CPF 201014 Myanmar.pdf FAO

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NATIONAL MEDIUM TERM PRIORITY FRAMEWORK ( NMTPF) 2010 to 2014

1. INTRODUCTION

Myanmar is geographically located between 9° 58' and 28° 31' North latitudes and

92° 10' and 101° 9' East longitudes. The country is endowed with rich natural resources, such

as land, water, forest, minerals and gas. Myanmar has diverse climatic conditions from

humid tropic to sub-tropic and temperate favourable for growing no less than 60 different

crop species. Gigantic tropical mountain ranges and plateau serve as tropical highland

ecosystem rendering favorable natural endowment for agricultural livelihood..

Out of a total population of 57.5 million in 2007/08, about 68% of Myanmar

population and 63 % of its active population is rural. The average farm size is roughly 2

hectares. The population density is 84 per km2 (Myanmar Agriculture in Brief, 2008).

Statistics indicated that about 3 million people are directly involved in the fisheries sector

and about 12 to 15 million people are benefiting indirectly from it through post harvest

processing, handling, marketing..

1.1. Objectives of NMTPF

The National Medium-Term Priority Framework (NMTPF) covering the period from

2010 to 2014 expounds medium- term priorities of Myanmar's government for external

assistance. The NMTPF lays out basis guiding principles for increasing synergistic effects

among development partners: the Government of Myanmar and the international

communities, in pursuance for achieving national development targets and MDGs 1 and 7.

The Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development took the lead in the

preparation of the NMTPF in close and intensive consultations with relevant key line

Ministries and Departments, UN Agencies, and other development partners, and with the

technical support from FAO. The main objective of NMTPF is to develop a common grounds

of understanding for developmental and technical cooperation among stakeholders and to

maximize the catalytic functions of FAO in achieving the national millennium development

goals of Myanmar.

The NMTPF reflects the felt needs in agriculture development, existing priorities of

the Government, National MDGs, past and on going interventions, including the analysis of

gaps and future cooperation with FAO and thus, should be perceived as an important

planning tool for reviewing, assessing and identifying priority areas of agriculture sector



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development for external assistance from UN system and possibly other bi/multilateral

agencies.

2. SITUATION ANALYSIS

2.1 The national context Over all Development

Of the four economic development objectives of the Government of Myanmar, the

agriculture sector development is regarded as one of the major driven forces of the economy

and the base and all-round development of other sectors in the uplifting of social wellbeing

of Myanmar people.

During the course of implementing the past three Short-Term Four Year Plans

spanning from 2992/93 to 2005/06, Myanmar had achieved an average annul growth rate of

9.6 percent and the major reason for the economic turnaround being the shift in economic

policy in late 1980s which involved, among others, deregulating the agricultural sector;

removing restrictions on private entrepreneurship; opening the foreign trade, including

border trade, to the private sector; adopting an open-door policy toward foreign direct

investment; and permitting privately owned financial institutions to do business in the

country.

Myanmar, just like other countries in the world, is experiencing the impact of climate

changes. Being a heavy rainfall country, floods occurs regularly during the mid- monsoon

period in areas traversed by large rivers or streams. The country is also prone to cyclones,

earthquakes and drought. The category 3 Nargis Cyclone strucking Myanmar in May 2008,

had devasted most of the livelidoods assests of communities dwelling in more than 50

townships, in Yangon and Ayeyarwady Divisions, including those within Yangon city.

Nargis was the worst natural disaster in the history of Myanmar, and the most devastating

cyclone ever experienced in Asia since 1991. The disaster had caused widespread destruction

not only to homes and critical infrastructure including roads, jetties, water and sanitation

systems, fuel systems and electricity supplies, but most of the fertile agricultural land and

flood protection embankments were also affected.

Agriculture sector comprising Agriculture, Livestock & Fishery, Forestry, is the

largest contributor to GDP of the country accounting for more than 40% of nominal GDP.

The share of agriculture to the country GDP dropped slightly mainly due to the expansion of

the non agricultural sector, especially the manufacturing and services sectors.



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2.2 Agriculture Sector Development

The provision of support by the State in the areas of research and extension,

agricultural credit, irrigation water, farm mechanization, and development of new

agricultural land are critically instrumental in the development of agriculture sector as

observed below table.

Contribution of Agricultural Sector to Growth in GDP

2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008

Growth of GDP 13.6 13.1 11.9

Growth of Agriculture Sector 12.1 9.7 8.0

Share of Agriculture sector in GDP 46.7 45.2 43.6

Growth of crop sub-sector (10.7) (9.2) (7.6)

Share of crop sub- Sector in GDP (38.4) (36.0) (34.9)

Percentage of GDP growth directly

contributed by agricultural growth

41.5

(30.2)

33.5

(25.3)

29.3

(22.3)

Note: (1) Figures in parentheses refer to crop sub-sector, exclusive of livestock and fishery

sub-sectors.(2) Percentage of GDP growth directly contributed by agricultural growth is

computed as Rate of growth of Agriculture X Share of Agriculture

Rate of growth of GDP

2.2.1 Crop-sub sector

Myanmar is growing over 60 different crop species, of which 22 crops may be

classified as important crops for the country. Among these crops, a major share of land was

sown with paddy (8.1 million hectares) in 2006/07 accounting for more than 43 percent of

the total area of crop sown. The second most important crops after paddy are pulses and

beans (18 percent) and sesame (9 percent).

