COURTESY PREPRINT OF 4TH DRAFT, May 18, 2019 … · COURTESY PREPRINT OF 4TH DRAFT, May 18, 2019 REMEDIATING SHORT LIVED AND LONG LIVED CLIMATE POLLUTANTS USING OXYGEN OR HYDROXYL:

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COURTESY PREPRINT OF 4TH DRAFT, May 18, 2019

REMEDIATING SHORT LIVED AND LONG LIVED CLIMATE POLLUTANTS USING OXYGEN OR HYDROXYL: A CLIMATE MITIGATION STRATEGY

Author’s note: This advance copy is copyrighted by Viva Cundliffe, and no unauthorized transmissions of it are permitted.

©Viva Cundliffe, 2019

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Remediating Short Lived and Long Lived Climate Pollutants Using Oxygen or Hydroxyl: A Climate Mitigation Strategy

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Earth's aggregate oxidative capacity is part of the planetary thermostat. The other tow parts are aerosolsand greenhouse gases. Each time there was a glaciation, the oxygen fraction and thus oxidative capacity was high, as the oxygen and HOx removed all oxidizable heat trapping species, this would now be including synthetic greenhouse gases, methane, Brown and Black carbon meaning that it simply lowers the mass circulating in the atmosphere which promotes easier long wave radiation (LWR) heat escape to space which is needed for global cooling. The present warming problem is from an aggregate effect of all GHGs, and short lived climate pollutants (SLCP) not just CO2. Natural hydroxyl levels have an upper limit, so aerosol forcing of drought, then inundation with more aerosols mean low to no hydroxyl in drought areas, creating more uninhabitable zones.

About 40% of the present warming can be reversed by oxidizing pollutants. The rest is due to high CO2

levels and if pursued, a buffering system can be accessed in a longer term strategy that removes CO2 in cloud water to ground with the hydroxyl also.

Using aerosols to “shade” the Earth is an expensive temporary cooling measure which addresses the main physics problem of too much trapped heat ineffectively and adds mass to the atmosphere which depletes the hydroxyl in the troposphere. Aerosols may reduce the amount of UV striking water to formthe hydroxyl.

CO2 is a relatively weak greenhouse gas and if we were to oxidize off all other -oxidizable- GHGs and pollutants, as has been done twice naturally in the fossil record, high CO2 levels can exist with significant glaciation (during 146 MA and the Ordovician), probably because of geological scale oxidation events. This has been shown in the fossil record at least twice and along with high oxygen fractions occurring alongside every glaciation on record when it is present, we have in the fossil record a strong indication that the oxidative capacity is one primary planetary thermostat of several. GHGs play a key role in maintaining warmth, and all but CO2 are affected by removal by the oxidative capacity, including water vapor. Even naturally occurring HOx and water combine to remove 6% of CO2 from the air by buffering and rain out, thus the oxidative capacity has a hand in removing all greenhouse gases. Water vapor is often triggered to precipitate out by HOx (*OH), thus no species escapes the power of the oxidative process. The oxidative capacity is showing signs of being over-taxed at key locations, including the ozone layer, global warming, high PM, CO, ABC, BC, Isoprene emissions, drought and desertification growth, anoxic oceans, methane releases, SGHGs, retreating ice and snow, aerosol forcing, very short lived substances (VSLS or SLCP), halogenated chemicals, lowered urban air oxygen content.

The inability to remove masses from the air column by oxidation means that radiation gets trapped in, under and around the microscopic and invisible circulating masses. Oxygen production from plants typically has restored the oxidative capacity and triggered the cooling leading to at least two ice ages in


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the past. We need to restore and conserve the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere including the stratosphere by increasing plant life on land and if possible in the ocean while initiating a hydroxyl release. Maintaining Earths air oxygen fraction is important for oxidation (oxygen is a source for a remediation) and respiration.

Volcanic perturbations and their human imitations only last for relatively short cooling periods, as evidenced by Mt. Pinatubo and also the present aerosol spraying; the mean global temperature still has increased. This shows that the physics problem of heat removal will not be truly solved by aerosol spraying on a long term basis, which is fully understood to be a problem.

Geoengineering ice nucleation does not encompass the long wave thermal radiation deflection functions that clouds have, nor does it, in conjunction with aerosols, allow heat to escape less impeded or even unimpeded through the atmosphere, much more heat escape is needed; therefore, it will not create a permanent cooling process. Snowball earth events show that oxidation with oxygen successfully cooled the planet. A hydroxyl release procedure done by man on a global scale will induce reliable heat reduction of approximately 2.1’C by heat escape physics that are long term, if emissions are also stopped or reduced at source.

In 2019, Arctic amplification of warming is an overriding concern, which the atomic scientists have encouraged its preservation by the aggressive removal of the short lived climate pollutants (SLCP) and methane and nitrous oxide which cause warming. This Dissertation will detail and outline one general method of remediation using atomic oxygen which can make the hydroxyl radical and remove all greenhouse gases in apportioned amounts to their presence on the atmosphere, and their chemical reaction with the hydroxyl. The hydroxyl is US FDA approved for indoor use and is an ancient, safe and natural compound that can be applied wisely and effectively.

TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

*ABC: Atmospheric Brown Clouds*Albedo: reflectivity of the ground or air to sunlight *AQ: Air quality*BC: Black Carbon*CDC: Center for disease Control*CO2 e: CO2 equivalent*COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease*GCM: Global circulation model, which describes 2-3 weeks of atmospheric mixing*Geoengineering; Human manipulation of aspects of the Earth System to manage climate.*HFC: Hydro-fluoro-carbon *HOx: the hydro Oxygens, mainly HO2, OH*Hygroscopic: Water soluble*LWR: Long wave radiation*Nucleophilic Attack: When a species or molecule steals and combines with a hydrogen atom.


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*OA: Organic aerosols*OH: Hydroxyl, an OH molecule typically having a charge of -1 or just less than this as excitation. Also written as *OH.*PM: particulate Matter, 2.5 or 10 microns in size*PPM: Parts per million*Remediation: Restoration or enhancement of natural Earth System homeostasis mechanisms which have been thrown out of balance by human activities, such as the global radiation budget or hydroxyl cleansing system. *SLCP: Short lived Climate pollutants*SOA: Secondary organic aerosols*SRM: Solar radiation management*TAC: Total aggregate constituents, measured in ppm*UV: Ultraviolet light, in nanometer wavelength, nm.*VSLCP: Very short lived climate pollutants

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION……….Page 6

1.1 The Hydroxyl Presence Described By Region And Zone1.2 What An Oxygen Based Remediation Entails: Discussion Of The Various Useful Forms Of Oxygen, The Advantages And Disadvantages1.3 Catalytic Nature Of Ions And Radicals1.4 Discussion Of Atmospheric Mixing Of Ions GCM, Atmospheric Recycling Locally And Upper Troposphere1.5 The Collective Pollution Measurement Needed To Determine That Remediation Is Justified1.6 How Air Quality Is Important In Climate Management1.7 Reactions1.8 A Synopsis Of The Total Climate Breakdown State And Occurring And Threatened Feedbacks

2.0 INTERACTIONS……….Page 16

2.1 Aerosols And The Oxidative System-The Basics2.2 Albedo Impacts2.3 Aging Aerosols2.4 Tropospheric Aerosol Oh Sink 2.5 Atmospheric Brown Clouds Or ABC2.6 VOCs Or Volatile Organic Compounds2.7 Aerosol Masking Effect And Remediation Constraints2.8 Thermal Venting Blocked From Both Types Of Geoengineering: Tropospheric And Stratospheric2.9 Hydroxyls And Mitigation Potential


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3.0 INTEGRATION……….Page 28

3.1 The Size And The Integration Routes Of The Two Main Oxidative Mitigation Approaches 3.2 Pollution Monitoring Infrastructure (So That It Can Be Analyzed During A Remediation- How To Confirm Results Of Remediation -Local And Global)3.3 Lowering All Sources Of Climate Pollutants As A Cooling Measure3.4 Looking At The Natural And Anthropogenic Aerosol Radiative Forcing Conditions And Budget3.5 Upper Troposphere Cirrus Clouds3.6 Significant Co2 Removal By Hydroxyl-Enhanced Weathering By Clouds3.7 Precipitation Enhancement Potential When Enhancing Hydroxyl Levels

4.0 LIABILITIES……….Page 35

4.1 Taxation On The Hydroxyl System4.2 Existing Combustion Scenarios4.3 General Considerations4.4 The Arctic4.5 Nitrous Oxide4.6 Hydroxyl Activity At Nighttime4.7 Water Vapor Changes4.8 Stratospheric Scenarios4.9. Blended Rogue Programs Of Tropospheric And Stratospheric Aerosol Programs4.9.1 Short Lived Climate Pollutant Levels, T Ac Levels And Hydroxyl Remediation4.9.2 The Drought Projections And The Hydroxyl Situation: The Double Desiccation Problem4.9.3 Position Of The Solar System4.9.4 Space Weather

5.0 TECHNOLOGY……….Page 56

5.0 Beneficial Sunrise Technologies5.1 The Atmosphere As A Single Unit: Emissions And How To Define Them In The Context Of The Hydroxyl5.2 Discussion Of Practical GHG Offsetting With The Hydroxyl

6.0 CONCLUSION……….Page 59

-Breaking The “Living With Aerosols Or Drought” Deadlock Must Be Done-The Hydroxyl Dose Needed For Global Remediation Of All GHGs


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FIGURES, TABLES, EQUATIONS

Chapter 1 Page 6

Figure 1.1 Hydroxyl radicals in the tropical troposphere over the Suriname rain forest. Table 1.1 TAC Levels.Table 1.2 Carbon Monoxide sink for OHFigure 1.1.1 Oxidation RecyclingFigure 1.2 Global Hydroxyl levels Table 1.3 Methane is a major sink of OH.Figure 1.4 Age-standardized incidence rates of diagnosed Asthma among Canadians Figure 1.5 Age-standardized incidence rates of diagnosed COPD

