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Course Syllabus TRH 2134 Celtic Christianity

Trinity College Toronto School of Theology

Summer 2019

Instructor Information

Instructor: Thomas P. Power, Ph.D.

Office Location: Leonard Hall, Wycliffe College

Telephone: 416-946-3526

E-mail: thomas.power@utoronto.ca

Office Hours: By appointment via email

Course Identification

Course Number: TRH 2134

Course Format: Online

Course Name: Celtic Christianity

Course Location: Online

Class Times: Online

Prerequisites: None

Course Description

The contemporary revival of interest in the Celtic world is a feature of our age. Heightened interest has led to the appropriation of the Celtic tradition for different purposes by different interest groups. The result at a popular level has been that the historical reality of Celtic Christianity is increasingly elusive as claims made about it become exaggerated. The purpose of this course is to situate the Celtic Christian experience of the spiritual in the context of its development in Ireland between the 5th and the 12th centuries. Topics addressed include the transition from pagan to Christian, monasticism, creativity and art, prayer, scripture, and evangelism. Attention is also given to the pattern of revivals over the centuries and connections between postmodernism and the Celtic tradition.

Course Resources

Required Course Texts/Bibliography

There is no one textbook that adequately covers the themes and period in a comprehensive way.

T. Olsen, Christianity and the Celts. Downers Grove: IVP. 2003, provides a general introduction for those for whom the subject matter is new. [Abbreviated below as Olsen.]

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It is supplemented below with additional readings all of which are available on the course website.

For the primary readings we will draw on Oliver Davies, Celtic Spirituality (The Classics of Western Spirituality. New York: Paulist, 1999. [Abbreviated below as Davies.]

Both texts are available at the University of Toronto Bookstore.

Course Website

Quercus: https://q.utoronto.ca/

This course uses Quercus for its course website. To access it, go to the UofT Quercus login page at https://q.utoronto.ca/ and login using your UTORid and password. Once you have logged in to Quercus using your UTORid and password, look for the My Courses module, where you’ll find the link to the website for all your Quercus-based courses. (Your course registration with ACORN gives you access to the course website in Quercus.) Information for students about using Quercus can be found at: https://community.canvaslms.com/docs/DOC-10701 . Students who have trouble accessing Quercus should ask [insert college contact] for further help.]

Course Learning Objectives/Outcomes

Trinity College

Course Objective: Knowledge of Area

Course Assessment Instrument

Compliance with Faculty of Divinity Learning Outcomes*

Students successfully completing this course will be able to

This outcome will be achieved through these course elements:

This course outcome corresponds to this aspect of the Basic Degree Learning Outcomes

Identify the unique features of Celtic Christianity in the context of Western Christianity from c.400 CE to the 12th century.

Units 1-8 1c 2 3

Summarize and explain continuities between the pagan Celtic world and Christianity.

Unit 2 1c 2 3

Describe a range of primary sources (in translation) pertinent to the period and offer

Davies Textbook Discussion Forum 2

1c 2 3

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a critique of their nature and usefulness.

Compare and contrast contemporary perceptions of Celtic Christianity with its historic reality

Units 1, 8 Discussion Forum 4

1c 2 3

Identify the different revivals of interest in the Celtic past over the centuries, their causes and effects.

Unit 1 Discussion Forum 1

1c 2 3

Explain the particular nature of spiritual biography/hagiography as it was used in Celtic Christianity

Unit 3 Discussion Forum 2

1c 2 3

Identify the unique forms and expressions of Celtic monasticism

Unit 4 1c 2 3

Distinguish the different forms of Celtic artistic expression and how these bore witness to a particular form of devotional life

Unit 5 Discussion Forum 3

1c 2 3

Identify and give examples of Celtic forms of evangelism, their origins and consequences for Western Christianity

Unit 6 1c 2 3

Differentiate the forms of theological controversy in Celtic Christianity, their nature, extent, and resolution

Unit 7 1c 2 3

*See below Graduates of the Trinity College Master of Divinity degree will demonstrate

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1. a graduate level and ecumenically justifiable understanding of the religious heritage of the Christian world, and in particular of the Anglican Church of Canada , by demonstrating (a) a critical and broad knowledge of the Old Testament and the New Testament, (b) a reasoned account of the teachings of Christianity and of Classical Anglicanism, (c) a critical and broad knowledge of the history of Christianity, and of the international and North American Anglican forms of it. 2. a knowledge and understanding of their cultural context, including principles and issues of contemporary social ethics, a critical perspective on the global, multicultural and cross-cultural aspects of that context, and a developed capacity to understand their own culture and at least one other culture in which they have experienced ministry. 3. a reflective knowledge of their personal and spiritual formation, and of their approach to counselling and reflection; and their assessment of the variety of Anglican spiritualities. 4. their assessment of (a) their own capacity for public leadership and ministry, (b) the principles of Anglican liturgical practice, and (c) the relation of practical ministry to other disciplines.

