Course WorkSubject: World Economy

Topic: The International labor market : structure and methods of state regulation

Performed by: Ismailov IskandarStudent of 3rd course, specialty 250103

“WorldEconomy”, group B

Scientific supervisor: Daler Mirpochoev

The International labor market: the structure and methods of state regulation

• Content • Introduction • Definition of labor • Chapter 1. International labor market: the nature, structure and

mechanism of regulation • 1.1 Concept of the international labor market and the conditions

of its formation • 1.2 Structure of the international market: geographical aspect • 1.3 Mechanism of regulation of the international labor market • Chapter 2. Current state of international labor market • 2.1.Place European countries in the international labor market • 2.2. Place the U.S. in the international labor market • 2.3. CIS as a regional labor market • Conclusion • List of Literature

Introduction

• So , as we know the problems of the labor market , employment and unemployment is one of the major social and economic challenges of our time . In a transition economy and the global financial crisis , these problems are particularly acute . In the past , it was believed that we have accomplished the universal right to work and many year of employment and unemployment both in economic and in legal terms , in our country were not considered .

• To a certain time there is a situation that most developed countries have already formed their labor markets , accumulated experience in solving the problems of employment and smooth learned arising from this , the negative effects .

What is Labor

• The aggregate of all human physical and mental effort used in creation of goods and services.

• Labor is a primary factor of production. The size of a nation's labor force is determined by the size of its adult population, and the extent to which the adults are either working or are prepared to offer their labor for wages.

• Labor market – the nominal market in which workers find paying work , employers find willing workers and wage rates are determined . Labor market may be local or national in their scope and are made up of smaller , interacting labor markets for different qualification , skill and geographical location .

Chapter 1. International labor market: the nature, structure and mechanism of regulation 1.1 Concept of the international labor market and the conditions of its formation

• International labor market is traditionally perceived as a collection of national markets. Although it is not so , it is necessary to consider the national labor markets as an integral part of the global labor market.

• The labor market has a complicated structure . First of all, in the general population need to highlight that part of it which is able to work for hire. But the ability to be employed does not coincide with the concept of " working population " , to which the statistics relate persons of a certain age ( in the Russian Federation, for example , that men aged 16 to 60 years and women aged 16 to 55) .

• Mass migration has become one of the characteristic phenomena of the world community to the second half of the twentieth century. International (external ) migration exists in different forms: work, family , recreation , tourism , etc.

• International labor market covers multidirectional flow of labor across national borders. International labor market brings together national and regional labor markets . International labor market - a form of existence of labor migration. It is not simply the sum of national markets , and represents a new qualitative development of the labor market in the face of increasing internationalization of production and the growth of dialogue between peoples. National labor markets are increasingly losing their insularity and isolation . Between them there are transnational flows and movement of labor , which acquire a permanent and systematic.

• Formation of an international roar labor - evidence that the processes of global integration are not only in the economic and technological fields , but begin to touch immeasurably more complex area of social and labor relations, which are now of a global nature. In direct contact comes social policy in different countries , have unequal social experience and unlike national traditions. Such points of contact are primarily transnational joint venture , which occur in many different parts of the world . Contact occurs within individual TNCs when moving across borders of labor and capital

1.2 Structure of the international market: geographical aspect

• International migration in the context of a larger world economic relations occupies an increasingly important place in the development of society. A growing number of states involved in the migration process , but despite the scale of the phenomenon , modern science has no single concept. On the one hand , this can be explained by the fact that migration simultaneously affects various aspects of society , such as economics , demography, sociology , politics and law. On the other hand, analysis of the levels and trends imperfection complicated international migration information collection , the absence of unified national and international performance. Published statistical information is usually fragmented and depends on the context . Nevertheless, it can be argued that the total number of international migrants increased from year to year at an accelerated pace , and the nature and direction of flow in different regions vary considerably .

• So , by the end of the twentieth century, due to international migration , the traditional centers of attraction of migrants USA, Canada and Australia added new global labor markets . These are the countries of Western Europe, Asia-Pacific , Middle East oil-producing countries , Argentina and Venezuela in Latin America , as well as the richest African States .

1.3 Mechanism of regulation of the international labor market

• International regulation of labor - a system enshrined in the international instruments and agreements of legal regulation of labor standards .