Chapter 2 Page 16

Figure 2.1 Organic AerosolsFigure 2.2 Aerosol ProductionFigure 2.3 OH is produced at the 274nm wavelength Figure 2.4 UV absorption Spectrum of CaOFigure 2.5 In addition to adding albedo in the lower troposphere, hydroxyl will encourage the removal of clouds Figure 2.6 The overview of Sulfate aerosols treatment.Figure 2.7 Thermal venting explanationTable 2.1 Atmospheric Black CarbonFigure 2.8 Thermal radiation blocking from Stratospheric or upper Tropospheric geoengineeringFigure 2.9 Source: Impact of short-lived non-CO2 mitigation on carbon budgets for stabilizing global warming - Table 2.2 Methane emissions inventory and temperature projectionFigure 2.9.1 Carbonate Buffer SystemFigure 2.9.2 Aerosol irradiance concept

Chapter 3 Page 28

Figure 3.1 Retention of *OH in the boundary layerFigure 3.2 Graphic depicts species travelFigure 3.3: Aerosol functions.Figure 3.4Figure 3.5 Hydroxyl depletion moving from blue-normal, to red-depleted.Figure 3.6 The above graphic depicts how OH can change the geometry of a particle Figure 3.7 In (b) we see an OH attach in the center of the particulateFigure 3.8 IPCC. Figure 3.9 1.5’C 2.0’C Emissions Gaps

Chapter 4 Page 35


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Figure 4.1 Flight tracks for the August 2013 campaignTable 4.1 Jet fuel constituentsTable 4.2 Jet fuel constituentsFigure 4.3 The surface cooling due to precipitation (QP)Table 4.1 The persistent aerosols from contrails Figures 4.3-4.7 Projections of Earth Deserts to 2100Figure 4.8 Interstellar CloudFigure 4.9 Solar minimum with recent cycles in green.

Chapter 5 Page 56

Table 5.1 shows GWP reduction in CO2 equivalentsTable (5.6) provides the tabulation example of the mass of Oxide radicalsTable 5.3 The proposed destruction efficiency for the OH release protocol

Chapter 6 Page 59

Figure 6.1 The hydroxyl dose in Tonnes


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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Hydroxyl Presence Described by Region and Zone

Over dry land and water, the average concentration of the hydroxyl flux is 5-8 x105 molecules/cc. It varies according to the penetration of 274 nm UV radiation and relative humidity as it is cleaved from water vapor and this UV frequency. Its average lifetime is 2 seconds, and about 20% recycles daily through chemistry shown later in this dissertation each day, giving a cumulative 125% ongoing capacity equaling an average of 8.6ppm.

More OH is found in the boundary layer because the air is denser. Now that a 7% increase in RH has happened due to the anthropogenic warming, a slight increase in OH would occur depending on the solar insolation levels, which may be being offset substantially by the aerosol masking effect caused byincomplete combustion processes.

From the boundary layer upward to the cloud layer, the [OH] will vary with meteorologic conditions such as convection currents, high pressure ridges, precipitation events and storms, whether it is over land or sea, the major features of the upper troposphere such as cloud cover, aviation activity, plant cover and organic aerosols, atmospheric Brown Cloud (ABC) and Black Carbon BC, forest fires and high carbon monoxide levels.

Freshly convected moisture is missing OH until the sunlight penetrates it, which happens quickly in a clear sky. The new air parcels meet with “dirtier” air parcels and provide pollutant scrubbing to them.

Evaporating moisture both on land, water and snow all allow for the production of OH. The presence ofmelting snow provides water vapor for sunlight even in the Arctic, at snow surfaces on cool days, there is a steady detectable OH production. Fronts of pristine OH-loaded air often meet particulate loaded fronts, creating conditions for aerosol scavenging, aging and CCN coalescence into moisture droplets with its aid in overcoming the surface tension of water.

Hydroxyl is infinitely soluble in water, but is still very short lived as it still oxidizes when aqueous.

Hydroxyl levels often “max out” in urban settings when the total pollutant ppm is higher than 8.6ppm.

In real time weather, a precipitation cycle averages about two hours, and this is due to the continual formation of OH which accumulates as an oxidized particle or as a gas. Oxidized particles are highly conducive to coalescence and precipitation. The donation of electrons to particles also ends up as electron clouds at the bottom of droplets, which give the clouds their standing charge profiles.

At the boundary layer where the gases and particles are most numerous on average, an opportunity to add extra OH for remediation purposes with technology that synthesizes and disperses it exists. A mitigation of this kind is presently warranted as the OH oxidizes or buffers all greenhouse gases as wellas removes 100% of all pollutants because respiratory disease and global warming are at all time maximums and accelerating in severity as the deserts grow.


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1.2 What an oxygen based remediation entails: Discussion of the various useful forms of oxygen, the advantages and disadvantages

While there are many forms of ions, radicals and atoms, the most useful are discussed here as it is important with an expensive global remediation to use only the most effective species.

1.3 Catalytic nature of ions and radicals

These ions exert a phenomenon on water called nucleophilic attack, where the O abstracts a hydrogen from water to form one OH and it leaves a second OH. This occurs for the radical and one or two-electron ionic states.

*OH- River or lake water has been used successfully for the production of the radical and the ion. O* ismechanically mixed with water by ramjet and the solution is atomized. Alternately, O is mixed with ionized steam and released.

OH-- This ion can be artificially produced by adding electrons to water and vaporizing the liquid, mixing in the O- ion as it is a gas. It is more energetic than the radical, more eV, (electrons) are present. This makes the ion more reactive. It could be applied as an atmospheric agent in a regional dispersal facility that has a taller stack which releases them above ground 50-75 feet because it is more likely to oxidize certain constituents more aggressively i.e., more methane and Per fluorocarbon gases.

O*-If it is determined that ground, lake or river water is not in good supply, this radical can be released to air with some baseline natural humidity in it, where the O* will meet with water vapor and form 2*OH on contact. The general ppm flux level of this gas should not exceed 2, when deployed. The O* does not react with much else in the air, persisting until it meets H2O.

O-2—This gas is made by exposing atomic oxygen to a corona discharge. The super oxide anion could be used in taller stacks for regional and global remediation purposes. It will also form the OH- ion on contact with water, effectively doubling oxidation power.

O2- Molecular oxygen is available from existing compressed oxygen plants. It could be used in an emergency airlift to 19Km altitude. If the Ozone layer requires repair, at that altitude, the sun would activate the O2 to O+ or – and it can then oxidize HFC gases or go on to form O3 with O2.

H2O2-Hydrogen Peroxide can be used as part of a very urgent need to place oxidants in the atmosphere from locations where human contact with it can be controlled. The reactive oxygen (O-) released will more aggressively oxidize atmospheric constituents and it will also form 2OH, one of which will be an ion.

1.4 Discussion of atmospheric mixing of ions GCM, atmospheric recycling locally and upper troposphere


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The impact of higher relative humidity on ionization, means also that the Sun is is cleaving more water to form *OH naturally, thus, if the oxidative capacity is overwhelmed, this means that pollution levels have actually gone up more than what is thought, since *OH is hard to measure consistently in the field, but added humidity is going to increase oxidation, which normally is an added local benefit. The down side is that if this oxidation boost is overwhelmed, a dangerous tipping point has been reached without a good ability to measure it in advance.

The ions react with what they immediately encounter if the temperature is in the correct range for the reactions. *OH fully persists until it reacts.

On a global scale, OH reacts primarily with carbon monoxide (40%) to form carbon dioxide. Around 30% of the OH produced is removed from the atmosphere in reactions with organic compounds and 15% reacts with methane (CH4). The remaining 15% reacts with ozone (O3), hydroperoxyl radicals

(HO2) and hydrogen gas (H2).

•OH + O → O2 + •H

(Neutral–neutral: 1A)

•OH + C+ → CO+ + •H

(Ion–neutral 2A)

•OH + •N → NO + •H


•OH + C → CO + •H


•OH + •H → H2O + photon



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Figure 1.1 Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 9705–9728, 2010 www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/9705/2010/ Hydroxyl radicals in the tropical troposphere over the Suriname rain forest.

1.5 The collective pollution measurement needed to determine that remediation is justified

Ever since *OH, became known as the natural background atmospheric cleanser in the 1990’s, which isa relatively late breaking scientific development considering that we have known about CO2 for almost 200 years, scientists have been trying to measure it and track its reactions using significant resources and chemistry modeling. They have been forced to seek highly technical methods through proxy compounds because of the short lifetime of *OH, which is two seconds or less. Its average concentration achieved during daylight hours is 5-7 x 105 ions per cc of air. (or .1 to 1 ppt)

If we want to assess the hydroxyl capacity in an area, we must look at the total atmospheric constituents, TAC. The stoichiometrics of most of these compounds and gases are understood, but a significant gap in stochastic values for either ABC, aerosols or BC exists, and may be the cause of an unknown which needs addressing urgently as we undergo a climate shift. These particles can potentially be a significant and game-changing OH sink.

1.6 How Air Quality is Important in Climate Management

The instantaneousness of the hydroxyl reactions means that when a global or local open air application is being considered, all of the reactants must be taken together as an aggregate in order to assess how they affect the oxidative response. There is interchange between pollution units, mass/volume, or ppm. For this paper, ppm areused. Here is a simplespreadsheet whichcalculates the aggregatepollutants in ppm andallows for the need of OHand its recyclingphenomenon to bemeasured against theaggregate of a given airshed. OH extincts in 2seconds average and isaveraged over an hour.