Evaluation

Requirements

The final grade for the course will be based on evaluations in [three] areas:

1. Discussion Forums. Value: 40% 2. Short Papers. Value: 40% 3. Book Review. Value: 20% 1. Discussion Forums There will be four discussion forums. Each will run for two weeks. Here are the topics for each forum: Discussion Forum 1 (Weeks 1 and 2) Based on Unit 1: Revivals Ancient and Modern

Why has there been such an interest in the Celtic world at critical junctures in the history of Western civilization?

What are the dangers of appropriating the Celtic past into the present? Discussion Forum 2 (Weeks 3 and 4) Based on Unit 3: Lives of the Saints and the Confession You will be assigned to do either (a) or (b)

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(a) Based on one of the lives of the saints, answer the following questions:

What key hagiographical elements (e.g. asceticism, miracles, heroic attributes, assertion of rights) are present in the life? To what purpose?

What key hagiographical elements are absent in the life? To what purpose? (b) Read Patrick's Confession and answer one of the following:

In what sense is Ireland, "the land of my captivity", simultaneously the arena of both Patrick's outer and inner pilgrimage?

Identify examples of the motif of suffering in the Confession

The Confession is dense with biblical allusions. How would you characterize Patrick's use of Scripture?

Discussion Forum 3 (Weeks 5 and 6) Based on Unit 6: Art and Creativity Read my two papers entitled, "Art, Creativity, and Celtic Christianity" and "The Book of Kells", and reflect on the following questions:

In what ways do you think works like the Book of Kells exemplify the notion of art as worship or prayer in the Celtic Christian context?

Do you agree that in their creativity Celtic Christians were "sacramentalist, trinitarian and reformational"?

Discussion Forum 4 (Weeks 7 & 8) Based on Unit 8: Celtic Christianity and Postmodernism Read LeMasters, Philip. "Celtic Christianity: Its Call to Discipleship" Encounter, 60 no 4 (1999), 463-495. Consider the following questions:

Based on what you have learned in this course, how would you critique what he says about Celtic Christianity? What are his assumptions? Are his conclusions valid?

What does the contemporary revival of interest in Celtic Christianity say about the culture within which we subsist?

Is the rediscovery of the Celtic Christian heritage legitimate in terms of the contemporary needs of the Church?

Method The method for each forum is as follows: Each forum topic (with group allocations) will be available in the Discussion Forum.

You will be assigned to a group. Work as a group discussing aspects of the topic.

The first week of the discussion should be devoted to doing the background reading necessary for making an intelligent and well-thought through response to the question. By the end of week 1 each member of the group should have made at least a 250-word response to the topic,

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and made a substantive response to another group member’s post. Those who don’t respond in this way and within the timeline will be assigned a 0 (zero) for that forum.

The second week is devoted to writing up the group response to the topic. A group summarizer will be appointed for this task. It is the duty of the summarizer to draft an initial response, circulate it among other group members, incorporate any revisions, and submit it by the deadline. The response should be 1500 words or about 4/5 pages.

Submission: Submit them to me as an email attachment (MS Word). In the subject line of your email and for the file name, please use the following format: Use the abbreviation "fm" for forum, and your group [gp]. Thus, for example, "fm1gp1". This facilitates the easy identification, grading, and return of papers.

Dates for submitting final group reports are as follows:

Forum 1: 14 June.

Forum 2: 28 June.

Forum 3: 12 July.

Forum 4: 28 July.

Value of each forum: 10%. 2. Short Papers You will be required to write two short papers for the course, one due at the end of Unit 5 (5 July), the other two weeks after the course ends on 9 August.

Length: about 7 pages (2,500-2,800 words) double spaced. Include a bibliography and references/footnotes. Theme: These can be on any topic deriving from material covered in the course. Pre-approval: Please pre-approve the topic with me. Value: 20% each. Submission: Submit them to me as an email attachment (MS Word). In the subject line of your email and for the file name, please use the following format: Use the abbreviation "sp" for short paper, and your initials. Thus, for example, "sptp". This facilitates the easy identification, grading, and return of papers.

