INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATIONFACESHEET

Activity/Project Title : : Transition Objective (TO) 2: Improved service delivery PROGRAM AREA:

Solicitation #:[As assigned by contracting office]

Contract/Award Number (if known): TBDGeographic Location :Originating Bureau: Africa Bureau

Supplemental IEE: Yes NoAmendment: Yes NoProgrammatic IEE: Yes No

DCN and date of Original document: 2018-SOM-001DCN and ECD link(s) of Amendment(s):

Amendment No.:Funding Amount: 118 Million Life of Project Amount: 5 yearsImplementation Start/End: FY2017 to FY 2022Prepared By: David KinyuaIEE Submitted by: David Kinyua Date Submitted: January 8, 2018

Expiration Date: October 1, 2022 Reporting due dates (if any):Environmental Media and/or Human Health Potentially Impacted (check all that apply):None Air Water Land Biodiversity Human Health OtherRecommended Threshold Determination(check all that apply):

Negative Determination with conditions

Categorical Exclusion

Positive Determination Deferral ExemptionUSG Domestic NEPA action

Additional Elements Conditions EMMP WQAP Pesticides Deferred Other: ESF/ERR

DCA

Climate Change:GCC/Adaptation GCC/Mitigation Climate Change Vulnerability Analysis (included)

Adaptation/Mitigation Measures: N/A

Other Relevant Environmental Compliance Documentation:IEE file# Somalia_Education-2016-03-17.pdfUSAID’s Sector Environmental Guidelines (SEG) “Health Care Waste” http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/healthcareWaste.htmUSAID’s Sector Environmental Guidelines for Small rural and mobile clinics http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/healthcareFacilities.htmUSAID’s Sector Environmental Guidelines on Water and Sanitation http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/SectorGuidelines/Wat%20San%20Guideline%20Final_w_GCC_Addition__May11.pdf. ProjectUSAID Environmental Review Form:

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http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/ComplianceForms/AFR/AFR-EnvReviewForm-20Dec2010.doc

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS:

Scope: This IEE addresses the full range of activities anticipated under the USAID Somalia Field Office‘s Transition Objective (TO) 2: Improved Service Delivery. It applies to all activities under TO 2implemented under USAID/Somalia’s FY 2016-2019 Strategic Framework for Somalia: Strengthening the Foundations for a More Stable, Democratic, and Prosperous Somalia and the November 7, 2017 USAID/Somalia Project Appraisal Document (PAD): Transition Objective (TO) 2: Improved Service Delivery. This IEE replaces and supersedes the Mission’s previous social services (Education and Health)-related IEEs; except ongoing activities operating an approved environmental mitigation and monitoring plan (EMMP) may continue operating under that EMMP. For purposes of environmental review and compliance, interventions in the TO 2 portfolio are organized into the following sub-TOs “Increased Access to Basic Services” and “Improved Quality of Service Delivery.”

Recommended Determinations are summarized below:Intervention Category Categorical

Exclusion(s)Negative

Determination(s) with Conditions

Positive Determination(s)

Access to education for out-of-school children and youth increased X X

_

Quality of education service delivery improved X _ _

Access and quality of maternal child health services improved X _ _

Government capacity to provide education services enhanced X _ _

General Implementation and Monitoring Conditions

Any grants or fund transfers from organizations receiving USAID funds to other organizations must incorporate provisions that activities undertaken will be within the envelope of the environmental determinations and recommendations of this IEE. If activities fall outside the envelope, an amended IEE will need to be prepared to cover these activities.

In addition to the specific conditions enumerated in Section 3, the negative determinations recommended in this IEE are contingent on full implementation of a set of general monitoring and implementation requirements specified in Section 4 of the IEE. These require:

(1) Implementer Partner (IP) Briefings on Environmental Compliance Responsibilities; (2) Development of environmental mitigation and monitoring plans (EMMPs); (3) Integration and implementation of EMMPs in work-plans and budgets; (4) Integration of compliance responsibilities in prime and sub-contracts and grant agreements;

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(5) Assurance of sub-grantee and sub-contractor capacity and compliance; (6) 22 CFR 216 documentation coverage for new or modified activities; and (8) compliance with host country requirements.

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COVER SHEETINITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

PROGRAM/ACTIVITY DATA:

Country/Region: USAID Kenya and East Africa/Somalia/East Africa

Project/Program Title:

Functional Objective 2: Improved Service Delivery

1.0 Background and Program Description

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF IEE

This IEE reviews the activities implemented under USAID/KEA/ Somalia Field Office Transition Objective (TO) 2: Improved service delivery. As with all IEEs, and in accordance with 22 CFR 216, it reviews the reasonably foreseeable effects of each activity on the environment. On this basis, this IEE recommends threshold Decisions for these activities. In addition, this IEE sets out project-level

implementation procedures intended to assure that any conditions in this IEE, as amended, are translated into project-specific mitigation measures, and to assure systematic compliance with this IEE during project and program implementation. These procedures are themselves a general condition of approval for the IEE, and their implementation is therefore mandatory. This IEE is a critical element of a mandatory environmental review and compliance process meant to achieve environmentally sound activity design and implementation.

1.2 PROGRAM BACKGROUND (CONTEXT & JUSTIFICATION)

Somalia has experienced a persistent complex emergency since 1991 due to widespread violence, food insecurity and recurring droughts and floods. After the collapse of the Somali Government in 1991, the country’s education system ground to a halt. Schools and universities were severely damaged and some completely destroyed forcing closures of education facilities over two decades, particularly in the south and central parts of the country. Education infrastructure was often the primary target, including the deliberate destruction of schools, university lecture halls, libraries and laboratories, sometimes complemented by the targeting of the educated cadre among the warring factions. Educational access was restricted, as schooling was possible mainly for those with connections to those in power. Formal school enrollment plummeted to 9.5 percent, and students, teachers, and parents lost confidence and trust in education institutions to deliver a quality education. The country’s literacy rate fell from 55 percent in the mid-1970s to 24 percent in 1990.

Today’s Somalia is a highly fractured geographic area across 18 administrative regions within five Federal Member States (FMS) including semi-autonomous Puntland Administration (“Puntland”), South West Administration (“South West”), Jubaland Administration (“Jubaland”), Galmudug Administration (“Galmudug”), and Hirshabelle Administration (“Hirshabelle”); the self-declared Independent Republic of Somaliland (“Somaliland”) and Banadir Regional Authority (BRA) which includes Mogadishu. This geographic scope and diversity makes education planning and implementation highly inefficient.