Overall crop production tend to fluctuate for a number of reasons and in general,

yield per unit area of most crops are relatively low comparing to its neighboring countries.

The yield levels of major crops are instable and sustainable improvement in crop yield

remains insignificant except paddy. Hence, vertical improvement in crop production is very

important for agriculture development in Myanmar.



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Presently, there are about 11.25 million hectares of crop land in Myanmar and there is

tremendous room for expanding agriculture production in 290,000 hectares of fallow land

and 5.90 million hectares of unutilized cultivatable land. Some 60 per cent of the cropped

areas are owned by small farming households possessing less than four hectares while

majority of these households are having no more than 2.3 hectares per households.

2.2.2 Livestock sub sector

Myanmar livestock sector plays a significantly important role in fulfilling the national

requirements in terms of draft animals, meat, milk, eggs and other animal products. In

Myanmar, the majority of farmers raise pigs, ducks and chickens for household consumption

and for additional income purposes. In 2007/08, the total number of livestock in the country

was approximately 2.8 million buffalo, 12.4 million cattle, 2.6 million sheep/goats, 6.3

million pigs, 93.7 million chickens, 10.1 million ducks. A major challenge in Myanmar is to

change the mindset of smallholder farmers and the landless to become more commercially

oriented and to see livestock rearing as an alternative income opportunities and risk reducing

strategies.

2.2.3 Fishery sub sector

Fish is considered as an essential part of the diet of Myanmar people, second only to

rice. Fisheries in Myanmar may be classified into three categories such as marine, inland and

aquaculture fisheries. The country has a total marine fishery area of 486,000 km2 whereas

the permanent inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers and ponds) cover about 13,000

km2.. This area varies throughout the year when flood plains and rice fields are flooded,

providing a further 68,000 km2 of rich seasonal fishing grounds. A new system of Paddy plus

Fish production has been introduced in the deep water areas and fish production from thoseareas is on the rise.

Fisheries and aquaculture are labor- intensive enterprise and thus, is creating jobs,

directly and indirectly, for hundreds of thousands of both rural and urban households. Post-

harvest treatment of the catches, such as freezing, drying, smoking, salting and the

preparation of fermented fish products, are demanding huge labor force of women.



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FAO/NACA mission to Myanmar in 2003 concluded that a significant number of poor and

vulnerable people are living in the coastal areas and that these people have their livelihoods

strongly linked to small-scale fisheries and aquaculture. The development of aquaculture

systems and management of small-scale fisheries in a sustainable way are therefore essential

for the future of these people and to maintain the unique mangrove ecosystem which supports

high biodiversity.

2.2.4. Forestry sub sector

The role of the forestry sector remains vital in Myanmar because of its substantial

contribution towards the country's economy and its strong influence on climate stability, soil

and water conservation and environmental protection.

The forest cover of Myanmar was recorded as 32.2 million hectares which is

equivalent to 49 per cent of the country's total land areas of about 67 million hectares ( FRA

2005). Permanent Forest Estate constituted about 24% while the rest belongs to the other

forest categories. Apart from highly valued timber such as teak and hardwoods Myanmar

forests have abundant non-timber forest products such as bamboo and rattan, which could be

regarded as the main source of income rural poor and landless households.

2.2.5. ExportMyanmar's major export items are mainly of primary products of agriculture,

livestock & fisheries and forestry sectors. Gas and garment could also be regarded major

export commodities of Myanmar.

2.3 Review of the existing national policies and priorities

The Government of the Union of Myanmar has laid down the four economic

objectives to ensure the uplifting of social wellbeing of Myanmar people. The first economic

objective is to develop agriculture as the base and all-round development of other sectors of

the economy. Therefore, development of agriculture sector means the elevating the nation's

economy and widening the social safety nets for the people. The objective was further linked

and supported by the other objectives as (a) to evolving the market- oriented economic

system, (b) to develop economy through inviting participation from the sources inside the

country and abroad in terms of technical know-how and investment, and (c) the initiative to

shape the national economy must be kept in the hands of the state and the national peoples.



