flow
- Environmental Effects on Mechanical Properties of
Biomaterials
- -, Hardness Measurement,
- -Cyclic Stresses
- Fatigue
- Crack Initiation and Propagation
- Factors that affect Fatigue Life
- Surface Effects
- Design Factors
3 Classes of Polymers Used in Medicine
6
Week Learning Outcomes (with alignment to CLOs shown in square brackets)
Deliverable (with alignment to CLOs shown in square
brackets)
Homopolymers:
Ploy(methyl mathacrylate) (PMMA)
Poly(HEMA) - 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate
Polyethylene (PE)
High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (HMWPE)
Polypropylene (PP)
Poly(tetrafluroethylene) (PTFE)
Poly(vinyl chloride) ( PVC)
Poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS)
Polycarbonate
Nylon (polyamides) Applications: Tubing for drains and
catheters, component in artificial hips for reducing friction.
Copolymers:
Poly( glycolide lactide) (PGL)
Flouroethylene propylene (FEP)
Polyurethane
7
Week Learning Outcomes (with alignment to CLOs shown in square brackets)
Deliverable (with alignment to CLOs shown in square
brackets)
4
Hydrogels
Classification and Basic Structure
Swelling Behaviour of Hydrogels
Equilibrium Degree of Swelling
Preparation and applications of hydrogels
Bio-degradable Polymers
Medical application
Main types of biodegradable implants:
- Temporary Scaffold
- Temporary Barrier
- Drug Delivery Device
- Multifunctional implants
Currently Available Biodegradable Polymers:
Poly (Lactic Acid) and Poly (Glycolic Acid)
Mechanism of Biodegradation
Modes of Biodegradation
Mechanism of Chemical Degradation
Factors Influencing the Rate of Biodegradation
Biomedical Composites
Classification of composite materials
Reinforcing materials
Fabrication of Fiber-reinforced composites
Absorbable Matrix Composites
Advantages of degradable composites in bone healing
Comparison with metals and alloy
8
Week Learning Outcomes (with alignment to CLOs shown in square brackets)
Deliverable (with alignment to CLOs shown in square
brackets)
5
Introduction to Bioceramics
Types of Bioceramics
Types of Bioceramics-tissue interfaces
Implant – tissue response
Types of Bioceramic-Tissue Attachments
Characteristics of Bioactive Ceramics
Mechanical Properties of Bone
Stress Shielding
The Use of Alumina and Zirconia in Surgical Implants
Alumina Ceramics As Implant Materials
Processing of Alumina Ceramics
Effect of grain size and sintering aid on properties
Use of Alumina in Total Hip Prstheses
Use of Zirconia Ceramics in Surgical Implants
Problems associated with zirconia
MIDTERM
6
BIOACTIVE GLASSES
Processing of bioactive glasses
Compositions of Bioactive Glasses
Ternary SiO2 – Na2O – CaO Diagram
Role of components in bioactivity and bone-bonding
- Kinetics of Surface Reaction on Bioglass
Compositional Profile of the Reaction Interface
Tissue Bonding
Mechanical Strength of Bioglass-Tissue Interface
9
Week Learning Outcomes (with alignment to CLOs shown in square brackets)
Deliverable (with alignment to CLOs shown in square
brackets)
Rate of Bone Bonding
Glass – Ceramics
Bone bonding properties
Mechanical properties
Composition and Properties
Structure and composition of the A/W glass-ceramic (Cerabone)
Surface Chemistry of A/W glass-Ceramic
Mechanism of apatite formation
Effect of Temperature on kinetics of apatite formation
Hydroxyapatite Ceramic
History of development and application
Biological Apatite
Preparation of Dense Hydroxyapatite Ceramic
Preparation of Hydroxyapatite Powder
Hydroxyapatite Products
Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Ceramic
Chemical Stability of Hydroxyapatite
Solubility diagrams of different calcium phosphates
Surface Chemistry of Hydroxyapatite
Tissue response to Hydroxyapatite
Bone-Hydroxyapatite interface
Fracture Strength and Bone Contact
Events in the Formation of ‘ bone-bonded’ Interface
Hydroxyapatite Coatings
Processing
10
Week Learning Outcomes (with alignment to CLOs shown in square brackets)
Deliverable (with alignment to CLOs shown in square
brackets)
Factors Influencing Coating Quality
Structure of the Plasma Sprayed Coating
Composition of the plasma- sprayed coatings
Crystal structure of the plasma-sprayed coatings
Bond strength Measurement
Surface Chemistry and Tissue Response
Formation of microcrystals of Carbonate- apatite on the
surface
7
Metals and Alloys Used in Medicine
Applications
Fabrication of Metallic Implants
Steps in fabricating implants
Porous-coated implants
Titanium Plasma Spray Coatings
Stainless Steel for Medical implants
Recommended form of 316L for Medical Applications Under
ASTM Specifications
Cobalt-Based Alloys
Microstructural features of the cast product
Powder Metallurgical Processing
Titanium and Titanium-Based Alloys
CP titanium (ASTM F67): Microstructure and Properties
Titanium – 6Al – 4V alloy (F136): Microstructure and
properties
Metals for Medical Electrodes
11
Week Learning Outcomes (with alignment to CLOs shown in square brackets)
Deliverable (with alignment to CLOs shown in square
brackets)
Prosthetic devices for neural control
Prosthetic devices for stimulation of bone growth
Electrodes for nerve regeneration and wound healing
Requirements for the Stimulation Electrodes
SURFACE MODIFICATION Of Medical Devices
ION IMPLANTATION
IN VITRO and IN VIVO TESTS
STRELIZATION of Medical Devices
8
Corrosion and Degradation of Surgical Implants
Fundamentals of corrosion
Thermodynamics considerations
Kinetics considerations
Forms of corrosion
Uniform corrosion
Galvanic corrosion
Crevice corrosion
Fatigue corrosion
Pitting corrosion
Inter-granular corrosion
Stress corrosion cracking
12
Week Learning Outcomes (with alignment to CLOs shown in square brackets)
Deliverable (with alignment to CLOs shown in square
brackets)
9
Team Projects
10 Team Projects
11 Team Projects
12 Team Projects Final Exam
General feedback
Your input is essential for maintaining and improving the quality of this course material for future offerings, e.g., course content, typos, assignments, readings, course design. Email your comments to any instructor. Your input will also be solicited in course evaluation surveys.
Important information
Your instructors are your first point of contact. Their contact information can be found at the top of this document. If you have questions about this course during the semester, contact your instructors. Please use email as the primary means of contact, and be sure to allow 24 hours for a response.