Simple Calculator of *OH NeedsAirshed Constituents in ppm

CAP ppmCO 0.871Sox 0.0004CH4 1.867PM 2.5 0.0246O3 0.0246Nox 0.0155 .010-.045CO2 0>0006x 410ppm 0.42 .01% of 420ppm buffered by *OH in H2OVOC 0.0593SGHG basket 0.018638 synthetic GHGs or CFC gasesTotal Reactant Flux 3.301038

(*)OH ppm over an hourPPB-PPM (*)OH natural 0.0108 0.006*1800seconds per 3600 s)added PPM (*)OH 1.1 1.1 , 2.2, 1.5,3.25 assist 1.1027 25% builds up in airTotal Flux 24 hour 2.2135

24 HDEFICIT OF OH 1.087538 PPM per 24 H.OH produced in 24 H 0.5184 based on steady state, 2 s extinction24 hour OH deficit 0.439538

http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/9705/2010/

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Table 1.1 TAC Levels. Example of a tabulation of the constituents that use OH. In assessing OH, it is important to note that the variance of levels is important and is tied to humidity and the 274nm UV wavelength of H2O-cleaving sunlight. The *OH needed in the relevant air is equal to the aggregate or sum of all of the oxidizable/reactable/attachable pollutants. On average, any urban air shed with an aggregate pollutant load of more than .5ppm is being overloaded and the excess pollutants are being exported out of the area, sometimes many miles as in the common cases of black (BC) or brown carbon(ABC). Any pollutant can be exported once *OH flux over .5ppm has been exceeded by the total aggregate pollutant flux.

Ground monitors for most aggregate pollutants have been tied to internet platforms in developed countries, and the aggregate pollutant load can be accurately assessed in numerous cities, occasionally the particulate matter numbers do not include PM 10 or ABC or aerosol loads. These are an important component to know because *OH attaches to these particles and weighs them down so that gravity removes them to ground by primarily-dry deposition. The *OH attachment at the oxygen (primarly) to the particle is an oxidation reaction, and this “aging” of the particle it attaches to causes the H atom to protrude. The H protrusion is very small, penetrates the surface of water well, is instrumental in makingthe particles hygroscopic by overcoming the surface tension of water on contact, which effectively converts them to CCN. These CCN then participate in coalescence with water vapor, which will build in droplet size and mass and eventually produce rain. This aerosols and PM aging service performed by*OH is a significant part of the hydrologic cycle and does deplete *OH in any area. The PM 10 readinghas traditionally been excluded from modern air quality online indexes, which for the purpose of determining the *OH depletion is a necessary species because OH attaches to it.

1.7 Reactions

Methane and CO

CH4 + OH = CH3 + H2O

CH3O + O2 = CH2O + HO2

CH2O + OH = CHO + H2O (works in approx. 2 hours-relevant to any human added *OH system)

CH2O +hv O2 = CHO + HO2

CH2O +hv = CO + H2

CHO + O2 = CO + HO2

CO + OH O2 = CO2 + HO2

Others


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H + O2 + M = HO2 + M

HO2 + HO2 = H2O2 + O2

H2O2 + hv = 2OH

H2O2 + OH = HO2 + H2O

HO2 + NO = OH + NO2

NO2 hv O2 = NO + O3 (OH recycled in rxn above)

CO + OH O2 = CO2 + HO2

HO2 + NO = OH + NO2

NO2 + hv O2 = NO + O3

HO2 + NO = OH + NO2

OH will reduce compounds in the air as well, occasionally donating the hydrogen where a proton can be accepted, generally this will make a species more inert and subject to either dry deposition or rain out. It is not the primary cleansing function that oxidation is.

Table with 6 columns for 6 days of OH emissions and each row shows the corresponding recycling from that day over the next 5 days within the column in Kg. As is Shown, the 1000Kg builds to an inventory of 1250Kg in six days.

Tabulation of How *OH recycles 25% Over five days

Table 1.2

Figure 1.1.1 Oxidation Recycling


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FIGURE 1.2 MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FEBRUARY 29, 2012 Global Hydroxyl levels

Table 1.2 CO is a major sink of OH.

Range of estimates (Tg CO yr-1)

SOURCES 1800-2700

Fossil fuel combustion / industry 300-550

Biomass burning 300-700

Vegetation 60-160


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Oceans 20-200

Oxidation of methane 400-1000

Oxidation of other hydrocarbons 200-600

SINKS 2100-3000

Tropospheric oxidation by OH 1400-2600

Stratosphere ~100

Soil uptake 250-640

Table 1.3 Methane is a major sink of OH.

Rate, Tg CH4 yr-1;best estimate and range of uncertainty

SOURCES, natural 160 (75-290)

Wetlands 115 (55-150)

Termites 20 (10-50)

Other 25 (10-90)

SOURCES, anthropogenic 375 (210-550)

Natural gas 40 (25-50)

Livestock (ruminants) 85 (65-100)

Rice paddies 60 (20-100)

Other 190 (100-300)

SINKS 515 (430-600)

tropospheric oxidation by OH 445 (360-530)

stratosphere 40 (30-50)

soils 30 (15-45)

ACCUMULATION IN ATMOSPHERE 37 (35-40)Table 1.4 There is some assurance coming from atmospheric chemistry experts that the oxidative capacity will increase in step with increased pollution levels. It is proposed that with the typical urban air quality statistics presenting that for every 100,000 persons in Canada, there are 52 cardiovascular deaths and 50 permanently disabled individuals every year, this is not a satisfactory assurance. This totals almost 8million deaths annually globally. Statistics are currently being revisited by several CDC agencies around the world to ensure that attribution is actually accounting accurately and initial thinking on that work is that the statistics will rise, so the situation could be worse. This could signal that the overwhelming of OH by ABC, aerosols, and BC is showing up as a major air quality biomarker of illness in humans.

Figure 1.1 Prevalence of diagnosed asthma among Canadians


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aged one year and older, by age group and sex, Canada, 2011-2012 Figure 1.3 Age-standardized incidence rates of diagnosed COPD among Canadians aged 35 yearsand older, by sex and province/territory, Canada, 2011-2012

Figure 1.5 Age-standardized incidence rates of diagnosed Asthma, Canada, 2011-2012


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Combustion exhausts are the primary cause of this problem, and developing countries are planning to peak their emissions by 2030 and still yet help ensure that globally, emissions are on track for the IPCCRCP 8.5, which is the worst and most unsurvivable emissions trajectory and leads to a 4’C minimum global warming. Alternate remediation approaches, such as intentional carbon dioxide, methane and SLCP removal by direct and OH enhancement methods using Oxygen and Hydro Oxygen are important because the carbon budget for the 1.5’C RCP of the IPCC has now been used up, and the 2.0’C RCP is clearly looming now that Canada’s government has reported a 1.7’C warming for that country as of May 2019.

Contingency plans which address root causes of warming, rather than mask the problem are vital lower risk, more labor-intensive actions. This may be why atmospheric chemists assert that the oxidative capacity will hold up in their projections, even while we have statistically significant illness, death and disability coming from its consistent inadequacy.


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2.0 INTERACTIONS

2.1 Aerosols And The Oxidative System-The Basics

This is a Synopsis of the Total Climate Breakdown State and its Occurring and Threatened Feedbacks

Particulate matter of all kinds are attached to by *OH. Several *OH can be lost to one aerosol particle. This presents a problem when forest fire or industrial smoke migrates across regions once the *OH has been overwhelmed or swamped by the particulates, which will remain suspended until they are weighted down by OH “aging”, coalescence and/or precipitated out by rain.

It is important to understand that once OH is overwhelmed, un-reacted pollutants are exported out of the area or region until they are treated by the natural OH system. People don’t equate smoke waves with an overwhelmed or displaced hydroxyl system, but this is the case. This is also true of smog hovering or building in an urban area, as the hydroxyl is known as the “natural smog eater”.

Urban and general lower tropospheric Ozone, the main component of smog, is projected to globally increase with increasing methane levels. This helps to justify actively enhancing hydroxyl levels because of the damage that Ozone causes to lung and plant tissues.


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Figure 2.1 Organic Aerosols


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Figure 2.2 Aerosol Production

2.2 Albedo Impacts

UV reflectance means that the actinic UV wavelength that creates OH can be blocked and cause less OH to be present. Based on the fact that SWR is blocked, this includes UV. In the case of solar radiation management SRM, both the stratospheric and Tropospheric programs will lower the production of OH and negate some of the gains made by added water vapor to the atmosphere because added vapor could be cleaved by this UV to make more OH naturally.


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Figure 2.3 OH is produced at the 274nm wavelength which is blocked by Al2O3 as shown in the figure above. This reduced production has not been modeled in the open literature yet. An estimate of the lowering can be tied to the dimming effect possibly in a linear fashion, so if there was 20% reduction inUV then there is likely a 20% reduction in OH flux. This means that the threshold full productivity fluxof OH at 8.6ppm OH would be lowered to 6.88ppm, a value that in the present air columns around the world, virtually guarantees an increasing build up of greenhouse gases to occur.

The case for the more recent CaO aerosol proposal means that the shown UV absorbance spectrum is reflecting the actinic OH producing wavelength as well, and many of the aerosols present now also block SWR in this manner.

Figure 2.4 UV absorption Spectrum of CaO, another proposed aerosol material.

2.3 Aging Aerosols

It is now well understood that exposure to -and contact with -hydroxyl in the atmosphere subjects the aerosol to a whitening process because the particles are often reduced in size, coming from more aromatic forms of organic carbon from combustion and from VOCs from plants. This exposure is called “aging” and leads to an increase in the lower atmosphere’s albedo, an important phenomenon that causes a net cooling effect in the lower regions.

These aging aerosols are increasingly hygroscopic, and will shorten the time to precipitation in air sheds as readily available CCN for incoming moisture as they coalesce with water to make droplets thatare subject to gravity.