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2.3.1 National Policies

The Fourth Short -Term Five -Year Plan (2006/2007 to 2010/2011) set a vision for

the country to become a peaceful, modern and developed nation. The special focuses of the

financial year 2010-11 are to materialize the following national development objectives:

(1) To have continuous development for the infrastructure sector

(2) To meet the set targets of the Special Development zones

(3) To carry on for the development of border areas

(4) To carry on for the development of rural areas

(5) To alleviate poverty

(6) To exceed the targets of MDGs in implementing the national plans

(7)

To realize a balanced economy and all-round development of the economy

(8) To let the continuation of a good economic foundation and financial condition

by:

(a) retaining the momentum and the high growth rate of the economy

(b) appreciation of kyat

(c) reducing budget deficit to have surplus by the third year

(d) curbing the inflation

(e) continuing the surplus of current account position in balance of payment

Under the Fourth Short -Term Five -Year Plan (2006/2007 to 2010/2011) periods, the

following planned activities must be implemented by the year 2010-2011 which are related

to agriculture, livestock & fisheries and forestry sectors;

(1) To extend the establishment of agro-based industries and other required industries in

building an industrialized nation

(2) To extend agriculture, livestock and fishery sectors in order to meet ever increasing

local demand and to promote exports

(3) To make endeavors for meeting the targeted yield of the designated crops

(4) To expand new cultivable land for agriculture use

(5) To drive for the fulfillment of shortages in edible oil and lubricant oil

(6) To promote widespread use of bio-diesel to supplement lubricant and fuel needs

(7) To restore and expand forest area coverage for greening

(8) To conserve natural resources and protect the environment



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2.3.2 Agriculture Policy and Strategy

As a result of rapid urbanization process, people from rural areas are migrating

inevitably to urban areas to find jobs and earn extra income for the family.

The responsibility of crop sub-sector development of the overall agriculture sector rests with

the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MoAI) to achieve the planned targets of the Forth

Short-term Five Year Plan. With a view to realize the planned targets MoAI adopts the

following policies and measures, they are:

(1) freedom of choice in agricultural production,

(2) expansion of agricultural land and safeguarding the right of farmers,

(3)

promotion of private sector participation in commercial production of seasonal and

perennial crops, and in the distribution of farm machineries and essential inputs.

Agriculture policies are reviewed from time to time for necessary adjustment to fully comply

with the prevailing circumstances. Some policies which are constraining the development of

crop sub-sector have been changed and the most recent policy changes made is:

(1) removal of state procurement policy imposed on commodities such as

cotton, sugarcane, and rubber to promote freedom in the production and

trading of commodities. The new policy (i) encourages farmers and

investors to expand the areas of, but not limited to, rubber, and oil palm for

export; (ii) allows State Owned Enterprises (SOE) to purchase raw cotton,

sugarcane, and rubber for its own use, at prevailing market prices; (iii)

permits producers and exporters to export surplus rubber after due payment

of taxes, and; (iv) permits SOE to invest in area expansion of cotton,

sugarcane, and rubber plantations to meet the increasing demands.

In its thrust to increase the overall crop production and improve crop productivity, MoAI

sets the following objectives for crop sub-sector:

(1) To fulfill the needs of local consumption

(2) To export more agricultural products which are in surplus, and

(3) To provide assistance for rural development

The Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation's Forth Five Year Short –Term Plan has

five key strategies for agricultural development: (i) development of new agricultural land,(ii)



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provision of sufficient irrigation water, (iii) provision and support of agricultural

mechanization, (iv) application of modern agro-technologies, and ( v) development and

utilization of modern varieties.

Efforts are being made to promote production and productivity in 10 principal crops

such as paddy, sugarcane, long staple cotton, maize, groundnut, sunflower, blackgram,

greengram, and pigeon pea by 5 major thrusts as

(1) application of improved varieties which are appropriate for respective regions,

(2) utilization of adequate fertilizers,

(3) effective pest management,

(4) application of efficient and appropriate technologies, and

(5)

utilization of appropriate cropping pattern which is suitable for the respective

location

2.3.3. Main policies and objectives of Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries

The Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries (MoLF) adopts the following main policies

to intensify the development of both sub-sectors of livestock and fisheries, such as: (i)

improvement in the production of quality livestock and livestock products to meet the

requirement for domestic consumption through improved animal health care, (ii) increasing

draft cattle population in proportional to cropping area expansion, (iii) increasing meat and

fish production for domestic consumption and export of the surplus to neighboring countries,

(iv) promoting sufficient investment in livestock and fisheries sectors through private and

public sectors participation, (v) expansion of prawn breeding farms, (vi) prevention of natural

resources wastage derived from inland and offshore fisheries, (vi) speeding up the

momentum of inland fishery sector, in order to satisfy the needs of domestic consumption,

(vi) upgrading the socio-economic status of communities whose livelihoods are dependent

on livestock and fishery sub-sectors.