3. Book Review Choose a work by one of the following authors who have written popular works on the subject of Celtic Christianity.

Philip Newell

David Adam

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Ian Bradley

George Hunter

Thomas Cahill Read D. Meek, "Surveying the saints: reflections on recent writings on ‘Celtic Christianity'”

(http://www.rutherfordhouse.org.uk/meek2.htm) as background. Drawing on what you have learned in this course, write a critique of the work based on the following questions (use these as the outline/structure of your paper):

i. What is the author’s background or affiliation? ii. What is the author’s purpose? iii. What is the subject matter? iv. How does the author make use of aspects of the Celtic Christian tradition? v. How legitimate is this use? Are there misuses and faulty assumptions? vi. What sources are used? Are these directly from the period covered by the course?

These questions are not exhaustive or prescriptive. They are meant to provide you with an initial structure for your answering. Length: about 7 pages (2,500-2,800 words) double spaced. Due Date: 16 August. Value: 20%. Submission: Submit them to me as an email attachment (MS Word). In the subject line of your email and for the file name, please use the following format: Use the abbreviation "br" for book review, and your initials. Thus, for example, "brtp". This facilitates the easy identification, grading, and return of papers.

Summary of Due Dates Forum 1 (weeks 1 &2): due Friday, 14 June.

Forum 2 (weeks 3 & 4): due Friday, 28 June.

Forum 3 (weeks 5 & 6): due Friday, 12 July.

Forum 4 (weeks 7 & 8): due Friday, 26 July.

Short Paper 1

Submission: 5 July 2019

Short Paper 2

Submission: 9 August 2019

Book Review

Submission: 16 August, 2019.

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Grading System - Basic Degree Students

1000, 2000 and 3000 level courses use the following numerical grading scale (see section 11.2 of the BD Handbook):

90-100 (A+) Exceptional 85-89 (A) Outstanding 80-84 (A-) Excellent 77-79 (B+) Very Good 73-76 (B) Good 70-72 (B-) Acceptable 0-69 (FZ) Failure Please see the appropriate handbook for more details about the grading scale and non-numerical grades (e.g. SDF, INC, etc).

Late work (BD). Basic Degree students are expected to hand in assignments by the date given in the course outline. [The instructor should stipulate the penalty for late work.] The absolute deadline for the course is the examination day scheduled for the course or the last day of exam week for the semester in which the course is taught, whichever is sooner.

This penalty is not applied to students with documented medical or compassionate difficulties or exceptional reasons (e.g., a death in the family or a serious illness); students facing such difficulties are kindly requested to consult with their faculty adviser or basic degree director, who should make a recommendation on the matter to the instructor and request an SDF. The absolute deadline for obtaining an SDF for the course is the examination day scheduled for the course or the last day of examination week, whichever is sooner. An SDF must be requested from the registrar’s office in the student’s college of registration no later than the last day of exam week in which the course is taken. The SDF, when approved, will have a mutually agreed upon deadline that does not extend beyond the conclusion of the following term. If a student has not completed work but has not been granted an SDF, a final mark will be submitted calculating a zero for work not submitted.

The authority to grant an extension for the completion of work in a course beyond the original TST or college deadline (whichever is earlier) for that course rests with the student’s college Graduate Director, not the instructor of the course. Nevertheless, the instructor’s signature is required for course extension requests to be processed. Students will petition their college Graduate Director for extensions, using a standard form provided by TST on its website. See Section 7.11 of the Conjoint Graduate Degree Handbook.

Course grades. Consistently with the policy of the University of Toronto, course grades submitted by an instructor are reviewed by a committee of the instructor’s college before being posted to ACORN. Grades are not official until they are posted to ACORN. Course grades may be adjusted where they do not comply with University Assessment and Grading Practices Policy found at www.governingcouncil.utoronto.ca/Assets/Governing+Council+Digital+Assets/Policies/PDF/grading.pdf, policies found in the TST conjoint program handbooks, or college grading policy.

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Policies

Accessibility. Students with a disability or health consideration, whether temporary or permanent, are entitled to accommodation. Students in conjoint degree programs must register at the University of Toronto’s Accessibility Services offices; information is available at http://www.accessibility.utoronto.ca/. The sooner a student seeks accommodation, the quicker we can assist.