• Labor content and are closely associated with them relations objectively determined by the level of economic development of the productive forces of society. Modern labor law sets the minimum threshold and the procedural and procedural standards under which the subjects of labor relations can define their rights and obligations. But different standards operating in different countries, can significantly affect the competitiveness of entrepreneurs using hired labor in the global market

• At the turn of the XIX and XX centuries . contradictions between workers and employers aggravated and threatened serious social upheaval. Introduction of social guarantees at individual state decreased the competitiveness of its businesses in the global market , so need in the agreement. The level of minimum guarantees must be provided in the international community. Raise this level , each State may at the national level with the growth of labor productivity , depending on the activity of the trade unions

2. Current state of international labor market 2.1.Place European countries in the international labor

market

• According to official data from the ILO in the world today do not have the work of about 180 mil people of which about 18 mil live in the EU and 6 mil CEE region. If we consider more and forced underemployment, these figures will increase significantly indicating that far disadvantaged in the labor market in Europe. Same condition in the labor market is a kind of indicator of the economy, the deficit employment entails decline in the purchasing power of the population, the deterioration of the human potential and as a result, reducing the competitiveness of enterprises.

• By the number of immigrants in Europe is leading in Germany, where the number of foreign nationals exceeds 7.3 mil citizens. As a percentage of the total population in Europe there are Luxemburg and Switzerland.

• Here the share of foreign nationals was in 2000, respectively, 37,3 and 19,3 % . These countries are in the lead and the percentage of foreigners in the labor force respectively 57,3 and 18,3% . The figure was in France and Belgium 9% .

2.2. Place the U.S. in the international labor market

• Global economic processes of globalization have extremely serious and not always positive impact on the U.S. labor market . To date, the industries of the U.S. economy , export-oriented , has more than 12 million people. According to local researchers , fencing domestic market from foreign competition has a destructive influence on the development and production - the chain - the level of employment

• One of the main results of the process of

globalization in the field of employment is to increase the scale of labor migration . Openness of the U.S. economy , its dynamic development facilitates the flow of capital and skilled labor ( scientists and engineers ) from abroad, which has a positive effect on economic growth and, consequently, on employment. Growth in exports of U.S. products leads to the creation of additional jobs , which are often highly paid

• • One of the major problems associated with the

globalization of the economy , is to release employees under the influence of foreign trade and the transfer of U.S. businesses abroad. So , millions of Americans lost jobs recently due to the transfer of production abroad and scaling of U.S. imports . As a result of information technology service businesses are vulnerable to the threat of transferring their activities to countries with lower labor costs . In addition, increased international competition leads to lower wages

• An important indicator of the internationalization of

the U.S. labor market , associated with the process of globalization - a sharp increase in the number of immigrants. Over the past 30 years the number of immigrants in the U.S. increased more than 3 times. At the present stage the composition of the labor market , as well as the entire population of the United States is becoming increasingly multicultural and multiracial . Currently, the share of immigrants within the U.S. economically active population is almost 20%. It is predicted that by the middle of the XXI century , this figure could double , and therefore there is a problem of active labor market regulation by the state

2.3. CIS as a regional labor market • Common interests in promoting regional cooperation led to the

conclusion of the Central Union between Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan. Its purpose is to coordinate the economic policies of defense. Feasibility of establishing this alliance was determined desire of the participants to strengthen their positions outside through the coordination of policies in areas where there were mutual interests and intensify regional relations using territorial and cultural proximity and historical ties division of labor prevailing in Soviet times (eg Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan were supplied with gas and angle from Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan Kazakhstan grain delivered a significant portion of agricultural equipment made for the entire region in Uzbekistan and etc. All countries were interested in the development of the regional transport network. Meaning Central Asian Union determined primarily by increasing opportunities for mutual consultation and coordination of positions on a wide range issues of economic and cultural to military. course harmonize positions managed to achieve far forever

• Goes rapprochement between Ukraine Georgia Azerbaijan and Moldova which is based on common interests to create a transport corridor in the south of the former USSR. The problem of deliveries to foreign oil and gas market of Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan has become one of the key to the economic development of these countries. Supported by the West and Turkey, they seek ways to diversify energy transportation including through Georgia and Ukraine. In turn, the recent interest in expanding their revenue through transit (Georgia) and obtain alternative sources of energy supplies (Ukraine). While convergence between the countries have not yet taken much - some clear organizational forms.

Conclusion

• In the conclusion of his work would note a number of factors :• 1 The situation of the labor market in the world• 2 which features of labor relations in the U.S., EU, CIS• 3 As with the help of which the state regulates labor in these countries• 4 Positive and negative aspects of migration Republic of Tajikistan• 5 What is the role of education and thereby in the U.S. and Germany,

low unemployment• 6 What factors contributed to the emigration of labor from RT• So , International labor market - is the sphere of exchange , purchase

and sale of labor• forces , the nature of which is largely determined by the interests of

the world economy • Prospects for the Tajik economy from the crisis largely depend on the

model of employment, the use of effective methods of regulation of the labor market in order to eliminate distortions and deformations