2.4 Tropospheric Aerosol OH Sink

The Troposphere already has 0.12mg of BC/M2 and Tg of ABC in it which equates to a probable minimum 1:1 stoichiometric demand on the OH flux. We can see here that this equates to Tg of OH needed, which translates to a demand of ~14,688,000Kg per 510,000,000 Km2.

OH is made over 260,000,000Km2 for 12 hours. The total directly produced & destroyed daily is 6.069 x 1012 Tonnes per day to a height of 1Km. The fact that it is overwhelmed is alarming.


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Figure 2.5 In addition to adding albedo in the lower troposphere, hydroxyl will encourage the removal of clouds via shorter time to precipitation, which can lead to two cooling mechanisms: 1- general particulate scavenging removal by rain out, and water vapor removal occurring by nighttime leading to a 6.5 fold increase in heat loss. Thus it is valuable to enhance the hydroxyl on a 24-hour basis to ensurethat these processes are also enhanced because aerosol forcing is a problem that contributes to drought by disabling water vapor and CCN to collide normally and be swept into the droplet coalescence and collection processes necessary for precipitation. Particulate and aerosol can be hot enough to reject moisture. The build up of aerosol is an indication that the hydroxyl system in the area is weakened or inactive, and this is becoming a significant danger as well as an opportunity within a remediation infrastructure with hydroxyl to help combat consequent desertification and drought.


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Figure 2.6 The overview of Sulfate aerosols treatment. The key is that we have 10 years (until 2030) to drive down GHG levels. This deadline is very close, so these stopgap programs are going to demand even longer parallel and preventative periods of actual GHG removal before it is safe to ramp these programs down if they are committed to, which they partially already are as “inadvertent pollution”. This resolves the “McPherson paradox” if GHG remediation and hydroxyl enhancement is enacted and large enough to weather some of the CO2 out of the air as well.


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Figure 2.7 Thermal venting explanation

Table 2.1

2.5 Atmospheric Brown Clouds or ABC

ABC cause localized short term warming in the areas where they are produced because they aggressively block heat escape while allowing in SWR. ABCs change because of the hydroxyl quickly aging the carbon compounds, effectively lightening the hue of the materials as they move through the atmosphere, causing albedo increase. OH also converts a lot of ABC to reflective aerosols, a natural effect that has had advantages for the environment in the past, but now, with OH being overwhelmed regularly above 8.6 ppm, ABCs are very taxing on the climate through their OH depletion.

The more OH that can be contributed to the total system, the more ABC and other perturbations can be reduced in duration and their RF and climate damaging effects reduced, which is the theme of this dissertation.

2.6 VOCs or Volatile Organic Compounds

VOCs come from both combustion and plant life and are small oil and short chain polymers that can float. The hydroxyl oxidizes these “oils” by cleaving the hydrocarbon chain at the hydrogen and the particles then become hygroscopic as well as primarily a visible bluish-whitish hue over a few days.


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The light hue has historically served as an addition to the albedo, an important function where there arenot clouds shading the Earth. It is speculated that this brightening process also brightens clouds in contrast to black carbon soot particles which will darken clouds and lower albedo by forcing the cloud system to cycle and consist of fresh convection systems that have fewer particles in them, which has at least a small positive effect on general cloud albedo

2.7 Aerosol masking effect and remediation constraints

The aerosol masking effect is providing 1-1.2.0’C global cooling from combustion and other sources, depending upon the region. This masking of the underlying warming by reflecting solar radiation or “shading” the Earth will be reduced when combustion sources are halted by the ever growing need to stop CO2 emissions or face at least, near human extinction. There are some scientists that discuss the inaction on combustion abatement and explain that at least the aerosols are causing some cooling while we continue to create the actual root problem- high CO2/GHG levels. This current paradox can and must be addressed as soon as possible.

If a ground based *OH program were globalized, oxidation of the densest part of the atmosphere wherethe highest concentration of all gases and where life exists, would be effective and compatible. Indeed, to keep allowing the aerosol levels to erode natural background *OH levels is now likely critically dangerous.

A sufficient hydroxyl level enhancement will remove mass from the atmosphere and encourage long wave radiation to exit the Earth atmosphere. It will both oxidize reactive GHGs and remove particulate in its immediate vicinity at ground and thereby improve living and health conditions. An attempt to quantify this has been made.

Below is an excerpted cost and dosage estimate for a hydroxyl based technology solution by a companynamed “ReductionTech”. The estimates for cooling appear conservative, suggesting that the aerosol masking effect, and the aerosols-OH sink has not yet been fully characterized.

“Total Methane Emergency Treatment Package

CA$55,000,000,000.00A system to release 418,120 Tonnes of Oxide radicals annually over ten-thirty years to reverse the effect of a tripling of the carbon content of the atmosphere due to methane blowouts. The methane would be fully oxidized. This would be a useful survival tool for humanity to lower global temperature.

• 2018 Global Warming Reversal Package

CA$500,000,000.0036,500 Tonnes of Oxide radicals released annually to the atmosphere for three to five years. This would restore the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere back to a cooler state, reversing warming by up to 0.5'C. Doing this will slow the methane blowouts that started in the Arctic in


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2012.”

Source: https://emergency-methane-release-arresters.business.site/?m=true

This kind of technology can form the basis of a long term infrastructure of 100+ years that is also planned to enhance the weathering of CO2 in ensuring the enhancement of the carbonate buffering system. So while removing all greenhouse gases from the air, the CO2 as the worst, can be gradually removed by this as well as other direct air capture techniques.

Note this excerpt from a mainstream media article:

“Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines erupted the next year, providing a natural laboratory for studying aerosols’ impact. The resulting research gave scientists solid evidence that particles in the atmosphere tended to cool the planet.In the decades that followed, scientists continued to puzzle over exactly how aerosols from tailpipes and smokestacks alter the weather, in part because the particles are incredibly difficult to study. Scientists have sought out remote corners of the globe far from industrial pollution, like the seas aroundAntarctica, to research them. Since aerosols are much bigger than air molecules, they tend to fall out of the sky within days or weeks after they’re released – a relatively short lifespan.

There’s also a10,000-fold range in their sizes and a wide variety of sources, making their behavior relatively unpredictable. Black carbon aerosols from forest fires, for example, tend to suppress cloud formation by warming the air and making tiny water droplets evaporate. Sulfate aerosols from burning coal can make clouds grow bigger and rainstorms stronger. There’s documented evidence that thunderstorms in China vary on a weekly cycle, in tune with factory schedules.”

It may be notable that the explanation for interfering with rain droplet formation is temperature based, but what if a significant reason is also that hydroxyl is increasingly depleted and the particulate matter and aerosol remains insoluble to water as well. If these constituents cannot be attached to by OH, they remain unable to penetrate the surface tension of water droplets, or attach to it via the hydrogen ligand provided by the OH.

Figure 2.8 Thermal radiation blocking from Stratospheric or upper Tropospheric geoengineering


http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL070375/full

https://phys.org/news/2016-06-aerosols-storm-clouds.html

https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/full/10.1175/2007JCLI1777.1

https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/full/10.1175/2007JCLI1777.1

https://www.google.com/search?q=aerosol+size+distribution&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjNrviU_O7YAhUOI6wKHcmbBfEQ_AUICygC&biw=1440&bih=776#imgrc=ZrHEAjRkEl6FiM:

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/22/antarctic-study-examines-impact-of-aerosols-on-climate-change

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/22/antarctic-study-examines-impact-of-aerosols-on-climate-change

https://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/research/icas/research-themes/atmospheric-chemistry-and-aerosols/groups/aerosols-and-climate/why-is-aerosol-science-exciting/

https://www.ucsusa.org/global-warming/science-and-impacts/science/aerosols-and-global-warming-faq.html#.Wntnt5PwbBK

https://emergency-methane-release-arresters.business.site/?m=true

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2.8 Thermal Venting blocked from both types of geoengineering: tropospheric and stratospheric

Aerosol particles add radiation-blocking mass to the atmosphere, which means that as incoming solar shortwave radiation (SWR) is blocked, (which is the main action we consider has merit), so is outgoinglong wave radiation (LWR) blocked from exiting. About 60% of the SWR blocking effect is negated bythe 40% heat trapping impact on LWR, so aerosols truly only marginally justify implementation, and treating the root cause of the warming is far wiser. While humanity cannot reverse CO2 levels quickly enough, the thinking is that geoengineering may be deployed to “buy time” to allow for the reduction of GHG loading to occur. We have seen that the main options for reducing GHGs are to:

1. Stop or reduce emitting the greenhouse gases to below the natural or human induced removal rates

2. Remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere by natural or technological means

There are essentially no other options that will lead to a reliable resolution of global warming.

2.9 Hydroxyls and Mitigation Potential

A hydroxyl dispersion program would offset about 2.1’C of warming. When taken together; the next graphic and table are a realistic look at the temperature mitigation potentials of the hydroxyl enhancement in concert with either tropospheric or stratospheric aerosol dispersal regimes.

Any aerosol dispersal program would be focused on its work during sunlight hours. A Stratospheric program would involve 24 hour aerosol coverage but lower down, the effective coverage is daylight- hour coverage.

If the hydroxyl releases are sufficient, they will loft upward to the aerosols and begin aging/attaching tothem, as they do, the natural volatile organic compounds leave a strong white hue that serves to reflect sunlight.

A sufficient global hydroxyl release is estimated in the mega tonnes range, from 8 to 16 mega tonnes annually, primarily from bases in the upper hemisphere, possibly tied to the aerosols that exist in these regions.