Somalia hosts one of the world’s most significant out-of-school populations. Forty percent of the total 12.3 million Somali population, roughly 4.9 million, are school-aged. Of the 4.9 million children who should be in

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school, enrollment in school is staggeringly low–3 million children are out-of-school. Across Somalia, three out of ten children have access to school.

Assessments suggest that even for those children who are in school, they are not actually learning. In an Early Grade Reading Assessment conducted in a limited sample of schools around Mogadishu testing students in Grades 2 through 4, when Grade 2 students were asked to read a passage, nearly half of students (47 percent) in Grade 2 could not identify a single word. This reduced to one quarter of students in Grade 3 and 11 percent of children in Grade 4. The poor quality of education is also evident in high student dropout rates, especially between Grade 1 and 2. In south and central Somalia, roughly one-third of children leave school before Grade 5.

Poverty is the overarching barrier to schooling, which is compounded by: limited access to schools and recurrent climatic factors that result in periodic displacement, financial cost of schooling, opportunity costs, being overage, and insecurity.

All children and youth in Somalia–host community, internally displaced persons (IDPs) and/or returnees–have the right to go to school, stay in school and learn. For Somalia, education has the potential to reduce tensions and build social cohesion; to break down the fractures between communities and clans; and, to create opportunities for positive social interactions between refugees, displaced and host communities through joint activities.

Recognizing the severity and magnitude of the challenges that prevent children and youth from obtaining a quality education in Somalia, the donor, international non-governmental organization (INGO) and non-governmental organization (NGO) community, in collaboration with federal and FMS education authorities, instituted accelerated education programming (AEP). AEP is primarily implemented and funded through INGOs, NGOs and donors, and part of the non-formal education system. AEP aims to reintegrate and fast-track over-aged out-of-school children by enabling them to complete the first two cycles of basic education (grades 1-6) in a compressed fashion.  

AEP is consistent with the vision and mission stated in the country’s national education priorities. The Somali National Development Plan (NDP), the first of its kind to be crafted by the central government of Somalia since 1986, covers the fiscal period 2017-2019, and puts forth a bold vision and mission for “social and human development” as it relates to the education sector. The vision for education is to “[b]uild an adequate, well-educated, better skilled and competent workforce that contributes to the economic and human development of the nation.” Illustrative targets include increasing gross enrollment, reducing school dropouts and increasing the number of teachers with appropriate competencies. The NDP emphasizes access, equity, and quality education. It recognizes that access continues to be a challenge, despite an increase in enrollment, and spending on education has not produced learning.

Through USAID/Somalia’s new flagship education activity, USAID seeks to expand the supply of data-driven, evidence-based alternative education programming in target regions, to increase enrollment in these high-performing AEP sites, improve their safety, monitor acquisition of literacy, numeracy and socio-emotional skills amongst the learners who enroll in them, and enhance the Federal, Federal Member States (FMSs)’ and local MoE capacity to regulate them. The Contractor’s work under this award will both significantly increase the number of out-of-school children and youth who have access to basic education for the first time, ensure they are learning foundational literacy, numeracy and social -emotional skills, and will support all learners enrolled in AEPs to progress towards achieving level-specific learning standards in reading, numeracy, and socio-emotional skills developed under this activity. Achieving these top-line results

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will likely require a number of innovative interventions across the domains of access, safety, quality, and policy development.

To maximize the impact of limited material child health funding, a new activity will leverage existing donor efforts and align with Somali Health Policy and the Essential Package of Health Services (EPHS) Framework to increase access and coverage of maternal, child and health services through regional health centers and maternal child health centers and increase informed demand for these services. In Somaliland, where the private health sector is accessed by more than 60 percent of the population, there is an entry point to introduce essential package of health through social franchising. Health activities will initially be implemented in three regions across Somalia, including: two districts in Sahil region of Somaliland; five districts in the Karkaar region of Puntland; and three districts in Gedo region in Jubaland. Expected overall outcomes include improved capacity of the Regional Health Centers and Maternal Child Health Centers in targeted areas to provide an essential package of services to vulnerable women and children.

1.3 USAID/KEA/SOMALIA CURRENT TO 2 PROJECTS & MECHANISMS

USAID Somalia education portfolio

Activities under this new education project will complement ongoing USAID supported education activities in Somalia building on significant results achieved to improve access to equitable and quality education for traditionally excluded and underserved children and youth, and in system strengthening.

Alternative Basic Education for Pastoralists (2015 – 2019) covered under a current IEE file# Somalia_Education-2016-03-17.pdf

Alternative Basic Education (ABE) for pastoralists expands the provision of education services and improves development and stability for pastoralists and other marginalized children and youth in Jubaland South West targeting children and youth aged 6-14 years who have been disconnected from school for significant periods of time or have never been to school.

Interventions comprising the USAID/KEA/ Somalia Field Office TO2 portfolio can be broadly categorized into four sub-TOs: ● Access to Education Services Increased● Quality of Education Service Delivery Improved● Government Capacity to Provide Education Service Enhanced● Access to and Quality of Maternal and Child Health Services Improved

Each intervention category has a number of entailed activities/interventions; these are set out below. ,

The USAID/KEA SOMALIA Project Appraisal Document for Transition Objective Two: Improved Service Delivery (“TO 2 PAD”) identifies six (6) outputs. The sub-purposes, and the activities within each out-put, align well with the intervention categories established for this IEE, as shown below.

Sub-TO 2.1: Access to Education Services IncreasedOutput 2.1.1: Number of Learners Increased

Expected Results under this IR include:

● Existing or new alternative education sites operationalized with USAID support.6

● Teachers selected and trained.● Improved safety of AEP learning environment.

Output 2.1.2: Accelerated Education Framework Harmonized

Expected Results under this IR include: Accelerated core curriculum harmonized. AEP models mapped, “tested” and validated. Leveled examinations for specific grade equivalency identified and validated. Policies related to accreditation of education sites; student eligibility for AEPs; and student and

teacher certification policies (after completion of cycle) created and socialized. Students that receive accelerated education services are eligible to pursue several different

pathways, including formal school, TVET, or employment.

Sub-TO 2.2: Quality of Education Service Delivery Improved

Output 2.2.1: Student Learning Improved

Expected Results under this IR include: Adaption, development and distribution of quality teaching and learning materials. Teachers trained on evidence-based teacher instruction and principles of accelerated learning. Learners’ levels of reading and numeracy are assessed. Reading and numeracy scores improved. Community Education Committees (CECs)’ capacity to oversee and manage strengthened.