The objectives of Livestock sector are to; (a) improve livestock and livestock

products for domestic consumption through improved animal health care, (b) increase draft

cattle population in proportional to crop areas expansion; (c) encourage trade promotion for

livestock and livestock products; (d) investigate the implicated products and conduct related

research on various aspects for biologic production.

On the other hand fisheries sub-sector has the objectives to; (a) achieve the rural

development through the extension of aquaculture activities; (b) increase export earning from



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shrimp aquaculture, (c) sustain and increase fisheries resources of both of inland and marine

waters, (d) accelerate integrated fisheries development process without having impact on

natural environment, (e) adopt and implement extension program to ensure sustainable

fisheries development.

2.3.4. Ministry of Forestry's Policies

The National Forest Master Plan (NFM), the roadmap for effective and efficient

conservation of forest resources, was prepared for a 30 year period from 2001-02 to 2030-31.

The Plan reflects not only the current status of forests in Myanmar but also the social and

macro-economic policies of the country. The Plan focuses on the development of rural

communities and contains strategies for poverty alleviation through the creation of job

opportunity, permission to use forest lands and extraction of non-wood forest products and

diversification of cooking energy sources and income through participatory extension

activities, training and demonstrations. Establishment of forest plantations and community

forests; promotion of bio-energy and non-wood forest products; human resource

development; and forestry extension services are major thrusts of the NFMP.

2.4.5 Reviews on the National Millennium Development Goals

Being a member country of the United Nations, Myanmar has the obligations to achieve the

set Millennium Development Goals in the areas of food security, poverty, spread of

HIV/AIDS, children education, survival of mothers, environmental protection etc by the year

2015. Myanmar is using available resources within its own capacity to gain momentum in

health activities. At the country level, national plans of action and strategic plans were set up

and with the cooperation and assistance from the UN and WHO, project activities are being

implemented. Myanmar encountered some challenges such as acceleration of human

resource development, upgrading of laboratory network, strengthening drug management;

however concerted efforts will be used to reach the MDGs as targeted in the Millennium

Declaration.

Myanmar, while implementing the formulated national plans and programmes in line

with the Nation/s political, economic and social objectives, has, at the same time, achieved

some of the targets as outlined in the Millennium Goals.

2.4.1. MDG No. 1: Eradicate poverty and hunger



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Under MDG No. 1, there are indicators to express to eradicate poverty and hunger and

for prevalence of underweight children under5 years of age and for proportion of population

below minimum level of dietary energy consumption. For "Eradicate Extreme Poverty and

Hunger", Myanmar had set food security program giving priority on expanding the

production of agriculture, livestock and fishery for self sufficiency and only the surplus for

export. Food produced from agriculture sector such as cereals, vegetables and meat and fish

from livestock and fishery sectors provide enough calories intake for the people.

Regarding meat and fish, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries has taken responsibilities to

implement sufficiency of domestic consumption of meat and fish and at the same time to

overcome poverty. For food sufficiency of people living in rural area, releasing of fish

fingerlings are carried out in lakes, dams, reservoirs and open natural waters and also the

production is carried in contribution of fish and paddy in the same area which is known as

Paddy Plus Fish Project. Regarding Goal 1, Myanmar doesn't seem to have any problem with

hunger for present as well as in the future.

2.4.2. MDG Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education

Myanmar has a remarkable achievement in MDG Goal 2. Net enrollment ration in

primary education and proportion of pupils completing primary level have increased sharply

during 1990 to 2005, from 65.7 and 24.5 respectively in 1990 to 82.2 and 73.4 respectively in

2005, due to the implementation of nation-wide activities such as All School-Age Children in

School project, School Enrollment Week program, household survey on literacy and special

regional development plans especially for border areas and national races.

2.4.3. MDG Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

There is no gender disparity in Myanmar, either in education or any other field.

Myanmar government approves of the elimination of all forms of discrimination against

women. The government also recognizes the importance of women in shaping the future

socio-economic development of the country.

2.4.4. MDG Goal 4: Reduce child mortality

In Myanmar, maternal and child health including newborn care has been accorded as a

priority issue in the National Health Plan, aiming at reducing the maternal, newborn, infant

and children morbidity and mortality. The National Health Committee has formulated long



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term and also short term health plans for uplifting the health status of the entire nation.

Myanmar Vision 2030 which is a long term 30 years plan has been drawn up with one of its

objectives as reducing the Under-5 and infant mortality rates to 52 per 1000 live births

(LB) and 40 per 1000 live births(LB) respectively in 2011. In Myanmar, under- five

mortality rate is in the descending trend and it declines from 82.4/1000LB in 1995 to

66.1/1000 ( LB) in 2003. However infant mortality rate is not markedly changed and it

fluctuates between 49 to 55/1000LB.