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Figure 2.9 Source: Impact of short-lived non-CO2 mitigation on carbon budgets for stabilizing global warming - Joeri Rogelj1,2, Malte Meinshausen3,4, Michiel Schaeffer5,6, Reto Knutti2 and Keywan Riahi1,

Table 2.2


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Natural ongoing buffering in clouds leads to about 6% of CO2 being rained out to the ground where it isdeposited in the soil by the buffering.

There is one estimate provided in peer reviewed literature on this chemistry but it is based on well understood chemistry.

Abstract quoted: “The CO2 in the atmosphere is in contact with water vapor and rain droplets forming CO2 x H2O, HCO3- and CO3(2-) in the carbonate buffering system. Global precipitation is about 505 x 1015 kg/a. Based on theoretical calculations for unpolluted air and measurement observations, we estimated that 100-270 x 10(12) gC/a are scavenged from the air by global precipitation by buffering. This roughly equals carbon emissions from volcanic sources or 2-6 per cent of current CO2 emissions. An inventory-based estimate on carbon removal in northwestern Europe supports the above calculation on global scale. With increasing CO2 concentration in the air, (this) precipitation scavenging may increase.”

When hydroxyl dissolves in water, via O+ H2O → 2OH, or directly in water as H2OOH, this increases the alkalinity which activates CO2 buffering. If the apportionment is 2-6% in the system, then added OH should apportion in the same percentage, at up to 6% of what OH is added with a release.

Figure 2.9.1 Carbonate buffering


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Figure 2.9.2-Aerosol-cloud interactions

Ground level *OH dispersals offer the opportunity to both work underneath a significant aerosol cover from combustion or geoengineering, while remediating air quality as it oxidizes methane, criteria air pollutants and reactive GHGs of all kinds. We may have no other option, save a compressed oxygen airlift to the stratosphere which is much more challenging.

As of April 12, 2019, mainstream articles outlining personal lifetime carbon budgets for every individual have appeared, signaling that the world is acknowledging that the atmosphere is a limited container. Humans have had to learn the hard way, through climate damages and deaths, of the atmosphere’s very real effluent limits.

3.0 INTEGRATION

3.1 The size and the integration routes of the two main Oxidative Mitigation Approaches

Method 1 Municipal Area and Collective Regional Municipal Infrastructure

Local services per 100,000 population involve a hydroxyl emitting system which includes a large dispersal facility to regionalise remediation of reactive GHGs and remove a large swath of particulates near ground level. There are only two known techniques for generating pure hydroxyl; UV lamps, and molecular sieve atomic oxygen generators with hydration. The molecular sieve technology is 8 times less energy intensive than the UV lamps and more sustainable. Neighborhoods can be fitted with smaller emitters on the utility poles, and achieve more horizontal distribution of oxidation.


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Figure 3.1 Retention of *OH in the boundary layer means more horizontal oxidation and improved air quality. Lower level releases improve air quality while higher release points allow large quantities of hydroxyl to remove GHGs in the district or regional area. It will be important to have large regional and municipal facilities which citizens could commission at the municipal level to protect their infrastructure for the long term and improve air quality. A system like this is overdue after 35 years of warnings about emissions, warnings that have virtually gone unheeded and have led to a carbon rationing state. Air is a public utility that is widely abused in urban areas.

Societies have functioned under an “honor system” for 35 years when it comes to atmospheric effluent handling. The system has unequivocally failed and a change to some form of rationing is underway.


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Figure 3.2 Graphic depicts species travel in a stable air flow scenario. Once the trends in an urban air shed are known, placement of regional systems in upwind areas can be useful, but the reality is that the GHG remediation will treat the atmosphere as a whole and single unit, needing GHG removal treatment from anywhere as there is global mixing in a matter of three weeks. This is known as the global circulation model or GCM. It means that the atmosphere is a shared global utility.

Method 2

Compressed oxygen airlift. Included here as an emergency option and as a measure that could be deployed if emergency solar radiation management (SRM) geoengineering or short lived climate pollutants were to destroy the Ozone layer at the same time a hydroxyl system was not built. In addition there is a global capacity to provide up to 40 MT of the more expensive hydrogen peroxide, which if needed could provide through misting, a reactive oxygen that can form OH and oxidize pollution.


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3.2 Pollution Monitoring Infrastructure (so that it can be analyzed during a remediation- how to confirm results of remediation -local and global)

There are hundreds of web sites and scores of real time monitoring platforms that can be brought together on the desktop to include all aspects of the TAC levels needed to monitor the effect of a globe wide OH dispersal. It begins with each local facility, and the mass of OH released is tracked as it adds to the collective oxidation process, a process that unifies a reliable global natural removal system that requires enhancement.

3.3 Lowering all sources of climate pollutants as a cooling measure

Pristine air in the evening, after a hydroxyl abundant air shed has helped remove the convected clouds by precipitating them means there is significant phase change cooling. All other scenarios at night trap heat. Reducing the primary emission sources at the same time as hydroxyl is increasingly enhanced would begin to successfully negate the aerosol rebound warming effect from untreated GHGs. A suitable technique to do this is necessary or humanity risks adding a full 3’C of global warming.

Presently we have Asia and a few other countries still peaking traditional industrial emissions when we actually need the opposite if we are to save food production and infrastructure for life but this will likely not be achieved for two decades at least as seen at the COP meetings. By that time, a lot of heat- up to 5’C could be installed in the system. In order to compensate for that, the alternate cooling measures need to be deployed by countries that can afford to develop them. Long wave radiation can beblocked from entering the planet, or encouraged to vent by adding shading or removing mass from the atmosphere with air capture and GHG removal.

Because we virtually cannot avoid more CO2 emissions that will take us above the 1.5’C and 2’C CO2 budgets, alternate methods must be pursued. The moral hazard is eclipsed by humanity’s need to take more time to switch its energy sources off of fossil fuels. This means that the best all around GHG removal from the open environment must be pursued and this would, by obviousness, be a full scale hydroxyl remediation.

3.4 Looking at the Natural and Anthropogenic Aerosol Radiative Forcing Conditions and Budget

Since aerosols play about a 3’C role in the system when the CO2 has doubled, as shown below, utilizingas much of this as is safe to do so would assist in global living conditions. The trade off of accepting poor air quality along with it, however, is eroding livability for billions of people at over 25% of the population being affected by it today.

Air quality improvement at ground is warranted and can be performed at the same time by enhancing the hydroxyl flux.

Since an enhanced hydroxyl flux will also remove all of the greenhouse gases when it contacts them, a hydroxyl release is a total air quality and climate change mitigation solution. Aerosols can be allowed to persist above the general boundary layer where the hydroxyl can provide the most AQ and climate


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benefit for life.

Figure 3.3: Aerosol functions.(a) Probability density functions of aerosol effects (Isaksen et al. (2009), with small updates of cloud albedo and lifetime effects). The total aerosol radiative forcing (red and blue curves), with and without clouds are estimated by combining the individual effects in a Monte


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Carlo calculation (Boucher & Haywood 2001). Vertical lines show 90% confidence intervals. (b) Climate sensitivity for a doubling of CO2 as a function of the total aerosol RF. Radiative imbalances of 0.85 (solid line, Hansen et al. 2005), 0.7 and 1.0 Wm-2 (grey band) and 0.0 (radiative equilibrium, dashed line) are shown. Industrial era temperature change is taken as 0.8 Kelvin (K), and RF of non-aerosol components +2.9 Wm-2.© 2013 Nature Education All rights reserved.

The release of hydroxyl which will, like the natural counterparts, attach to aerosols, means that local area removal will occur. Most scientists do not acknowledge that aerosol is a sink for the hydroxyl radical. This fact means that our assessment of the natural total hydroxyl flux is only complete with aerosol sinks being included, even if the sink is still hard to quantify. The overall effect of the below graphic on hydroxyl reaction is that the more aerosol loading there is, the less hydroxyl there is to destroy other gases, thus this is a secondary threat to the climate. GHGs are the primary root cause of planetary warming.

Geoengineers have modeled both tropospheric and stratospheric aerosols and have learned that it is capable of driving the climate into a snowball earth state if over-applied, but the right doses, and even smaller than originally thought doses would reduce climate injustice. The problem is that the ability to continually maintain it is needed unless a way to wean off of it is found. Hydroxyl remediation is the best eventual way off of solar radiation management.

3.5 Upper troposphere cirrus clouds

Cirrus interference by trapping heat is becoming a problematic phenomenon.

Cirrus cloud has Ice nuclei that nucleate prematurely within the cloud and cause premature fallout leaving homogeneous crystals that do not coalesce and precipitate (possibly likely due to hydroxyl depletion from lower RH of this region). The persisting homogeneous particle cover is causing negative climate forcing (warming) which contributes to warming by trapping heat below it. Cirrus are thought to be metallic constituents from aviation combustion exhaust.

They could be remediated with hydroxyl enhancement by releasing O* gas, which will react with H2O and form 2OH.

It is proposed that oxidation would trigger a cirrus cloud removal for several reasons. More collection of moisture and particles by adding mass to the nuclei, more attachment of water to ice nuclei (increased deliquescence), making the droplets larger, aging of aerosols and reduction of aerosol direct and indirect forcing. Cirrus cloud has increased with aircraft contrails and increased sulfate from emissions. Dispersed Oxygen ions move into the water vapor and form 2 OH- which can potentially lower the freezing point of the organic sulfate aerosols and also force them to age as smaller nuclei rather than glassy ice nuclei and deliquesce more homogeneously into the larger droplets or crystals. This would then reduce limited large crystal formation and also help the cloud more homogeneously coalesce into gravity sensitive droplet sizes and be removed.