Sub-TO 2.3: Government Capacity to Provide Education Services Enhanced

Output 2.3.1 Monitoring and Supervision Capacity Strengthened

Output 2.3.1 Expected Results:● MoEs’ collection, understanding and utilization of education data improved.● Coaching support to teachers instituted.● Knowledge and skill transfer to MoEs in areas defined by human and institutional capacity

assessment.● Areas of private education oversight and collaboration identified.● Use of innovative technology and public-partnerships to improve efficiency and efficiency of

delivery systems.

Sub-TO 2.4: Improved Access and Quality to Maternal and Child Health Services

Output 2.4.1: Coverage of Maternal and Child Health Services Expanded

Output 2.4.1 Expected Results: ● Routine immunizations to children under five increased.● Provision of antenatal care and emergency obstetric and neonatal care services and provision of

emergency and basic nutrition services to children under five in targeted areas. ● Increased awareness along protocols related to maternal and children health.● Community awareness on maternal and child health enhanced and leading to behavioral changes.

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Output 2.4.2: Coordination and Planning Across Health Sector Improved

Output 2.4.2 Expected Results:● Health Operational plans for FGS, Jubaland, South West, Galmudug, Hirshabelle, Puntland and

Somaliland Ministries of Health, outlining activities and targets for each of the nine strategic objectives, improved.

● Enhance coordination, alignment and harmonization of sector programs against HSSPII operational plans supported.

The activities in the TO 2 portfolio will be implemented through a number of ongoing mechanisms and new individual projects, as shown in the table below.

Program Implementing Partner

Scope

Alternative Basic Education for Pastoralists

UNICEF ABE supports Sub-TO 2.1 to ultimately lead to Output 2.1.1: “Number of Learners Increased.” It began in September 2015 and will end in September 2020.

The purpose of this program is to improve access to equitable, quality education for pastoralists and other marginalized out-of-school children in targeted communities in Jubaland and South West. The program will directly benefit 21,000 children through alternative basic education approaches, and will support the FGS in developing a robust Strategy for Non-Formal Education (NFE) on the evidence gathered through this initiative.

In FY17, due to the current drought, in addition to the current 35 communities in four districts in Gedo region served, this activity expanded to additional communities in Gedo region, and neighboring regions of Bay and Bakool, where students and communities have been particularly affected by the drought, at “crisis” and “emergency” levels, respectively.

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2.0 Country and Environmental Information (Baseline Information)2.1 Locations Affected

Somalia’s population is estimated at 12.3 million with an annual growth rate of 2.9 percent. About 49 percent of the population still lives in rural areas, and about 46 percent of the employed persons are working in agriculture (25 percent in crops cultivation, 9 percent in herding, 4 percent in fishing, and 7 percent in other related activities). According to the May 2017 World Bank report on Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture, livestock and crop sectors remain the main sources of economic activity, employment, and exports for Somalia. The precise extent of agriculture’s contribution to Somalia’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is unknown because of the lack of reliable estimates. Historically, the sector represented about 60 percent of the country’s GDP and its share could have risen. In the first half of the 2010s, agricultural exports represented 93 percent of the country’s total exports (compared to about 95 percent in pre-war Somalia). Around 26 percent of the population is classified as nomadic, according to the most recent population estimates (UNFPA 2014) census, but many more living in both rural and urban areas derive major parts of their livelihoods from the livestock sector, possibly around or even over 65 percent according to the FAO.

In the early 2010s, the livestock sector accounted for around 78 percent of total exports though these have been occasionally interrupted by droughts and international export bans in the last three decades (FSNAU 2015). Agropastoralists, about 23 percent of the population, depend on both settled crop production and livestock rearing (or only the former), are also mostly poor, and live mostly along or in between the two major rivers in south and central Somalia, but also in a few other parts of the southern and north-western regions with underground water and high annual precipitation. The Natural Resources Assessment in Somalia identified the key environmental challenges as land degradation, inadequate access to safe water and urban waste and pollution. These issues emerged as the most pressing environmental issues in Somalia today because of their negative impact on the quality and quantity of goods and services derived from Somalia’s natural-resource base and the resultant decline in livelihoods and wellbeing.

Somaliland and Puntland are more vulnerable to physical degradation as the northern part of Somalia is tilted towards the Gulf of Aden, exacerbating the impact of physical processes associated with land degradation. As the land surface is largely bare or has minimum ground cover, rainfall—particularly the Guu rains (long rains)—removes the top soil, which then washes into the sea. Where the rains are of higher intensity, the lack of natural water breaks (including vegetative ground cover) can increase the intensity of floods. In northern Somalia, wind erosion becomes the predominant cause of land degradation during the dry seasons. Soil loss due to wind erosion is common along the coastline and south-western areas of Gedo region. Average wind speeds in Somalia reach 0.2 to 8.5m/sec and tend to vary per year and between seasons. Hargeisa has the highest recorded average of 17m/sec in the months of June and July; in the South (past Lower Juba) average wind speed is 8-10 m/sec. High wind speed coupled with the lack of vegetation cover to serve as windbreaks mean dust devils commonly transport tons of topsoil, further accelerating the degradation of fragile arid ecosystems.

Physical degradation removes the topsoil, which reduces the available forage, affecting the diet of livestock (sheep, goats and camels). Respondents noted the loss in land cover due to both physical and biological degradation is so extreme that is has resulted in dietary changes for camels, which are normally browsers but have been forced to graze. Biological land degradation in this context refers to loss of vegetation and diversity of plant species. Biological degradation accounts for 37.89% of the damage caused by land degradation (30% for Somaliland). The annual rate of deforestation for Somalia (1%) is three times that of neighboring Kenya (0.3%) and almost twice the average rate of loss for Africa (0.62%). Shifting cultivation has contributed to biological land degradation, particularly in the South. With the region experiencing

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prolonged conflict and rapid environmental degradation, communities practice transhumant migration as a coping strategy.

This has exacerbated the rate of land conversion; migrants clear forested areas for cultivation only to abandon them as they flee conflict. This constant displacement of persons has weakened any ties communities may feel to the land, reducing incentives towards sustainable land management. Extreme changes in landscapes such as those caused by overgrazing and deforestation are also ideal conditions for the spread of hardier, invasive species such as prosopis. The spread of invasive species has been linked to the decline in palatable grass species in grazing areas. Indiscriminate charcoal harvesting is currently the single largest contributor to environmental degradation in southern Somalia.