Plagiarism. Students submitting written material in courses are expected to provide full documentation for sources of both words and ideas in footnotes or endnotes. Direct quotations should be placed within quotation marks. (If small changes are made in the quotation, they should be indicated by appropriate punctuation such as brackets and ellipses, but the quotation still counts as a direct quotation.) Failure to document borrowed material constitutes plagiarism, which is a serious breach of academic, professional, and Christian ethics. An instructor who discovers evidence of student plagiarism is not permitted to deal with the situation individually but is required to report it to his or her head of college or delegate according to the TST Basic Degree Handbook and the Graduate program Handbooks (linked from http://www.tst.edu/academic/resources-forms/handbooks and the University of Toronto Code of Behaviour on Academic Matters http://www.governingcouncil.utoronto.ca/AssetFactory.aspx?did=4871. A student who plagiarizes in this course will be assumed to have read the document “Avoidance of plagiarism in theological writing” published by the Graham Library of Trinity and Wycliffe Colleges

http://www.trinity.utoronto.ca/Library_Archives/Theological_Resources/Tools/Guides/plag.htm.

Other academic offences. TST students come under the jurisdiction of the University of Toronto Code of Behaviour on Academic Matters http://www.governingcouncil.utoronto.ca/policies/behaveac.htm.

Back-up copies. Please make back-up copies of essays before handing them in.

Obligation to check email. At times, the course instructor may decide to send out important course information by email. To that end, all students in conjoint programs are required to have a valid utoronto email address. Students must have set up their utoronto email address which is entered in the ACORN system. Information is available at www.utorid.utoronto.ca. The course instructor will not be able to help you with this. 416-978-HELP and the Help Desk at the Information Commons can answer questions you may have about your UTORid and password. Students should check utoronto email regularly for messages about the course. Forwarding your utoronto.ca email to a Hotmail, Gmail, Yahoo or other type of email account is not advisable. In some cases, messages from utoronto.ca addresses sent to Hotmail, Gmail or Yahoo accounts are filtered as junk mail, which means that emails from your course instructor may end up in your spam or junk mail folder. Students in non-conjoint programs should contact the Registrar of their college of registration.

Email communication with the course instructor. The instructor aims to respond to email communications from students in a timely manner. All email communications from students in conjoint programs must be sent from a utoronto email address. Email communications from other email addresses are not secure, and also the instructor cannot readily identify them as being legitimate emails from students. The instructor is not obliged to respond to email from non-utoronto addresses for students in conjoint programs. Students in non-conjoint programs should only use the email address they have provided to their college of registration.

Course Schedule

Unit 1: Revivals Ancient and Modern

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Reading Secondary:

Olsen, 167-183.

D. Meek, "Modern Celtic Christianity: the contemporary 'revival' and its roots" Scottish Bulletin of Evangelical Theology 10:1 (Spr.1992), 6-31.

D. Meek, "Celtic Christianity: what is it, and when was it?" Scottish Bulletin of Evangelical Theology 9:1 (Spr.1991), 13-21.

Unit 2: The Celtic World: Society and Institutions

Reading Secondary:

W. H. Scott."Celtic culture and the conversion of Ireland." International Review of Mission, 56: 222 (1967), 193-204.

Olsen, 10-34, 35-57.

“Religious Beliefs: Ancient Celtic” in John H. Koch. Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. 1489-91.

Unit 3: Saints, Sanctity, and Spiritual Biography Reading Secondary:

Olsen, 58-78.

K. Hughes, "The cult of St. Finnian of Clonard from the eight to the eleventh century," Irish Historical Studies, 9: 33 (1954), 13-27.

S. Connolly, "Cogitosus's Life of St Brigit: Content and Value" JRSAI 117 (1987), 5-27.

A. O'Leary, "An Irish Apocryphal Apostle: Muirchu's Portrayal of Saint Patrick." Harvard Theological Review 89:3 (1996), 287-301.

D.A.Bray. “The Making of a hero: the legend of St. Patrick and the claims of Armagh” Monastic Studies, 14 (1983), 145-161.

Reading Primary:

Davies, “The Life of Patrick by Muirchu” (91-117); “The Life of St. Brigit the Virgin by Cogitosus” (122-139) and “The Irish Life of Brigit” (140-154).

Unit 4: Monks, Monasteries, and Meaning Reading Secondary:

Olsen, 79-102.

G. MacGinty. “The influence of the desert fathers on early Irish monasticism,” Monastic Studies 14 (1983), 85-91.

Reading Primary:

Davies, “The Penitential of Cummean” (230-245); “The Rule for Monks by Columbanus”

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(246-256). Unit 5: Scripture, Art, and Worship Reading Secondary:

Suzanne Lewis, "Sacred calligraphy: the Chi Rho page in the Book of Kells" Traditio 36 (1980), 139-159.