2.4.5. MDG Goal 5: Improve maternal health

The MDG 5, which is to reduce maternal mortality ratio by three-quarters by 2015

signifies our country's commitment to achieve the time-bound improvement of the global

targets. The National Health Plan 2007-2011 was formulated with aim at reducing the

maternal, newborn, infant and child morbidity and mortality. The maternal mortality rate of

316 per 100,000 live births is still Myanmar's burden. To overcome this burden, safe

motherhood initiatives are needed to expand into national movement, focusing on the

continuum of quality care for maternal and newborn health.

2.4.6. MDG Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability

As the population grows and the economy progresses, demand for basic needs will

rise and also demand for consumer goods will rise as well. The increase in population will

place greater demands in natural resources and thus, effecting the environment.

To address the environmental sustainability requirement of Goal7, the Government

has, among other measures, established the National Commission for Environmental Affairs,

adopted new forest policy, implemented the greening of arid areas in Central Dry Zone of

Myanmar, extended reserved forests and protected public forest areas, adopted the Myanmar

Agenda21, ratified the UN framework Convention on Climate Change and accession of the

Kyoto protocol.

2.4.7. MDG Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development

The Millennium Development Goal 8 is to develop a global partnership for development.

The UN Millennium Development Goals Report 2006 shows the increased amount of US$

106 billion official development assistance from developed countries during the period of

1991 to 2005. However, it is still falling short of targets. Since new lending from the



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multilateral financial institutions has been suspended since 1989, the challenge is to attract

more foreign and national investments.

Nearly ten years have passed since the adoption of a global agenda for the better of all,

the vision for future becomes more and more vital as the targeted time becomes nearer and

nearer. Yet, it is still a long way to go to reach the targets. But Myanmar will always strive

for the achievement of all the goals with relentless effort and will of the Myanmar people.

We should not be dwelling too much on this.

2.4 Analysis of institutions involved and their role in the sector

Agriculture in a broader sense covers crop sub-sector, livestock and fishery sub-

sector, and forestry sub-sector, and the three Ministries, namely, the Ministry of Agriculture

and Irrigation (MOAI), the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries ( MOLF), and the Ministry of

Forestry (MOF) are respectively to undertake the development responsibilities of each sub-

sector.

2.5.1. Crop sub sector

Agriculture sector development programme in Myanmar is being implemented by

both of public and private sectors with an increasing trend of participation from INGOs and

Civil Society Organizations. The eleven departments and enterprises of MoAI are

functioning in full swings with their own designated mandates to fulfill the objectives of the

Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation.

2.5.2. Livestock sub sector

The main function of Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department is to take

responsibility of promoting the livestock sector to increase the productivity of meat, eggs,

and other animal products through the following measures; (a) Undertaking of preventive and

control measure against infectious disease that could cause great economy losses to the

farmers, based on Animal Health and Development Law, (b) Assisting of livestock owners in

accurate diagnosis of diseases through the regional diagnostic laboratory services, (c)

Providing of health care and Veterinary Service to the extension services, (d) Undertaking of

the artificial breeding work as a mean of livestock improvement, (e) Encouraging of pasture

development for the improvement of ruminant animal production, (f) Conducting of course

and workshop for farmer, train in service staff for extension work, (g) Providing of

Veterinary Administration of feed and drug to issue manufacturer license and related to



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livestock production, (h) Issuing of health certificate for the export of animals and animal

products in compliance to sanitary requirement of the importing countries, (i) Controlling of

animal diseases through animal movement across border and importation by establishing

check points and quarantine facilities at point of entry.

In addition, the following activities are carried out under the special program of

Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries as well;

1. Native chicken development

In order to promote the development of native chicken in Myanmar, Livestock

Breeding and Veterinary Department has undertaken the native chicken model farming as

follows;

(a) Nyaungnapin native chicken pilot breeding farm, Hmawby Township,

Yangon Division

(b) Nyaung Oo native chicken pilot breeding farm, Nyaung Oo Township,

Mandalay Division.

2. Livestock Development Bank ( chicken and pig)

Under the guideline of Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Livestock Breeding and

Veterinary Department provided chicken and pig as a banking system to the livestockfarmers as the following up to 2008-2009 fiscal year.

(a) Chicken 746,248

(b) Pig 47,501

3. Development of Mythun Breeding

According to the guideline of our head of State, Mythun breeding become more

developed in Chin State and Sagaing Division by lending livestock Development loan. In this

regard, mythun become increasing dramatically.