Land degradation (both physical and biological) has a direct impact on food security and livelihoods. Land carrying capacity has declined as a direct result of degradation. Respondents in all regions visited linked the declining productivity of the land to a narrowing of livelihood options available to rural populations.In the last 20 years, beaches within urban areas have been degraded as they became repositories for waste and extraction sites for the construction industry.

2.2 National Environmental Policies and Procedures of Somalia both for environmental assessment

At the federal level, the Ministry of Natural Resources drafted a National Environmental Policy in 2013 that covers seven sectors. Again, in addition to the key environmental threats identified by this assessment, the policy also covers marine and mineral resources. The policy also covers cross-sectoral issues that include gender; poverty and climate change. The policy document is yet to be enacted but provides a framework for sustainable management of the country’s natural resources. The real challenge will be in implementing the policy approaches outlined in the document, given the political and resource limitations of the Federal Government of Somalia.

Systems for environmental governance in Somalia exist along two lines: the traditional, communal systems (Xeer) and the government structures that have their roots in the colonial and pre-war legislation. The line between the two sometimes blurs as postwar structures lean heavily on the Xeer and the clan system of governance. This is very much the case when it comes to natural resources management. The demarcation of land in northern Somalia (Puntland and Somaliland) suggests that approximately 50% of all land is permanent pasture, which is governed by customary law. For Somalia as a whole, 46 to 56% of the country’s land area is permanent pasture. About 14% is classified as forest and approximately 13% is suitable for cultivation. Historically, land has always been a common asset governed by customary law. The Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) and the Governments of Somaliland and Puntland have since developed structures and policies to address the damage caused by unsustainable exploitation of natural resources.

Unfortunately, gaps in reach and capacity have reduced their effectiveness, leaving grassroots natural resource management to individual communities with grave consequences for the resilience of ecosystems and the quality of services they provide to rural communities. Somalia and international donors are engaging through the New Deal framework, which presents many new opportunities for engaging government officials, civil society, and citizens in establishing a strong and legitimate FGS.

Since the formation of the new government in September 2012, incremental progress toward democratic governance in south and central Somalia has been made. Water statistics for Somalia indicate that only 30% of the total population has access to an improved water supply. Watering facilities are in poor conditions in all regions, which compounds the problem of natural water scarcity in a mostly semiarid country like

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Somalia. In the central and northern rangelands, which receive little rainfall and have rare permanent springs, water scarcity is one of the main sources of conflict between nomadic pastoralists and agropastoralists. Water supply for household use, for livestock, and for small-scale irrigation for crops all depends mainly on groundwater and related infrastructures, which are still very limited and inadequate to meet the needs, though functional and gradually expanding in the northern regions. Many shallow wells, unprotected from the elements, are also vulnerable to microbiological and other contamination. Somalia’s first national regulatory framework for water was drafted in 1986, but the National Water Resources Law was never endorsed by parliament and was replaced in 1990 with a draft Water Law. The Government collapsed before this was enacted. The country remained without a regulatory framework for water until 2004, when Somaliland and Puntland enacted their own regional Water Acts. Both acts drew from customary natural resource management and usage systems. Somaliland redrafted its National Water Act in 2008 and the revised document provides the legal framework for development of water supply in the region outlines the responsibilities of stakeholders in the water sector and defines modalities for service delivery including PPPs.

In Somaliland, the responsibility for land administration is divided between different ministries and levels of government. Overlapping mandates, poor communication, weak human and financial capacity and endemic corruption undermine the effectiveness of government structures. This has had a negative effect on the implementation of government regulations and guidelines. The Somaliland government recently revised its National Policy on the Environment and its Food Security and Water policies to address the legislative gaps in sustainable resource management. The former covers the key environmental threats discussed in this report as well as the additional problems of air quality and climate change, marine resource management, urban slum development and human resettlement. In Puntland, the government has specific regulations in place for the management of rangelands. The FGS is also drafting a new Environmental Policy.

The Federal Government has made some gains in reestablishing legal frameworks for land management, but this is restricted to Mogadishu and its environs Land management in the rural areas is completely under regulated, with charcoaling and conflict-related migration functioning as the driving forces for land use change in the region.

Somalia is party to a number of international agreements and has been working with UNDP and FAO to meet a number of its obligations. It submitted its National Adaptation Program of Action to the UNFCCC in 2013. In 2014, the Government is working with FAO to undertake its first National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) and its fifth national report to the CBD. There is also an opportunity for the country to contribute to the World Ocean Assessment for 2015. Although it has the longest coast line in Africa, Somalia is the only country in Africa that has not been contributing to the African and Global Ocean’s Assessment. Support to this initiative would be an important step in Somalia’s progress towards reintegration into regional and international environmental networks and could be undertaken by the IOC. There are no recent records of biodiversity in Somalia; in the absence of government studies, the assessment team relied on IUCN’s Red List and on data from experts in Somalia. Medicinal plants that grow in association with the acacia trees have been affected by the decrease in acacia populations. Somalia has 151 plants with medicinal value that rural communities are heavily dependent on due to the lack of access to modern health care. Somalia also has 3,028 higher plants; of which 17 are threatened.

2.3: Global Climate Change in Somalia

The projections of Global Climate Change in Somalia indicate that increase in global warming of just 2 degrees Celsius could result in permanent reductions in per capita income of between 4-5 percent. Data on Green House Gases emissions for Somalia are not available but it is likely to be closely linked to land use

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changes including rangeland degradation.

Somalia is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world. With almost 20 years of armed conflict and droughts and floods, there is a constant, but increasingly acute, humanitarian crisis in Somalia. The climate in Somalia is arid to semi-arid. Livestock and rain-fed agriculture, the main livelihoods and components of the economy, directly depend on the weather and environment. Lack of state control or any other effective form of governance has led to widespread misuse and overuse of natural resources and environmental degradation. The commercial production and export of charcoal resulting in deforestation has intensified, contributing to drought, and is an important part of the war economy, with much of the proceeds going to warlords. The armed conflict can hinder the normal movement of pastoralists and others moving due to drought, as they cannot pass through certain unsafe areas.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2007 projected that by 2020, in some countries, yields from rain-fed agriculture could be reduced by up to 50%. Agricultural production, including access to food, in many African countries is projected to be severely compromised. This would further adversely affect food security and exacerbate malnutrition. Studies on the impacts of climate change for the Horn of Africa in general predict that the region will be facing more extreme and frequent droughts and floods. These may include severe droughts interrupted by devastating floods that may occur more frequently and result in large-scale starvation and the death of people and livestock. It is anticipated that Somalia’s vulnerability to climate change will be intensified by its extremely high dependency on the natural resource base and low Human Development Indicators. The sectors most vulnerable to climate change include water resources, agriculture and food security, animal husbandry, grazing and rangelands, health, marine and coastal resources, biodiversity, and exacerbation of natural disasters.