Linda McKinnish Bridges.“The fourth gospel and Celtic Christianity” Perspectives in Religious Studies 35:1 (2008), 45-67.

T. Power. “Celtic Monasticism and the Book of Kells”. (12 pp.) Reading Primary:

Davies, Various tracts and hymns (311-318); “A Mystical Interpretation of the Beati (Psalm 118) (343-44);” “Gloss om Psalm 103” (345-350).

Unit 6: Journeys and Evangelism Reading Secondary:

Olsen, 103-142.

C. Bourgeault, "The monastic archetype in the Navigatio of St. Brendan" Monastic Studies 14 (1983), 109-122.

K. Hughes, "The changing theory and practice of Irish pilgrimage" Jnl. of Ecclesiastical History 11 (1960), 143-151.

R. Aist. "Pilgrimage in the Celtic Christian tradition." Perichoresis, 15: 1 (2017), 3-19.

Reading Primary:

Davies, “The Voyage of Brendan” (155-190). Unit 7: Controversies and Heresies Reading Secondary:

Olsen, 143-166.

Rodney H Orr & Angland, Shane. “Easter celebration in Seventh-century Britain: resolving conflict within the Church” Southwestern Journal of Theology, 57: 2 (2015), 255-265.

D. O’Croinin. “New heresy for old: Pelagianism in Ireland and the papal letter of 640,” Speculum 60: 3 (1985), 605-16.

Reading Primary:

Davies, “On the Christian Life by Pelagius” (379-404). Unit 8: Celtic Christianity and the Post-Modern Spiritual Quest Reading Secondary:

Thomas O'Loughlin. “'Celtic spirituality,' ecumenism, and contemporary religious landscape" Irish Theological Quarterly, 67: 2 (2002), 153-165.

Michael T. Cooper."Missiological reflections on Celtic Christianity: implications for ministry in western culture" Mission Studies, 20: 2 (2003), 35-56.

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Leslie J. Francis et. al. "Psychological type and attitude towards Celtic Christianity among committed churchgoers in the United Kingdom: an empirical study" Journal of Contemporary Religion, 23: 2 (2008), 181-191.

Bibliography

1. Bibliographic Guides Hughes, K. Early Christian Ireland: Introduction to the Sources (Cambridge, 1972). Kenney, J.F. The Sources for the Early History of Ireland: Ecclesiastical (NY, 1929; reprint Shannon, 1968). Lapidge, M. & R. Sharpe, A Bibliography of Celtic-Latin Literature 400-1200 (Dublin, 1985). 2. Introductory Summary Surveys Leclerq, J., F. Vandenbroucke, & L. Bouyer, A History of Christian Spirituality, ii: The Spirituality of the Middle Ages (New York, 1968). (Ch. II: The Irish Invasion). Macquarrie, J. "Celtic Spirituality" in G.S. Wakefield (ed.), The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Spirituality (Philadelphia, 1983). O'Laoghaire, D. "Irish Spirituality" in Wakefield, op.cit. Idem., "Insular Traditions: Celtic Spirituality" in C. Jones, G. Wainwright, & E. Yarnold (ed.), The Study of Spirituality (New York, 1986). Riché, P. "Spirituality in Celtic and Germanic Society" in B. McGinn & J. Meyendorff (ed.), Christian Spirituality I (New York, 1987). 3. General Works Bradley, Ian. The Celtic Way (London, 1993). Chadwick, N. The Celts (London, 1971). Chadwick, N. The Age of the Saints in the Early Celtic Church (Oxford, 1961). Culling, E. What is Celtic Christianity? (Cambridge, 1993). Cunliffe, B. The Celtic World (London, 1979). De Waal, E. Every Earthly Blessing: Rediscovering the Celtic Tradition (Harrisburg, PA, 1999). Green, M. The Celtic World (London, 1995). Hardinge, L. The Celtic Church in Britain (London, 1972). Hughes, K. The Church in Early Irish Society (London, 1966). Hughes, K. The Modern Traveller to the Early Irish Church (London, 1977). Joyce, T.J. Celtic Christianity: A Sacred Tradition, A Vision of Hope (Maryknoll, NY, (1998). Maher, M. (ed.) Irish Spirituality (Dublin, 1981). Mackey, J.P. An Introduction to Celtic Christianity (Edinburgh, 1989). Mitton, M. Restoring the Woven Cord: Studies of Celtic Christianity for the Church Today (London, 1995). O'Donoghue, N.D. The Mountain Behind the Mountain (Edinburgh, 1993). O'Loughlin, T. The Scriptures and Early Medieval Ireland (Turnhout, 1996). Simpson, Ray. Exploring Celtic Spirituality: Historic Roots for Our Future (London, 1995). 4. Anthologies and Primary Works in Translation