The cost of this remediation may be too high to become warranted over other remediation methods.


http://www.nature.com/scitable

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3.6 Significant CO2 Removal by Hydroxyl-Enhanced Weathering by Clouds

With CO2 dissolving in the cloud water vapor, we have the carbonate buffer system available, which means that the CO2 uses an OH to form HCO3- as carbonic acid, or CO3

2-, or bicarbonate which uses anoxide ion. As hydroxyl dissolves int the water, this depletes the oxidative layer of compounds in the cloud system but it removes CO2. NCAR figures state that up to 6% of CO2 is rained out of the atmosphere presently. If more oxide/O* oxidant is added it may increase the rainout ratio stoichancy by1.3:1 CO2 to Oxide, which forms 2 OH or reacts directly. This is a potentially notable benefit as OH alkalizes the clouds.

Figure 3.4This process depletes hydro oxygen needed to trigger precipitation as well, but how much is not fully known, and it is generally dismissed as irrelevant, or overlooked. Ozone at the tropopause and lower stratosphere is also depleted as of 2017. An instillation of oxygen would serve to remediate the chemistry as described and also provide oxidant for greenhouse gas removal, as happened in snowball earth events in the past.

Current programs of Chemistry and Climate monitoring are generally taking the atmospheric perturbations of unchecked Asian pollution from coal and other fuels and SRM injection of salt and other aerosols in stride as not much of a hydroxyl sink in the peer reviewed literature.

Lowering the Mass of the atmosphere to Allow cooling (via cirrus removal along with ODS and GHGs). Solar radiation Management will be needed as evidenced by continuing over-budget CO2 emissions and the cooling effect from present aerosol masking.

Only a provisional estimate for how many years of hydroxyl enhancement will successfully move the CO2 alone into a safe target level is available. If 6% of CO2 is weathered out each year and this weathering can be enhanced even by 1% that would mean that a 50% of 2019 CO2 levels reduction via


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enhanced weathering could be achieved in 50 -100 years with a full global hydroxyl program running.

3.7 Precipitation Enhancement Potential When Enhancing Hydroxyl Levels

Rapid homogeneous hypersaturation from warming induced higher RH results in deluges of precipitation and describe the sudden reaching of the supersaturation point that creates droplets large orheavy enough to fall. The droplet growth pattern has been altered and some insight is found in cirrus clouds that have larger heterogeneously formed aerosol based ice nuclei fall out and leave smaller nuclei as thermal and photolytically diffractive white water vapor haze which contributes to warming. Mass and gravity, along with particle density is the main factor. Achieving the critical fallout mass for aerosol based particles and water vapor are on two different trajectories of collection mass developmentand possibly chemistry and physics. The unique physics of cirrus clouds present a separate problem.

Some AB (aerosol based) ice nuclei sit at a higher base mass until enough smaller droplets coalesce andtip the gravitational pull on it. The other particles are still working to achieve critical mass from a smaller mass starting point, therefore do not fall out at the same time. It is likely a fraction of fine aerosols of a range of sizes closer to more nascent water droplets which can be also of a lesser density. CCN are brought together in the cloud by condensed water attaching with the hydrogen ligand of OH onto the particle to more condensed water on another CCN particle, along with electrons which attract to the positive water dipole of that condensed water on the CCN.

It has been included here that about 3’C cooling from combustion related aerosols from “inadvertent geoengineering” and if intentional aerosol cooling is included, the range of its cooling ability includes bringing the planet to a snowball Earth state. A moderate program has been proposed to reduce climate injustice created by desertification and drought.

The big problem is that geoengineering does not treat for the reduction of greenhouse gases, so the concern of termination shock from a sudden cessation of the program will enable the GHG problem to dominate and create a severe warming rebound. This is generally accepted as a major risk now.

4.0 LIABILITIES

4.1 Taxation on the hydroxyl system

We know from the flux calculator shown in this paper that the total pollutant aggregate level shows thatfluxes of particulate and aerosols are going to lower available hydroxyl. Lowering available hydroxyl has occurred in urban air sheds now to tax its 8.6ppm total aggregate pollutant removal ability.


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Figure 3.5 Hydroxyl depletion moving from blue-normal, to red-depleted. The nature of aerosols is thatthey can react with more than one hydroxyl, and often do. OH also breaks up larger aerosols and VOC into smaller units, so one VOC particle can use several OH.

Figure 3.6The above graphic depicts how OH can change the geometry of a particle and also serve to weigh it down and remove it by dry deposition. It is not fully known how may OH can attach to particles, thus aquantification gap exists and may lead to problems of underestimations in climate models.

Quantifying aerosol aging in terms of how much hydroxyl is expended is not yet done and deserves to be studied in order to determine some solid estimates because the potential losses of the OH to this critical particle removal process could be staggering for health and climate if widely underestimated.

4.2 Existing Combustion Scenarios


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Figure 3.7 In (b) we see an OH attach in the center of the particulate, the protruding hydrogen can pierce the surface tension of water and make the particle become a scavengeable CCN. This is part of the reason an OH is infinitely soluble in water-its hydrogen pole can readily enter water.

Figure 3.8 IPCC. These scenarios all have different mixes of individual country emission reduction contributions, shifts to renewables, addition of carbon dioxide removal technology. Most desirable pathways include CO2 removal which is still a high risk technology bet, since the scaling up of any of the present technologies has not yet occurred. We are, according to IPCC at 2030, going to pass the deadline on the carbon budget we needed to follow to achieve a 1.5’C global warming target. In order to achieve that (virtually impossible) target, all nations will collectively have to emit CO2 at half of the present rate by 2025. The IPCC has advised the date is 2030, but given the unknown of the aerosol-hydroxyl sink, 2025 is only marginally more cautious. May 2019 IPCC climate modeling announcements advise that the climate models are predicting a 5’C warming trend, that they don’t yet know why. The particulate from combustion could be inhibiting the formation of the hydroxyl which has a cooling effect.

Wild fires are increasing and will be a staple of living with climate change and they add both GHGs pollutants and particulates which lower the quality of life and the climate quality. Quantifying this is anannual exercise as it progresses and is a call to find ways to solve the emergency.

For every degree of warming, the relative humidity of the air increases by 7% and a lot of this moistureis coming from the forest cover as trees dry out-or burn.


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Figure 3.9


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4.3 General Considerations

4.4 The Arctic

The region of ice is a logarithmically colder thermal zone, it means that the logarithm or the phase related temperature of water from liquid 100’C gas to water ice, at >=0’C to vapor at <=101’C at STP. is a type of logarithmic relationship. The Arctic cools the whole planet when ice and snow is present because of albedo and the enthalpy of ice. Losing this ice year round is now assured and when the loss of this heat sink fully occurs, the climate shift of the planet may become abrupt enough to ensure human extinction.

The loss of the polar vortex to meandering chaotic weather rivers at lower latitudes means that cooling has been substantially lost and scientists are calling for the removal of SLCPs urgently to salvage the coolness of this vital region by increasing thermal heat loss to space again. A broad dispersal method that provides the hydroxyl would be the most achievable and successful way to lower the SLCP levels because it is independent of the emitters.

As the Arctic warms, 50 GT of methane has released from the permafrost, with a total of 500 GT potentially available to release. This puts the climate in grave danger and is projected to be able to raisethe temperature up to 8’C or more. The fossil record has now revealed that sudden warming trends have occurred over the span of about a decade that are this dramatic. Methane releases are still being apportioned between natural and man made, but the overall trend is a tripling that can be influenced now only by human actions. Permafrost methane can only be mitigated by a lowering of the planetary temperature or direct oxidation, and a method to do this has not been scaled.


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4.5 Nitrous Oxide:

Figure 4.1 Flight tracks for the August 2013 campaign, where the paths represent sections of the flights that were suitable for flux calculations(aircraft flying on a straight, level path below 50 m). (Map image credit: Google Earth).

How Society can act collectively from single and multiple locations: How this affects the collective status of the climate when dealing with the hydroxyl.

It would have been good to have a database and more science on the way the UV is impacted by all of the added constituents as the air column reaches ground level. It is possible that with a 7% and growingmoisture increase, plus all of the anthropogenic constituents that the wavelength does not always reach right to the ground or successfully create as much OH as it did earlier in time. Characterizing this would give us another sense of how far into the safety margin of OH depletion we have ventured.

We could partially learn the UV depth ability from the aerosol shading effect, but this may be trickier tosort out when the planet has large regions of ozone depletion and now, stratospheric cooling, which may change even a single reaction rate in a direction that has a domino effect that we yet don’t know about.

TAC levels need to be standardized globally and research on OH and aerosol interactions, through a range of relative humidity, pressure and temperature. i.e. a mini psychrometric-dependent OH production ability chart.


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4.6 Hydroxyl activity at Nighttime

Table 4.1


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Hydroxyl production at night cannot occur without human intervention because there is no UV radiation from the Sun to form it. There are other oxidant forms which can have some 24 hour activity, and reservoir species for the hydroxyl as described below. The amounts are quantified in the table at noon and midnight, indicating daily reaction cycling.

Intentional 24-hour dispersal of hydroxyl will mean that 24 hour human activities which emit pollutantscan be remediated continually also. This is an advantage that is warranted, given the continual building-up process that humans have initiated. This process may be triggering climate feedbacks such as the irreversible warming of the Arctic which leads to methane and N2O release, which then causes further warming in a runaway cycle. We may not be able to avoid this problem in 2019, and thus need to be prepared with a new broad spectrum approach to remove GHGs from the atmosphere.

The Arctic is exhibiting accelerated warming, as well as higher altitudes, such as mountain ranges, so the cooler regions are losing their coolness, nighttime low temperatures have been on the rise for several decades. The temperature differential that helped create the polar vortex and the jet streams has broken down and is being displaced by up to 17 degrees latitude. The Arctic is producing meandering waves and fronts that are now rivers and ridges over the mid latitudes that can alternate between warm and cold, settling into temperature and climate anomalies there, in an increasingly agonal fashion. Clearly it it has been time to reverse course for several decades, but the recognition of this was not common enough until recently. Now the process of technology development and innovation will be supported and hopefully this will produce some effective solutions such as 24 hour hydroxyl remediation and enhancement.