Droughts have long contributed to human migration, cultural separation, population dislocation and the collapse of prehistoric and early historic societies. One-third of the people in Sub-Saharan Africa live in drought-prone areas and are vulnerable to the impacts of droughts. These impacts are often further exacerbated by health problems, particularly diarrhea, cholera and malaria.

Pastoralism, the dominant rural economy in Somalia faces severe constraints in adapting to climate change largely due to increasing land degradation; conflicts over scarce resources, which limit movement and destroy assets that are key for adaptation; limited access to information (including that on weather, climate change, markets, as well as pest and disease outbreaks); limited education, skills and access to financial services and markets required to diversity their livelihoods; inadequate government policies, capacities and coordination; demographic pressures; and social and gender inequalities and marginalization, which reduce the voice and adaptive capacity of the most vulnerable. Enhancing the adaptive capacity of pastoralists will require community-based and community-led interventions, but will also require tailored support from NGOs, donors, and governments.

The Objectives of the PAD largely involve policy support, technical assistance, institutional capacity building and strengthening, coordination of policies and security related interventions. The nature of the planned activities excludes them from direct adverse climate change impacts. However, the Mission often works in sectors that are being impacted and/or will be impacted by climate change because in many cases, climate risk may exacerbate development needs.  

3.0 Potential Environmental Impacts & Recommended Determinations Activities not likely to affect the environment:

All the activities proposed by this PAD for the next five years are summarized below according to their 13

potential impacts on the environment.

A) Activities without biophysical interventions

A large number of the activities of under this PAD will not have direct adverse environmental impacts. The activities not likely to involve biophysical interventions cut across the entire spectrum of the PAD. The key focus of the PAD is basic services related activities that will involve a lot of community engagement, provision of teaching and learning materials, capacity building, technical assistance, policy reforms, regulatory reforms, harmonized regulations, system reforms, training and training modules development, strategy development, baseline data collection and other activities of similar nature. None of these activities are likely to affect the environment directly.

B) Activities with potential to affect the biophysical environment

There are however, some specific categories of activities that will have direct bearing on the biophysical environment. These activities include:

1. Small Scale Construction

Under Sub-TO 2.1 Access to Education Services Increased, the identification or rehabilitation of Temporary Learning Spaces (TLSs), as well as water and sanitation facilities, are envisaged.

1.1 Potential environmental impacts of small scale construction activities ● Disturbance to existing landscape/habitat: Construction typically necessitates clearing, grading, trenching and other activities that can result in near-complete disturbance to the pre-existing landscape/habitat within the plot. If the plot contains or is adjacent to a permanent or seasonal stream/water body, grading and leveling can disrupt local drainage. ● Stagnant water: Construction may result in standing water on-site, which readily becomes breeding habitat for mosquitoes and other disease vectors; this is of particular concern as malaria is endemic in Rwanda. ● Adverse impacts of materials sourcing: Temporary learning spaces require a set of materials that are locally available such as wood and thatch. Unmanaged extraction of these materials can have adverse effects on the environment. For example, unmanaged extraction of wood could result in deforestation and eventually affect rain patterns. Similarly, the operation of constructed facilities has a well-known set of potential adverse impacts. ● General/institutional facilities and compounds: In general, the potential impacts of small-scale infrastructure construction and operation are controllable with basic good design and operating practices. However, the precise nature of the potential impacts—and the appropriate design and operating practices to mitigate them—are highly dependent both on location and the specific characteristics of the infrastructure. For these reasons, a sub-project environmental review process that considers specific issues of site and design is an appropriate approach to ensuring environmentally sound design and implementation.

2. Mobile Clinics

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Small-scale healthcare facilities play a vital role in public health and are a key part of integrated community development, mobile and emergency healthcare programs, urban clinics and small hospitals are not only tasked with treating the sick. They are also responsible for disease prevention, and health communication and education and serve as the front line of defense against epidemics such as AIDS, malaria, and cholera. Health service professionals at these facilities provide family planning, nurture child and adult health, prevent disease, cure debilitating illnesses, and alleviate the suffering of the dying. However, environmentally poor design and management of these facilities can adversely affect patient and community health countering the very benefits they are intended to deliver.

Potential environmental impacts of small scale construction activities Healthcare waste: This includes all waste generated by the health care activities of a healthcare

facility. Much of this is general waste, and is similar or identical to domestic waste. The remainder is hazardous or highly hazardous and includes hypodermic needles, syringes, soiled dressings body parts and fluids (including blood), diagnostic samples, diapers, laboratory cultures, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, batteries, and thermometers. These wastes either pose risks of infection or present chemical hazards.

Human excreta: health care facilities present particularly high risks for the transmission of “oral-fecal route” diseases between patients or to the community at large.

Grey water: waste water from bathing and laundry. Grey water generated by health care facilities is likewise higher-risk than that produced from domestic sources. If allowed to seep into bare ground, gray water can contaminate drinking water sources with pathogens and pollutants

Pharmaceuticals: These pose particular hazards when disposed of without proper precautions. Throughout the world, typical practice has been to dispose of expired pharmaceuticals as non-hazardous waste via latrines or sewers, landfills or burial pits.

Open or improper disposal of sharps (e.g., used needles, blades, lancets). These pose a direct risk of injury and infection particularly to children, livestock and wildlife. HIV/AIDS and hepatitis are two serious diseases commonly transmitted by improperly handled sharps.

3. Water and Sanitation

Water supply and sanitation projects and hygiene promotion should be viewed as interdependent activities. Implementing them together leads to the greatest health benefit and is considered a best practice in the sector. Global climate change is resulting in changes in temperatures, rainfall patterns, sea levels, and extreme weather events that are putting stress on many communities and challenging development efforts.While water and sanitation projects are intended to improve environmental and public health (and provide numerous other benefits), when managed ineffectively they may cause adverse impacts that can offset or eliminate the intended benefits. Below is a discussion of potential adverse impacts from mismanaged projects

Potential Impacts Contamination of surface and groundwater supplies with infectious organisms from human excreta

is especially serious. Contamination may be caused by poorly designed, operated or maintained sanitation facilities.