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Allchin, A.M. & E. De Waal, Threshold of Light: Prayers and Praises in the Celtic Tradition (London, 1986). Bede, Venerable. A History of the English Church and People (Markham, 1968). Davies, O. Celtic Spirituality (The Classics of Western Spirituality) (New York, 1999). Davies, O. & F. Bowie. Celtic Christian Spirituality: An Anthology of Medieval and Modern Sources (New York, 1995). De Waal, E. The Celtic Vision: Prayers and Blessings from the Outer Hebrides (London, 1988). Jackson, K.H. A Celtic Miscellany (London, 1971). Murphy, G. Early Irish Lyrics (Oxford, 1956). O'Meara, J.J. The Voyage of Saint Brendan: Journey to the Promised Land (Mountrath, 1976). 5. Art Farr, C. The Book of Kells: Its Function and Audience (Toronto, 1997) Green, M. Symbol and Image in Celtic Religious Art (London, 1989). Henderson, G. From Durrow to Kells: the Insular Gospel Books, 650-800 (London, 1987). Henry, F. Irish Art During the Viking Invasions, 800-1020 A.D. (London, 1967). Meehan, B. The Book of Kells: An Illustrated Introduction to the Manuscript in Trinity College Dublin (London, 1994). Ryan, M. Ireland and Insular Art, AD 500-1200 (Dublin, 1987). 6. Specific Topics Bradley, I. Celtic Christianity: Making Myths and Chasing Dreams (Edinburgh, 1999). Carey, J. King of Mysteries: Early Irish Religious Writings (Dublin, 2000). Chisholm, F.P. The Stowe Missal: its historical, cultural, sacramental and liturgical significance in the Celtic Church (Toronto 1978). Clarke, H.B. & M. Brennan (ed.), Columbanus and Merovingian Monasticism (Oxford, 1981) De Paor, M. B. Patrick: The Pilgrim Apostle of Ireland (New Yoirk, 1998). De Waal, E. The Celtic Way of Prayer: The Recovery of the Religious Imagination (New York, 1997). Ellis, R & C. Seaton. New Celts: Following Jesus into Millennium 3 (Eastbourne, 1998). Hardinge, L. “The Role of the Scriptures” in The Celtic Church in Britain (London, 1972), 29-51. Hanson, R.P.C. Saint Patrick: his Origin and Career (Oxford, 1968) Harbison, P. Pilgrimage in Ireland: Monuments and the People (Syracuse, 1992). Herbert, M. Iona, Kells and Derry: the History and Historiography of the Monastic Familia of Columba (Oxford, 1988). Hunter, G. The Celtic Way of Evangelism: how Christianity can Reach the West Again (Nashville, 2000). Kinsella, W. "The Spirituality of St. Patrick's Confession" Irish Ecclesiastical Record 91 (1959), 161-

173. Lapidge, M. (ed.) Columbanus: Studies on the Latin Writings (Woodbridge, 1997). Low, M. Celtic Christianity and Nature: Early Irish and Hebridean Traditions (Belfast, 1996). MacCana, P. Celtic Mythology (London, 1970). MacDonald, A.D.S. "Aspects of the monastery and monastic life in Adomnan's Life of Columba" Peritia 3 (1984), 271-302.

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McNamara, M. “The Bible in Irish Spirituality” in M. Maher (ed.), Irish Spirituality (Dublin, 1981), 33-46. O'Donoghue, N.D. "St. Patrick's Breastplate" in J. Mackey (ed.), An Introduction to Celtic Christianity (Edinburgh, 1989), 45-63. Sharpe, R. Medieval Irish Saints Lives (Oxford, 1991). Sheldrake, P. Living Between Worlds: Place and Journey in Celtic Spirituality (London, 1995). Simpson, R. Soul Friendship: Celtic Insights into Spiritual Mentoring (London, 1999). Stevenson, J.B. The Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church, 2nd ed. (Woodbridge, 1987). Whiteside, L. The Spirituality of St. Patrick (Dublin, 1996).