4. Livestock Breeding Loans

Cooperation between Myanmar Livestock and Fisheries Development Bank,

aforementioned bank lent livestock breeding loans as below;

(a) Chin State (1)2006 kyat ( lakh) 500 for Mythum

(8 Township) (2) 2008 " 1,500 "

(b) Rakhine (1) Taungkok " 250 for draft cattle

(2)Manaung " 500 "

(c) Sagaing (1) Khamti " 120 "



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(d) Magwe (1) Magwe " 800 for Mythum

(2) Magwe " 350 for goat

(3) Thayet " 950 for goat

(4) Minbu " 1,030 "

(5) Pakhokku " 1,400 "

(e) Mandalay (1) Mandalay " 1,000 "

(2) Tatkon " 1,150 for dairy cow

(3) Sintkaing " 315 for goat

(f) Tanintharyi (1) Tanintharyi " 560 for sheep goat,

chicken

(g) Shan ( Southern) " 1,100 "

5. Establishment of Livestock Zone

For the development of Livestock Production, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries

established the livestock zones at (8) State and Division as follows;

State/Division Farming/ Processing

1.Nay Pyi Taw (7areas) cattle, sheep, goat, pig and chicken

farming

2.Kayin ( 7areas) cattle, goat, pig and chicken farming

3. Sagaing ( 7 areas) cattle, quail and chicken farming

4.Shan ( Northern) chicken farming

(Kyaukme township)

5.Yangon ( Nyaungnapin) pig, chicken and duck farming

6.Mon ( Yay township) pig and chicken farming

7.Tanintharyi ( Myeik township) pig, chicken and duck farming

8.Bago ( West) Padaung township) under processing

6. Vaccination of I 2 and AP ( wing web)

To control the yearly outbreak of Newcastle disease and Avian Pasteurellosis, under

the special guideline of Minister for Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Livestock Breeding

and Veterinary Department conducted I 2 and AP ( wing web) vaccination yearly and

regularly. As for the year 2008-09, 6.632 millions doses for I 2 vaccine and 3.88 millions

doses for AP ( wing web) respectively.



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7. Pasture Development

Cattle, sheep and goat need pastures in order to develop livestock sector. There are

over 0.9 million acres for pasture during the colonial period, however, only over 0.7 millions

acre is still existing for pasture. In this connection, we needs enough pasture in line with

animal population.

2.5.3. Fishery sub sector

The Department of Fisheries (DoF) is a lead national agency in policy development

for fisheries in Myanmar. The Department of Fisheries is the sole responsible institution and

competent authority for the management and sustainable development of the fishery sector.

The main function includes effective uses of fisheries resources, support fish food security,

integration of fisheries livelihoods for poverty alleviation, implementing research and

extension services and conducting human capacity development training.

Myanmar Fisheries Federation ( MFF) is the sole noon government organization (

NGO) has a variety of roles in supporting its members in co-operation with relevant

agencies. Under this federation, there have been formed six national level fishery

associations namely Myanmar Shrimp Association, Myanmar Fish Farmers Association,

Myanmar Processors and Exporter Association, Myanmar Marine Fishing Association,

Myanmar Inland Fishing Association, and eel association, Crab association and Ornamental

fish association. Fisheries stakeholders from aquaculture, fisheries operators, processors,

exporters, feed producers and ornamental fish breeders are member of MFF. The Federation

is a part of ASEAN Fisheries.

Conservation of natural resources and non- degradation of the environment is the top

priority and concern of the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries. In addition to measure

undertaken for the conservation and sustained exploitation of fishery resources, the Fisheries

Department has dispersed and released million of fresh-water fingerlings into reserviors,rivers, lakes, streams, and other bodies in mature so as to increase fish population. To combat

over fishing, fishing during closed seasons and in closed areas are strictly monitored and

prohibited by Department of Fisheries and harsh penalties imposed on violators.

2.5.3. Forestry sub sector

It is needed to apply effective implementation of the Myanmar Selection System,

encouragement to adopt a proper integrated land use policy, increase of reserved forests to 30

per cent as stipulated in the forest policy, protection of the forests not only by legislative

means but also through people participation, establishment of community fuel wood



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plantation and encouragement to increasingly use wood fuel substitutes or fuel efficient

stoves to ease pressure on the natural forests, increased utilization of lesser used species and

promotion of downstream processing to produce value added wood products.

2.5

Review of past and on-going interventions and their achievement

FAO is one of the most important international organizations for the development of

Agriculture, Forestry, Livestock and Fisheries sectors. And Myanmar works together with

international organizations and maintains bilateral co-operation with other foreign

countries. Myanmar became FAO member country on 11th September 1947. The mandate of

the FAO is to raise level of nutrition, and standards of living and to improve agricultural

productivity, and better conditions of the rural populations.

Over the past 30 years from 1978-2008, FAO has provided assistance to Myanmar

through over national projects and other regional field projects amounting over 68 million

USD. These projects covered most of FAO's mandatory sectors (agriculture,

livestock/fisheries and forestry) including agriculture and rural investment planning, census

and statistics, research in all sectors, food and industrial crops, crop processing and food

technology, plant protection , capacity building and emergency assistance.

FAO provided technical assistance to Livestock and Fisheries sector with the total

budget of over 29 million US$ during 1978-2008 including HPAI programme, and

emergency and rehabilitation programme-Nagis. For the livestock sector development, the

followings are the past and on –going projects regarding the interventions of International

organizations and Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department.