Infectious diseases may also be spread by improper use of wastewater to grow food crops. Failure to test new sources of water, especially groundwater, for possible natural or industrial

chemical contaminants, such as arsenic, mercury, fluoride and nitrate, can lead to serious health problems.

Contamination of receiving waters with human excreta or animal manure can cause nutrient enrichment, depletion of dissolved oxygen and other changes that disturb natural ecosystems and

15

reduce the vigor, abundance, and/or diversity of plants and animals that live in water or on land. Disease-causing microorganisms from excreta and manure may also contaminate fish or shellfish, creating health hazards.

Arsenic poisoning Mercury poisoning Water-related infectious diseases Increased disease transmission associated with excreta (diarrheal, parasitic, etc.) Malnutrition caused by above diseases Higher infant mortality Reduced economic productivity Health problems from use of chemically contaminated water Increased cost of down-hill water treatment for domestic and industrial uses

4. Sub-grants and Sub-award

As in many interventions in Somalia, many of the activities may involve sub-grants to local community groups by the main or prime contractors and agreement holders. While sub-awards may not necessarily lead to adverse environmental impacts by themselves, they may involve biophysical activities by the sub-awards that may require due diligence to identify the potential impacts and require design of specific mitigation measures.

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4.0 RECOMMENDED THRESHOLD DECISIONS & MITIGATION ACTIONS (INCLUDING MONITORING AND EVALUATION)

Activity/Class of activities Determination 22 CFR 216 Reference or Condition

IR1.Activities that enhance equitable access to basic services and improved quality of service delivery; these include Community planning sessions, Teacher and education authorities’ training, enrolment drives, technical support to the ministry, community dialogue Events, Arts and culture activities, motivational talks, radio and TV shows, etc.,

CE per 22 CFR §216.2 (c)(2)(i): education, technical assistance, or training; and §216.2 (c)(2)(xiv), improved capability to engage in development planning

IR.2. Improved access to services through initial investments in public goods (i.e. temporary learning centers, mobile schools,

Negative Determination with Conditions pursuant to 22 CFR 216.3(a)(2)(iii)

For the construction of facilities in which the total surface area disturbed is less than 10,000 square feet, and no protected or other sensitive environmental areas could be affected, the condition is that these activities shall be conducted following principles for environmentally sound construction, as provided in the AFR Bureau Sector Environmental Guidelines: Construction (http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/SectorGuidelines/SectorEnvironmentalGuidelines_Construction_2014.pdf) .

Mobile clinics Negative Determination with Conditions pursuant to 22 CFR 216.3(a)(2)(iii)

Any healthcare waste directly generated by USAID-funded training activities must be appropriately managed. “Appropriate Management” of health care wastes is defined as being in substantial conformity with the USAID’s Sector Environmental Guidelines (SEG) “Health Care Waste” (http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/healthcareWaste.htm),

17

particularly the section titled, “Minimum elements of a complete waste management program.” Management and Disposal of pharmaceuticals and other supplies for treatment and prevention of TB are subject to the conditions for procurement and waste management conditions set out in #1 above.Small rural and mobile clinics must adhere to the USAID’s Sector Environmental Guidelines http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/healthcareFacilities.htm

Water and sanitation facilities, etc.

Negative Determination with Conditions pursuant to 22 CFR 216.3(a)(2)(iii)

The mitigation measures require the use of USAID sectoral best management practices: Water supply projects must ensure that they have Water Quality Assurance Plan to ensure water supplied to communities is clean and the sources are sustainable. USAID requires water projects be tested for arsenic in addition to tests for other contaminants.http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/SectorGuidelines/Wat%20San%20Guideline%20Final_w_GCC_Addition__May11.pdf. ProjectThese standards must be specified in the EMMP (see Section 4 of this IEE). For water supply, they must include siting of new wells well

away from groundwater contamination sources (e.g. latrines, cesspits, dumps), exclusion of livestock from water points, and prevention of standing water at water supply points.

For latrines, they must include provisions to prevent contamination of water supplies, appropriate choice of latrine type given local environmental conditions (e.g. pit latrines are rarely suitable in locations where the water table is high), provision of hand wash stations, and development and implementation of a system for ongoing latrine cleaning and maintenance

Sub-grants Any sub-grants and sub awards must be subject to environmental screening using USAID Environmental 18

Review Form: http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/ComplianceForms/AFR/AFR-EnvReviewForm-20Dec2010.doc.

STO2IR.1:

Mapping of Outreach sites and population catchment,

Provision of integrated health and nutrition outreach services,

Mapping of potential private clinics in some parts,

Recruitment and training of quality assurance officer and SFN business officer to support/monitor facilities,

Recruitment of private facilities into social franchises,

Develop Scope of Work for Consultant on HSSPII operational plans,

Recruit and train Community Health Promoters (IPC agents),

Development of IPC MCH curriculum, Train and deploy CHPs and IPC Supervisors,

Production of print, TV and radio media and Air TV and radio spots

Categorical Exclusion per 22CFR216.2(c)(2),:(i) Education, technical assistance, training programs except to the extent such programs include activities directly affecting the environment (such as construction of facilities, etc.);(iii) analyses, studies, workshops and meetings(v) document and information transfer(viii) programs involving nutrition, health care or population and family planning services except to the extent designed to include activities directly affecting the environment (such as construction of facilities, water supply systems, waste water treatment, etc.); ((xiv) Programs to develop capability of recipient countries and organizations in development planning.

Technical assistance to Federal Member State institutions to improve social services delivery● Strengthening capacity of

central/state education

Categorical Exclusion per 22CFR216.2(c)(2),:(i) Education, technical assistance, training programs except to the extent such

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authorities to coordinate education management information systems

● Support the Federal/Federal Member State (FMS) Governments to harmonise AEP curriculum

● develop minimum standards for ABE centers in Somalia

● Institutionalize AEP regulatory framework

● Support the Coordination of the education sector through ESC expert

programs include activities directly affecting the environment (such as construction of facilities, etc.);(iii) analyses, studies, workshops and meetings(v) document and information transfer; and ((xiv) Programs to develop capability of recipient countries and organizations in development planning.

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4.2 GENERAL PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING REQUIREMENTS

In addition to the specific conditions above, the negative determinations recommended in this IEE are contingent on full implementation of the following general monitoring and implementation requirements:

1. IP Briefings on Environmental Compliance Responsibilities. The TO2 team or C/AOR shall brief the Implementing Partner (hereinafter IP) on their environmental compliance responsibilities. During this briefing, the IEE conditions applicable to the IP’s activities will be identified.