4.7 Water Vapor Changes

Less hydroxyl means less precipitation, more means more precipitation. More OH means larger dropletsize averages across areas. This means that some latent heat is rejected to the upper troposphere from the phase change of water when condensation occurs. Figure 4.2


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Figure 4.3 The surface cooling due to precipitation (QP) remains an often overlooked feature and is notincluded in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models. One might expect that heavy precipitation events may lead to large cooling, which can impact the surface temperature, surface


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energy balance, and local- to regional-scale circulations. The maximum cooling values in the Tropics are found following the annual march of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and in the Indian Monsoon region. The mean cooling from 30°N to 30°S, for precipitating days is 1.33 W m-2, with an annual variation of 1.0 - 1.7 W m-2. Relatively higher QP values are concentrated in the Bay of Bengal and Indo-Pacific Warm Pool regions. Cooling (QP) values for above average rain can exceed 50% of the surface turbulent sensible heat close to the tropics, and. For rain values above the 95th percentile, Cooling can exceed 14 W m-2 and have the same magnitude as the turbulent sensible heat found in the convecting air parcel.

With rain, the evaporative cooling and precipitation downdrafts cause a low surface temperature and the early downslope flow onset at the surface, whereas on an upper slope, the orographic clouds reduce the outgoing longwave radiation and delay the turning from the upslope to downslope flow.

If an OH remediation can influence latent heat removal in the cloud, and surface cooling, these would be positive attributes to be fully modeled in the field where OH is being released.

4.8 Stratospheric scenarios

Stratosphere level aerosol loading proposes to reduce the frequency of any aerosol airlifting by 7 fold, as the materials can loft and remain there for longer. While this is going on, we must remember that thematerials block the 274nm UV wavelength that cleaves water and makes the OH naturally. Since OH releases at ground will likely increase the Earth’s albedo, it should be possible to lessen the planned artificial particulate load in the stratosphere, thereby ensuring that the maximum amount of OH is synthesized naturally by unblocking the UV wavelength.

4.9 Blended rogue programs of tropospheric and stratospheric Aerosol programs

Because of the missing international regulatory climate around geoengineering, rogue programs and experimentation have been occurring for seventy years.

Significant photographic depictions of a random – day criss-cross patterning of contrails, followed by very white skies known as persistent contrails are a real problem for two reasons. The material may be using up OH in the presence of moisture, if it is not, it is serving to negate normal precipitation physics by blocking contact between functional CCN and droplets (because it is generally hydrophobic -or water-repellant). Normal precipitation succeeds as a process that normally succeeds in generating rain in about 2 hours on average. (except for orographic rain forced by mountains). This steric hindrance of particles is also the cause of a significant amount of heat trapping, enough at 40% of the total aerosol cooling effect to almost make this effect reduce the overall merit of aerosol programs. This is true of most aerosols loading the atmosphere, except historically, for sulfates, which have caused cooling.

The aerosols loading at this level again also partially block the needed UV wavelength for OH production in the free troposphere. The modeling for this is that for every percent of dimming, a linear reduction of the OH production occurs. If there is 20% dimming, there is 20% reduction in the needed 274 nm UV, thus a 20% reduction in OH production. This would translate to effectively negating all


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OH that is recycled in the atmosphere daily, thus it completely removes the natural safety margin provided by OH recycling. The TAC limit would drop from 8.6ppm to 7ppm. This effectively would render a large non linear degradation of AQ as we add methane, N2O, and synthetic GHGs and SLCP.

To assuage all doubt about the impact of particulate matter, all monitoring jurisdictions and those that come online should have a particle counter with a sampling cycle of every 15 minutes, and a general database, both local and global should be developed. It can be fed into a system that counts the total aggregate constituent levels TAC around the world, which would indicate when we are beyond the 8.6 ppm safety margin of TAC and then exporting pollution. This needs to be standardized and the aerosol OH sink quantified and further characterized even though hundreds of different particles are involved by looking at the bulk effect and the indiscriminate tendency of OH to react with aerosol.

Table 4.1 The persistent aerosols from contrails may be demonstrating to us that the tipping point for the hydroxyl has been exceeded. The place to look is at the constituent content & character of the jet fuels. The entrainment of the following jet fuel constituents leads to hydroxyl loading beyond the CO produced, to what extent is not yet characterized and quantified.


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Table 4.2

4.9.1 Short Lived Climate Pollutant Levels, T AC Levels and Hydroxyl Remediation

SLCPs include industrial solvents that are increasing as the developing world increases its industrial capacity, and since these nations have been advising that they are going to “peak” their emissions in thenext 15 years-or take even longer- to raise their standard of living, we have to be prepared for the consequences.

One of these consequences is that the SLCP vector will weaken the hydroxyl production system as yet another increased hydroxyl sink. The hydroxyl ends up being called “mother nature’s silver bullet, nature’s smog eater, the atmospheric detergent” and it is all of these things combined.

It is accurate to say that everything floating in the atmosphere is somehow a sink of hydroxyl except forNitrogen, N2 and Oxygen, O2. It is at this level that we must globalize our approach to the air, and uponrealizing that the atmosphere is a limited container, and the hydroxyl state unifies our direct collective experience of air quality and climate.


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4.9.2 The Drought Projections and the Hydroxyl situation: The Double Desiccation Problem


50

Figures 4.3-4.7 This group of projections shows a globe that has enough increased thermal radiation at the tropic region where the atmosphere is thickest to exhibit “moisture rejection”. At the global level


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we call these drought areas.

Hydroxyl cannot be made naturally without moisture so drought areas are not self cleaning areas by nature. When smoke from fires sets in this can be very problematic for lung bearing species as dangerous particulate levels can persist and erode health. The double desiccation problem, first heat rejection of moisture, then aerosol persistence with full OH depletion leading to a tertiary blocking of moisture through long term insolubility of aerosols is a problem that only OH and water can solve. These are both lacking in the deserts.

4.9.3 Position of the Solar System

There is no known effect on the Sun from the solar system position in the spiral galaxy arm except some credible measurements that show that that regions of space differ in temperature, and the solar system moves through these areas regularly.

Figure 4.8

4.9.4 Space weather

Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) are the slowly varying, highly energetic background source of energetic particles that constantly bombard Earth. GCR originate outside the solar system and are likely formed by explosive events such as supernova. These highly energetic particles consist of essentially every element ranging from hydrogen, accounting for approximately 89% of the GCR spectrum, to uranium, which is found in trace amounts only.

These nuclei are fully ionized, meaning all electrons have been stripped from these atoms. Because of


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this, these particles interact with and are influenced by magnetic fields. The strong magnetic fields of the Sun modulate the GCR flux and spectrum at Earth. The Sun’s magnetic field normally deflects GCR and when the GCR is allowed in by a solar minimum, they initiate the formation of CCN and increased cloudiness, which leads to cooling. Presently the grand solar minimum is only negligibly affecting the climate at around 0.4’C cooling, because of the unprecedented CO2 and methane levels which cause radiative forcing that overrides it.

This underscores the need to reduce greenhouse gases as directly as possible while aerosols are also interfering with the natural system.

We can conclude that the solar activity are rapidly inclined downward from about 30 years ago and willcontinue for the next 50 years. Solar activities have had notable effect on paleoclimatic changes. The surface warming and the solar cycle in times of high solar activity are on average 0.2°C warmer than times of low solar activity. Prevalent warming caused by building-up of GHGs in the troposphere seems now to exceed this cooling solar effect.

Figure 4.9 Solar minimum with recent cycles in green. The Earth is headed into a solar minimum called the Dalton Minimum. Even with this event, the Climate is expected to warm by at least 2’C.

5.0 TECHNOLOGY

5.1 Beneficial Sunrise Technologies

Ionized water, corona discharge systems, clean advanced oxidation technologies, alternative energy sources like fusion, advanced cycling fission, solar, wind, cultural emphasis & communication on conservation, biomass reliance, quantum field energy devices, cradle to cradle consumer products, up cycling and recycling, recycling, materials planning, biodiversity conservation and enhancement


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through re-wilding, population planning, leapfrogging of technology advances. Space colonization planning is the biggest lesson in Conservation and Resource Planning- and humanity can use it here and now on Earth.

-Ionic membrane smog tower- treats AQ but not a total GHG solution, removes carbon black

-Solar Chimneys-not a total AQ solution as it leaves some GHGs and side reactions

-Titanium Oxide Road & Building coatings-inconsistent, not a total AQ solution and has side reactions

-UV lamps- most expensive & air sucking strategy a weakness

-Ceramic membrane-total GHG AQ emission strategy a strength

5.2 The Atmosphere as a single Unit: Emissions and how to define them in the Context of the Hydroxyl

The hydroxyl persists until it reacts or attaches to a particle. Virtually everything in the air except for nitrogen and oxygen gas interacts with the hydroxyl.

The best thinking in terms of the hydroxyl radical today is to treat the atmosphere as a single unit which can be improved from any location on the planet by adding more hydroxyl. The ultimate goal is to clear away particulates and GHGs so that LWR can leave the surface and not be trapped by these constituents to cause warming on its way out of the atmosphere to space. This is the physics that humanactivities, mainly combustion, have altered and we need to reverse course and reinstate as much cooling by atmospheric thermal venting as possible.

To reinstate cooling, floating atmospheric masses which block heat escape of every kind must be reduced, this means both emission reduction and removal.

The stopgap that is holding some cooling in place as a mass in the atmosphere is aerosols but this will not create a long term solution. We must begin removing greenhouse gases as soon as possible. The less effluent there is in the atmosphere, the more CO2 can be rained out by enhanced weathering in the cloud water buffering system. CO2 removal is now a centuries-long proposition. Accessing atmosphericCO2 when it makes up 415 ppm is very technically and economically challenging, but the sooner it is done, the better for life on Earth.