The Past and On- going Projects

Project Title/ Code Funding Source

1. Small Scale Dairy Technology Transfer and FAO

Training ( TCP/ MYA/3001(T)

2.

Meat Commodity Diversification and upgrading FAO,UNOPS(CFC)

of meat Processing Technologies in Asia/ Pacific

( TCP/ RAS /02/R-72)

3. Prevention and control of Avian and Human AUSAID (through FAO)

Influenza in Myanmar ( OSRO/RAS/601/AUL)

4. Strengthening the Control and Prevention of Japanese Trust Fund

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ( HPAI) and (through FAO)

enhancing public awareness ( OSRO/RAS/602/JPN)



17

5. Immediate Technical Assistant to Strengthen Emergency USAID (through FAO)

Preparedness for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza

( Phase 1) (OSRO/RAS/604/USA)

6. Immediate Technical Assistant to Strengthen Emergency USAID (through FAO)

Preparedness for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza

( 2nd Phase) ( OSRO/RAS/702/USA)

7.Emergency assistance to support the rehabilitation FAO

of the livelihoods of Cyclone- affected families in

Ayeyarwaddy and Yangon Divisions ( TCP/MYA/3103(E))

8. Emergency support to restore food security in cyclone FAO

NARGIS- affected areas through the provision of

agriculture inputs and technical assistanceOSRO/MYA/806/CHA

9. The Establishment of the Myanmar-Thai-Malaysia OIE-RCU,

(MTM) Peninsula Campaign for Foot and Mouth OIE- AUSAID

Disease Freedom

10. Strengthening Capacity and Capability of Japanese Trust Fund

Epidemiology and Diagnosis for Highly Pathogenic ( through OIE)

Avian Influenza ( OSRO/RAs/603/JPN)

11. Control of Newcastle Disease and Identification of ACIAR

Major Constraints in Village Chicken Production

System in Myanmar ( ASI/2002/042)

12. Improving Animal Production Through the IAEA

application of Feed Supplementation Strategies

and Immunoassay ( TCP/RAS/5/030)

13. Monitoring and Control of Animal Disease IAEA

(MYA/5/009)

14. Feed Supplementation and Reproductive IAEA

Management of Cattle ( IAEA/TCP/RAS/5/035)

15. Research Contract: Use of an antibody ELISA Western IAEA

blot to non – structural FMD protein for control and

eradication of FMD in Myanmar ( MYA/10444)

16. Development and Control of Swine Vesicular Disease IAEA

and Swine Brucellosis ( TCP/MYA/5/011)



18

17. Diagnosis and Control of Swine Vesicular Disease and IAEA

Swine Brucellosis ( TCP/MYA/5/012)

18. Integrated approach for Improving Livestock Production IAEA

19.

Using Indigenous Resources and Conserving the

Environment ( IAEA/RAS/5/044)

20. Technical Cooperation Project for Animal Disease JICA

Control in Thailand and Neighboring Countries

(ADC- Phase I)

21. Avian Influenza Assistant Project on Myanmar PR China

22. Public Awareness and Risk Communication JapaneseTrust Fund

( through FAO)

23. Communication awareness raising on prevention Care Myanmar

and control of Avian Influenza Programme

On-going Projects Funding Source

1. Dairy Cattle Improvement Project FAO

( FAO-TCP/MYA/3201(D))

2. Strengthening crass border activities among Bangladesh, USAID

India, Nepal and Myanmar to control possible cross- ( through FAO)

border spread of HPAI ( OSRO/RAS/701/USA)

3. Improvement of Prevention, Control and Eradication of World Bank

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Myanmar ( through FAO)

(OSRO/MYA/801/WB)

4. Immediate Technical Assistant to Strengthen Emergency USAID

Preparedness for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ( through FAO)

( OSRO/RAS/702/USA)( 3rd Phase)

5. Emergency support to Restore Food Security and Price water house

Livelihoods for the most Cyclone NARGIS affected coopers charitable

farmers through distribution of draught animals for foundation, British

cultivation in Ayeyarwaddy and Yangon Division, ( through FAO)

Myanmar( OSRO/MYA/809/PWC)

6. Restoration of Food Security and Agriculture based Japanese Trust Fund

Livelihoods in the most Cyclone Nargis affected areas of ( through FAO)



19

the Ayeyarwaddy Delta of Myanmar ( OSRO/MYA/901/JPN)

7. Strengthening the National Capacity for the Production of IAEA

Veterinary Vaccine ( IAEA/MYA/901/JPN)

8.

Regional Cooperation Project for Animal Disease control JICA

among Cambodia, Lao-PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar,

Thailand and Vietnam ( JICA ADC Phase II )

9. Livestock Village Development along Thai-Myanmar TICA

Border Project ( MT-AI)

FAO used over 45 million USD for technical assistance including UNDP's support to

the forest sector as Forest Management, Watershed Management Strategy, Restoration of the

Mangrove Ecosystem natural Resources and Environmental Issues during this 3 decades.