2. Development of EMMP. Each IP whose activities are subject to one or more conditions set out in Section 3 of this IEE shall develop and provide for C/AOR review and approval an Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) documenting how their project will implement and verify all IEE conditions that apply to their activities. These EMMPs shall identify how the IP shall assure that IEE conditions that apply to activities supported under sub-contracts and sub-grants are implemented. (In the case of large sub-grants or subcontracts, the IP may elect to require the sub-grantee/subcontractor to develop their own EMMP.) (Note: The AFR EMMP Factsheet provides EMMP guidance and sample EMMP formats: http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/lopDocs/ENCAP_EMMP_Factsheet_22Jul2011.pdf )

3. Integration and implementation of EMMP. Each IP shall integrate their EMMP into their project work plan and budgets, implement the EMMP, and report on its implementation as an element of regular project performance reporting. IPs shall assure that sub-contractors and sub-grantees integrate implementation of IEE conditions, where applicable, into their own project work plans and budgets and report on their implementation as an element of sub-contract or grant performance reporting.

4. Integration of compliance responsibilities in prime and sub-contracts and grant agreements. The TO2 team shall assure that any future contracts or agreements for implementation of TO2 portfolio activities, and/or significant modification to current contracts/agreements shall reference and require compliance with the conditions set out in this IEE, as required by ADS 204.3.4.a.6 and ADS 303. IPs shall assure that future sub-contracts and sub-grant agreements, and/or significant modifications to existing agreements, reference and require compliance with relevant elements of these conditions.

5. Assurance of sub-grantee and sub-contractor capacity and compliance. IPs shall assure that sub-grantees and sub-contractors have the capability to implement the relevant requirements of this IEE. The IP shall, as and if appropriate, provide training to sub-grantees and subcontractors in their environmental compliance responsibilities and in environmentally sound design and management (ESDM) of their activities.

6. TO2 team monitoring responsibility. As required by ADS 204.5.4, the TO2 team will actively monitor and evaluate whether the conditions of this IEE are being implemented effectively and whether there are new or unforeseen consequences arising during implementation that were not identified and reviewed in this IEE. If new or unforeseen consequences arise during implementation, the team will suspend the activity and initiate appropriate, further review in accordance with 22 CFR 216. USAID Monitoring shall include regular site visits. The TO2 team must coordinate with the Mission Environmental Officer (MEO) to ensure successful implementation of the IEE conditions, and report to the MEO on implementation of IEE conditions as requested.

7. New or modified activities. As part of its Work Plan, and all Annual Work Plans thereafter, IPs, in collaboration with their C/AOR, shall review all on-going and planned activities to determine if they are within the scope of this IEE. If TO2 portfolio activities outside the scope of this IEE are planned, the TO2 team shall assure that an amendment to this IEE addressing these activities is prepared and approved prior to implementation of any such activities. Any ongoing activities found to be outside

21

the scope of the approved Regulation 216 environmental documentation shall be modified to comply or halted until an amendment to the documentation is submitted and approved.

8. Compliance with Host Country Requirements. Nothing in this IEE substitutes for or supersedes IP, sub-grantee and subcontractor responsibility for compliance with all applicable host country laws and regulations. The IP, sub-grantees and subcontractor must comply with host country environmental regulations unless otherwise directed in writing by USAID. However, in case of conflict between host country and USAID regulations, the latter shall govern.

9. Integrate Climate Change. Considerations into all construction design and ensure the mitigation measures are integrated in the implementation.

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Somalia Transition Objective 2: PAD Climate Risk Management(Updated and reviewed copy sent independently).

23

Climate Risk Management Overview: Climate risk screening consists of broad consideration of current and future climate risks and opportunities early in the development decision –making process. The Climate Change overview section of Somalia Integrated Country Strategy states that Somalia is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world. With almost 20 years of armed conflict and droughts and floods, there is a constant, but increasingly acute, humanitarian crisis in Somalia. Studies on the impacts of climate change for the Horn of Africa in general predict that the region will be facing more extreme and frequent droughts and floods. It is anticipated that Somalia’s vulnerability to climate change will be intensified by its extremely high dependency on the natural resource base and low Human Development Indicators. The current climate change variables normally mean the shift of variables from a threshold of 1960/1970 time period, and also a future projected shift in climate change variable. This future point ranges from 2030 to 2060 time period. The climate change variables including the changes in temperature, precipitation, drought, sea rise and storm surge, winds and other storms in SomaliaThe key sources of climate information included, the IPCC, 2007, UNDP/ICPAC 2013: NAPA Report for Somalia - Climate Variability and Projections. Produced by the Inter-Governmental Climate Predictions and Assessment Centre (ICPAC) on behalf of the United Nations Development Programme for Somalia, using (inter alia) data obtained from the Somalia Water and Land Information Monitoring (SWALIM) database; Federal Republic of Somalia; Somalia National Adaptation Programme of Action to Climate Change (NAPA); Climate Change: Impacts, Vulnerabilities & Adaptation Strategies in Somali Region Regional Program of Plan to Adapt to Climate Change, March 2011; IUCN 2006, Country Environmental Profile for Somalia; Norwegian Refugee Council Climate change, disaster, displacement and migration: initial evidence from Africa Research Issue 180 of 2009. UNHCR, Climate Change, vulnerability and Human mobility: Perspectives of Refugees from the East and Horn of Africa, 2012; Norwegian Refugee Council, Assessing Drought displacement risk for Kenyan, Ethiopian and Somali Pastorolists, 2014; Save The Children and Care, IISD- Climate‐related vulnerability and adaptive‐capacity in Ethiopia’s Borana and Somali communities, 2009..

Somalia Climate Risk Screening and Management Tool for Activity Design: Transition Objective 2- Delivery Services Improved.