Hydroxyl dispersal is a better method economically and technically than sucking the atmosphere into air cleaning devices which will have to be done for a significant portion of the CO2 remediation. Hydroxyl persists in the environment until it reacts with a pollutant and the majority of pollutants that exist are climate pollutants.

Humans have recently realized that the atmosphere is in fact a single infrastructure-and- that it is a limited containment system that has self regulating functions that can and have been damaged. The steward molecule of the atmosphere is the hydroxyl. It has historically ensured that mass was regularly


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removed from the atmosphere so that the hydrological cycle which included a limited cryosphere near the poles and at higher elevations was storing fresh water and providing cooling in the form of snow and ice. Over 70% of this cryosphere is now missing in 2019. It is time to act with the added production of the mass-removing hydroxyl to get at the root cause of global warming and accelerated climate change on a global scale. If we don’t act now, we could all be facing death instead of the worldwide food and water shortages 40% of people already face.

All air pollution at all scales produces material that can be exported around the planet and we have nowseen that it does indeed add up to a real overloading of this container. Since we already look after roads, water, and sewer as infrastructure, we can add air quality and climate to this to attempt to ensure a reliable atmosphere in the future, which can provide cooling through heat venting and subsequent to that a healthy cryosphere again.

With OH both air quality and climate are tied together because it reacts indiscriminately throughout theair column and this property will serve human health on both of these very key fronts.


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5.3 Discussion of Practical GHG Offsetting With the Hydroxyl

When ODS/SGHGs/CH4 gases are targeted by an initiative are removed from existence, based on the destruction efficiency determined in this protocol, must be reported within 12 months.


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Table 5.1 shows GWP reduction in CO2 equivalents, the Outputs are multiplied by the Net GWP reduction to obtain the 100% reacted CO2 offsets that are achieved. Table 5.2 below shows mass balance based outputs in CO2 e showing the value of oxidizing these gases.


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Table (5.3) tow pages down provides the tabulation example of the mass of Oxide radicals in pure formrequired from the identified technology to oxidize (via *OH radicals). This example shows the route to identifying the value of the oxidant per mass unit at a theoretical 50% reaction efficiency and $20 per CO2 e offset. Thus a developing carbon market will enable this remediation.


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Table 5.3 The proposed destruction efficiency for the OH release protocol is 50% and can be reflected accordingly in equations 1-7 above.

6.0 CONCLUSIONS

2.2% of water is frozen or vapor, or as freshwater. 0.3% is liquid. 2% on average or 1.1 trillion gallons.(11 trillion pounds or 50 billion Tonnes of water a day) with a fraction of it forming into OH. We need to protect this function now.

Gross global measurement approaches have merged for scientists, and need to be mainstreamed in culture. The new entrepreneurial and industrial sustainability limits are now necessary to preserve the OH system.

Peaking emissions in developing nations must quickly translate into modest averaged net zero emissions for everyone, with strong signals that business ventures that use resources must source goodsfrom recycled and upcycled materials, and re-enter a circular economy or be forced to fail before they cause any unsustainable environmental damage, which they easily can do. Humanity is albeit unconsciously, undergoing a selection process in favor of technologies which are harmonious to clean


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air, water and food, in short, fully sustainable, with advanced communication and scientific technologies which enable these as the priority. All advanced technology must undergo fully enshrined life cycle scrutiny. Computer technology, chemistry, biotechnology, agriculture, medicine, and travel allmust undergo major revisions to the following standards: net zero CO2 sustainability.

A full cycle or infinite cycle envisioning process must be the standard for every entrepreneur. They must be able to elaborate and describe the fate of all materials they propose to incorporate into consumer products, from start to finish. This is a standard that space colonies must use and we need this standard for Earth first. It is overdue by 120 years, but we did not have the physics and computing power until about 70 years ago.

If the hydroxyl can assist the Earth’s buffering capacity in the clouds by around 1% per year, we can reverse the CO2 loading in 120-250 years, depending on the emissions compliance and cultural changesthat are made as well as the renewable energy changes and advances. The other question that must be answered is did we ensure our survival in time. Each of these areas must be held to strict resource and materials teachings that require changes in our grade school and upwards educational systems. The traditional education system that produced the offending high emitter societies has almost utterly failed the species.

The incorporation of sustainable regenerative horticultural technologies and traditions must be heightened and reaffirmed. Biological and genetic sciences, geochemistry, biochemistry and all other natural sciences need to be fully aligned with our new innovation culture, and must reflect a potent stewardship of our biological diversity and heritage as we remediate the geochemistry of the planetary system. We must attempt to preserve every bit of biological heritage, knowledge and information as wehave gained the ability to break biology down into plug-and-play segments and subject them to our will. The integrity of of species as well as the separate species are now at stake. We yet do not understand the biorhythms, adaptive intelligence, immunity complexes, and the interplay of them in thebiological world enough to discard the templates which underlie all of the species which live and interact together. To conserve ourselves as climate damages bear down on us from several angles at the same time means that we must embrace detoxification, simplification, slowed and halted growth economics, so that we can incorporate the safest and best wisdom of conservation, ecology, and really examine our economic system, which is characterized often by a manic disregard for the environment.

Emissions and leftover materials from production must be re-analyzed as a part of our culture. All initiatives must be thoughtful and for the public good because the customer IS the public. Free enterprise is the effort of creative thinking that is vetted by a new set of standards which cannot be private-they must be socially enshrined. What we value will be wisdom in resource re-utilization that isdone fully in advance, even as our solid waste dumps and injection wells grow and hide all kinds of chemical secrets to be tackled as unfortunate future challenges if necessary. Right now our atmosphere is the “super fund site” that is demanding that it be treated as a necessary infrastructure requiring its own stewardship and care on a global scale.

With all of the pollution emission vectors that are still in play on the planet, it would seem that a separate technology infrastructure that can deal with them independently of the polluters is now fully


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warranted if we are to ensure our survival.

The human element of greed-the desire for a dominant level of wealth beyond what is necessary for comfort and security, hidden by the veil of private enterprise must be seen for what it really is- a dangerous criminal’s loophole.

The projections for water and food shortages, 40% of the world will experience both, climate refugees are 1 in 8, Western children today must emit 8 times less carbon than their predecessors.

Annual Statistics/100,000 people

COPD/100,000 Canadian Government 1.,137

Asthma/100,000 Canadian Government 9,604

AQ Deaths WHO 50

AQ Disability WHO 52

All Cause mortality Lancet 301

TOTAL PER 100,000 23,094

Breaking the “Living With Aerosols or Drought” Deadlock Must be Done

Aerosols are highly problematic because they interfere with precipitation physics, reducing rainfall averages, creating drought, which then increases aerosol loading because the hydroxyl levels are reduced when the relative humidity is low and it cannot be made with UV light.

While aerosols block out shortwave radiation and trap long wave radiation, advisers are informing policymakers to allow some combustion to remain active so that the “masking effect cooling” that is happening can be continued. The problem is that this does nothing to get to the root cause of global warming, the GHGs, and we must do this as soon as possible because it resolves the science policy advice deadlock created by only modest aerosol cooling. Aerosol induced desiccation leading to permanent drought, which leads back to dangerous aerosols loading in a feedback loop by exporting theaerosols outward as a growing phenomenon must be averted as soon as possible.


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The Hydroxyl Dose Needed for Global Remediation of All GHGs

Figure 6.1 The hydroxyl dose in Tonnes needed to clean up pollution while removing an extra 0.1-1% of CO2 by buffering and other GHGs in Tonnes over 20 years is 163 MT. Reducing emissions by lowered production with direct removal is the only reliably safe approach that does not have all of the noted consequences around drought.

In 2018 the IPCC estimated that 40GT annually of CO2 must be removed to deal with the expected CO2

trajectory with removal technology that is just scaling up-or invented in 2019. If a hydroxyl dispersion infrastructure is applied and operated for 100 years, possibly combined with urgent hydrogen peroxide dispersal, the CO2 problem could potentially substantively be dealt with.

This dissertation outlines the approach that uses hydroxyl enhancement, because OH is a safe universal “kryptonite” for both global warming and pollution, and has no feedback loop threats, is natural, it is the soundest choice we have along with direct air capture of CO2 and emission reduction. It is the only auxiliary remediation which can mitigate for the “termination shock” from inadvertent and intentional geoengineering by removing mass and allowing heat to escape.

Hydroxyl released in enough quantity will have an additive cooling effect of about 2.1’C, according to peer reviewed projections. The expected cooling will be more if humanity has triggered the worst-case release of Arctic methane and nitrous oxide, but it remains to be seen how much leakage is triggered. Ifparticulate and aerosols dampen natural OH production, and are a direct sink as well, hydroxyl mitigation is again justified. In the meantime, we need to build the zero emissions power supply to


145,454,545.41

8,370,000.00730,000.00 8,370,000.00

Dose for GHG, Methane Release, Pollutants

20% of CO2 Over 20 Years

Oxide Dose 1% CO2

CH4 Reversal

SGHGs

ABC VOC PM

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operate hydroxyl dispersal systems and begin removing pollution before it’s too late, it is indeed already well into the Sixth Mass Extinction that an influential segment of humanity caused and now all of humanity must mitigate out of sheer necessity even while aggressively reducing its GHG production and planting trees.

Levels of Climate Emergency

Level I: Average warming above 1’C with CO2 levels above 350 ppm, and Polar temperature amplification with loss of the normal jet stream.

Level II: 30mm Sea level rise, 25% increased flood fire and drought, with initial crop failure and 1 in 20 people as climate refugees.

Level III: 30CM Sea level rise, over 30% increased flood fire and drought with 1 in 9 climate refugees.


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