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2/10/15
1
Post-WWII American Culture, Cold War under Ike
Chapter 14
Economic Problems Under Truman
• Reconversion: transition from __________________________________ economy.
• ____ million on active duty in 1945, reduced to ________million in 1947.
• Massive layoffs due to _________________________ left ___unemployed.
Post-war ________________ • High ________________________ • High ________________________ • Decrease in __________________ • 4.6 million people go on ____________ in 1946
– Truman disliked strikes and threatened to __________ strikers while economy was struggling
• Truman wants to increase _________________to create jobs, raise unemployment compensation, minimum wage, funding to build homes, funding for college education
• Republicans respond with ______________
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________________ Act (1947)
• Would limit power of ________________
• Truman vetoes this act • Congress overrides the veto
Election of 1948
• Truman ran for Dems. • Truman supported
________________. – Desegregated the
__________ in 1948 • Southern Dems. Run
separate candidate: __________________
• Southern Dems known as ________________
Election cont. • ___________________
ran for Repubs. • Truman’s failures and
split in Democratic Party made Dewey favorite.
• Truman wins despite early forecasts.
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Truman’s “_____________” program Truman’s plan, similar to _______________, to help with the ________________________ 1. Improved housing 2. Full employment for all Americans 3. Higher minimum wage 4. Aid to farmers 5. Extend of Social Security. 6. Increased aid for poor
*keep poor from becoming __________________________________________________. *Failed: __________________________________________
TRUMAN’S SECOND TERM
Election of 1952 • “________________” • Dwight D. Eisenhower
(R) elected. • ____________ his VP. • Republicans accused
Democrats of being soft on ___________
• Nixon gave “__________ Speech”
“Modern Republicanism”
• Ike wanted to limit ________________ role and ____________________________
• Conservative in economics – _________ taxes and government spending
• Liberal when it comes to people – Left _____________________________ alone
• Focused on ___________________________________
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Economic Boom • Economy taking off in late 1940s • U.S. _________________ country in the world • 60% of families part of __________________
class by end of 1950s • People amassed over ______________ in savings
during World War II – Cold War fears meant a lot of government contracts to
keep up with USSR – A lot of jobs and money to be made
Consumerism Americans were becoming a consumer
society…..Buying whatever new product that came out that would make their lives comfortable.
Post-Word War II Consumption
• American go on a spending spree in the 1950s
• Increased buying on ______________ –
• People working ________________weeks – Billions spend each year on _______ activities – Increase in credit _______________!
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Suburban Living
$7,990 or $60/month with no down payment.
________, NY.: “The American Dream”
1949 William Levitt produced _____ houses per week.
Women in the Work Place
• _____ million new jobs created after 1950
• Many were _______ collar jobs
• Opened up many opportunities for women
Baby Boom It seems to me that every other young housewife I see is pregnant. -- British visitor to America, 1958
1957 à 1 baby born every __________
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The Culture of the Car
Car registrations: 1945 --> 25,000,000 1960 --> 60,000,000
2-car families doubles from 1951-1958
1956 --> ___________________ Act --> largest public works project in American history!
* Cost $32 billion * 41,000 miles of new highways built
The Culture of the Car
First McDonald’s (1955)
Franchises, Hotels and Drive-In’s
Drive-In Movies
Howard Johnson’s
The Culture of the Car
• The U. S. population was on the move in the 1950s.
• NE & Mid-W ---> S & SW (“________” states)
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Television in the 1950s
_________ sets sold in 1946
Some famous shows of the 1950s:
Consensus and Conformity • Ideal American portrayed
in TV, movies • Fear of
_____________________caused this to grow.
• ___________ membership doubled between 1945-1970.
• Rev. Billy Graham • _____________________
_____________________ added to $ and Pledge.
Religious Revival Hollywood: apex of the biblical epics.
It’s un-American to be un-religious! -- The Christian Century, 1954
The Robe The Ten Commandments Ben Hur 1953 1956 1959
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Teen Culture In the 1950s à the word “________” entered
the American language. By 1956 à 13 mil. teens with $7 bil. to spend
a year.
1951 à “ROCK ‘N ROLL”
____________ à “The King”
Teen Culture The “_____________” Generation: * Jack Kerouac --> On The Road * Allen Ginsberg --> poem, “Howl” * Neal Cassady * William S. Burroughs
• Jack Kerouac is said to have responded: We’re a beat generation! • Against __________________________values of the Great Depressions and WWII generation (their parents) • Would influence the “__________________” of the 1960’s
• New Soviet leader after ________’s death in 1953 to 1965. • Not as harsh as Stalin
• Believed US and Soviet Union could “________________” with one another but the Soviet Union had to be as strong
militarily as the US.
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Atomic Anxieties:
• “_____________________ Generation” ______________________ Bomb: • U.S. tested in Nov. ’52
• 100 times more powerful than A-Bomb
• USSR tested H-Bomb 9 months later
Americans began building
underground ____________ and
cities had underground fallout
shelters.
USSR passing USA?
Brinkmanship • Massive Retaliation: • No middle ground
– Tried to scare USSR into not attacking others
• Brinksmanship:
• Added to fear in the United States
John Foster Dulles and MacArthur in Korea, 1950
____________ • On October 4, 1957 the
Soviet Union launches ______________, the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth.
• In 1958, the U.S. creates the ______, and the space race is in full gear.
• Caused panic in the USA
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1960 - The ____ Affair
• American U-2 spy plane is shot down on a mission over the Soviet Union.
• Soviets capture of pilot Francis Gary Powers.
• Powers sentenced to 10 years in USSR prison
• Ike denied Powers was ________: that it was on a weather study flight
• ________________ demanded an apology and Ike to admit U.S. was spying
The U-2 Affair
• Powers served less than two years and was released in 1962 in
exchange for Soviet spy Rudolf Abel.
• Suffering major embarrassment, Eisenhower was forced to admit the truth behind the mission and the U-2 program,
• He refused to publicly apologize to Khrushchev.
• This refusal caused the Paris Summit to collapse when Khrushchev stormed out of negotiations.