ACTIVITY CRM TOOL OUTPUT MATRIX: CLIMATE RISKS, OPPORTUNITIES, AND ACTIONS

* = A required element, according to the Mandatory Reference

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1.1: Defined or Anticipated Tasks or

Interventions*

1.2: Time-frame

1.3: Geo-graphy

2: Climate Risks*

(Predicted extreme and

frequent droughts and floods. These may include

severe droughts interrupted by

devastating floods that may

occur more frequently and result in large-

scale starvation and the death of people and

livestock

3: Adaptive Capacity

(Somalia’s vulnerability to climate change will

be intensified

by its extremely

high dependenc

y on the natural

resource base and

low Human Developme

nt Indicators. The sectors

most vulnerable to climate

change include water

resources, agriculture and food security, animal

husbandry, grazing and rangelands,

health,

4: Climate

Risk Rating* [Enter

rating for each risk:

High, Moderat

e, or Low]

5: Opportunities

*

6.1: Climate Risk

Management Options

6.2: How Climate

Risks Are Addressed

in the Activity*

7: Next Steps for Activity

Implementation

8: Accepted Climate Risks*

25

marine and coastal

resources, biodiversity

Sub - TO 2.1 Access to Education Services Increased

2.1.1 Number of Learners Increased - ● Existing or new alternative education program (AEP) sites operationalized with USAID support.● Teachers selected and trained.● Improved safety of AEP learning environment

0-10 years

Somaliland, Puntland, Galmudug, Hirshabelle, Jubaland, South West, and Banadir Regional Authority

Increased frequency of drought may lead to reduced enrollement and attendance. Extreme weather events may impact AEP sites.

Adaptive capacity in Somalia is low due to human and financial Capacity Limitations, conflict, gaps in policies, climate change data gaps, etc

Moderate

Transitional Federal Government together with international partners have a large post conflict rehabilitation program that can include adaptive climate proof infrastructure

Areas most at climate risks like floods should be prioritized for adaptative measures in construction.

Implementing partners in Somalia

have an independen

t Architectura

l and Engineering

review support that will ensure

climate proof

structures

Implementing partners to ensure that

climate considerations

are incorportated

in the Environmental Mitigation and

Monitoring Plans of the

IEEs

While drought may affect enrollment and attendance, the AEP sites will expand enrollment and increase attendance overall.

2.1.2 Accelerated Education Framework Harmonized • Accelerated core

0-10 years

Somaliland, Puntland, Galmudug, Hirshabelle, Jubaland,

Increased frequency in drought and floods may disrupt the

capacity for long-term planning and climate integration

Low N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

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curriculum harmonized.• AEP models mapped, “tested” and validated.• Leveled examinations for specific grade equivalency identified and validated. • Policies related to accreditation of education sites; student eligibility for AEPs; and student and teacher certification policies (after completion of cycle) created and socialized. • Students that receive accelerated education services are eligible to pursue several different pathways, including formal school, TVET, or employment.

South West, and Banadir Regional Authority

curriculum implementation through population migration to different areas.

in the government structures is low

Sub- TO 2.2. Quality of Education Service Delivery Improved

2.2.1 Student Learning Improved- • Adaption,

0 - 5 years

Somaliland, Puntland, Galmudug,

Extreme events like floods and droughts as a

Low government longterm

Low N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

27

development and distribution of quality teaching and learning materials. • Teachers trained on evidence-based teacher instruction and principles of accelerated learning.• Learners’ levels of reading and numeracy are assessed.• Reading and numeracy scores improved.• Community Education Committees (CECs)’ capacity to oversee and manage strengthened.

Hirshabelle, Jubaland, South West, and Banadir Regional Authority

result of climate change may disrupt the population including the target pupils

planning capacity to integrate climate change risks

Sub-TO 2.3: Government

Capacity to Provide Education Services

Enhanced

2.3.1 Monitoring and Supervision Capacity Strengthened- ● MoEs’ collection, understanding and utilization of education data improved.

0-5 years

Somaliland, Puntland, Galmudug, Hirshabelle, Jubaland, South West, and Banadir Regional

Increased climate related floods and droughts likely to disrupt the lives of the target population

Low capacity in the post conflict government to integrate climate change manageme

Low N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

28

● Coaching support to teachers instituted.● Knowledge and skill transfer to MoEs in areas defined by human and institutional capacity assessment.● Areas of private education oversight and collaboration identified.● Use of innovative technology and public-partnerships to improve efficiency and efficiency of delivery systems.

Authoritynt in the longterm planning

Sub-TO 2.4: Improved Access and Quality to Maternal and Child Health Services

2.4.1 Coverage of Maternal and Child Health Services Expanded - ● Routine immunizations to children under five increased.● Provision of antenatal care and emergency obstetric and neonatal care

0-5 years

Somaliland, Puntland, Galmudug, Hirshabelle, Jubaland, South West, and Banadir Regional Authority

Extreme events like flooding may disrupt or affect the planned health coverage campaigns through destruction of infrastructure

Government of Somalia, recovering from long term internecine conflict has low capacity to deal with natural and

Moderate

Transitional Federal Government together with international partners have a large post conflict rehabilitation program that can include adaptive

Areas most at climate risks like floods should be prioritized for adaptative measures in construction.

Implementing partners in Somalia

have an independen

t Architectura

l and Engineering

Services support that will ensure

Implementing partners to ensure that

climate considerations

are incorportated

in the Environmental Mitigation and

Monitoring Plans of the

None

29

services and provision of emergency and basic nutrition services to children under five in targeted areas. ● Increased awareness along protocols related to maternal and children health.● Community awareness on maternal and child health enhanced and leading to behavioral changes

climate related disasters

climate proof infrastructure

climate proof

structuresIEEs

2.4.2- Coordination and Planning Across Health Sector Improved - ● Health Operational plans for FGS, Jubaland, South West, Galmudug, Hirshabelle, Puntland and Somaliland Ministries of Health, outlining activities and targets for each of the nine strategic objectives, improved.● Enhance coordination, alignment and

0-5 years

Somaliland, Puntland, Galmudug, Hirshabelle, Jubaland, South West, and Banadir Regional Authority

Potential climate related flooding may disrupt health related infrastructure affecting the planned health gains

Low capacity in the post conflict government to integrate climate change management in the longterm planning

Low N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

30

harmonization of sector programs against HSSPII operational plans supported.

Next step: Timeframe

Next step: Geog.

Next step: Climate

Risks

Next step: Adaptive Capacity

Next step: Risk Rating

Next step: Opps.

Next step: Risk Mgmt.

Options

Next step: Selected Options

Next step: Next Steps

Next step: Accepted

RisksFinished!

Clearance record

PAD Design Team Lead

(signature) (date) Clearance givenLily Beshawred

Clearance deniedUSAID/Somalia Climate Integration Lead (CIL)

(signature) (date) Clearance given David Kinyua

Clearance deniedAFR. Bureau Climate Change Integration Lead (CIL) (print

name) (signature) (date) Clearance given Clearance denied

31

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