In fishery sector, international, regional and bilateral donors and aid agencies such as

FAO, SEAFDEC, JICA, NACA, BIMSTEC are involve and provide technical and financial

assistance. Since Myanmar has become one of the SEAFDEC member countries in 1999,

Myanmar received more financial and technical support from that regional organization and

become more active country in the ASEAN region.

Especially, FAO and UNDP funded "Marine Fishery Resources Survey and

Exploratory Fishing Project were conducted in 1980 to 1983 and the results obtained from

that project are still useful in fisheries management and capture fisheries. In 1997, two

Technical Cooperation Project (TCP) "Reformulation and Strengthening of the Fishery

Statistics" and "Shrimp Farming Development " were provided by FAO to promote fishery

statistics system and shrimp farming systems in Myanmar. Due to series of training,

workshop and technical consultation meeting provided by the donors, Myanmar fisheries

become more developed and now it stand as a fourth biggest share of Myanmar's economy.

FAO is the cluster lead for the United Nations Agriculture Cluster for the Cyclone

Nargis response to relief and recovery in the crops, livestock and fisheries sub-sectors and

forestry sector. The Agriculture Cluster includes three working groups on crops, livestock

and fisheries, and forests and mangroves, which all meet on a fortnightly basis to share

technical knowledge and experiences.

FAO is now assisting the Government of the Union of Myanmar to seek additional

support for a medium-term programme for the recovery of the agriculture sector and

rehabilitation of rural livelihoods in impoverished areas of Myanmar, including those



20

seriously affected by Cyclone Nargis and recent soaring prices in agricultural inputs and

food. This projects is one of a series of agricultural recovery and livelihood rehabilitation

projects proposed by FAO and the Government of the Union of Myanmar under this program

for consideration by bilateral and multi-lateral donors. Their preparation was based on the

findings of the FAO needs assessment for Cyclone Nargis –affected area (agriculture sector)

and the Government of the Union of Myanmar, ASEAN and United Nations post- Nargis

joint assessment. Most importantly, these projects also aim at the initial implementation of

disaster risk reduction initiatives in a country which has regions such as the Ayeyarwady

Delta which are one of the most vulnerable to natural disasters and climate change.

2.6

Gap and areas receiving inadequate attention

2.7.1 Crop sub sector

In order to cope up with newly emerging issues of the current globalization, in one

hand, and to implement effectively MOAI's strategies and objectives on the other hand,

2.7.2 Livestock sub sector

Although, the per-capital consumption of meat and animal derives protein is low

compared with developed countries, annual per- capital consumption is gradually developed

as the followings;

2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

Meat ( Kg) 22.5 24.4 26.17

Milk ( Kg) 19.2 20.9 22.24

Eggs (number) 87 93 105

In addition previously, we also focused per-capital consumption for meat is 23 Kg,

for milk 18 Kg and for egg 145 number at the end of our long term 30 year plan which

started from 2001-2002 and will be terminated on 2030-31.

2.7.3. Fishery sub sector

Although the fisheries sector is increasing quite remarkably, the challenge that it face

is that they are exported as raw materials. The importers reprocess of transform them for

further marketing. The approaches to upgrade traditional fisheries processing and

preservation methods as well as market promotion is also crucial for the effective utilization

of fisheries resources.



21

Fisheries industry faces threats in exploiting of fisheries resources, sustainable

production and effective utilization of its catch. The following areas are to be considered for

the sustainable development of the fisheries sector.

(1)

Lower prices in aquaculture products

(2) Higher percentage of small size catch in capture fisheries

(3) Limited preservation and processing technique in SMEs establishment

(4) Ineffective utilization of low-valued trash fish in marine fishing

(5) Less awareness of the product quality in production chain

(6) Lesser fish supply in mountainous areas

(7) Lack of complete fisheries data and statistical analysis

2.7.4.Forestry sector

Forestry management is faced with constraints and problems. Due to the increase in

population, consequently, demands for forest products and agriculture, unauthorized human

interventions in the forms of shifting cultivation, agricultural expansion, etc. have resulted in

some forest depletion and degradation. The annual deforestation is estimated to be 466,000

hectares during a period from 2000 to 2005 (FRA 2005). Measures are being taken to reverse

the current trend of deforestation.

The main problems currently encountered are

(1) Encroachment in forestland for agriculture, infrastructure, factories and dwellings

as population increase,

(2) Some illicit cutting of trees for commercial use,

(3) Extension of grazing land,

(4) Shifting cultivation, and

(5) Excessive utilization of fuel-wood

3. PROPOSED PROGRAMME FRAMEWORK

3.1 Future Opportunities for FAO's intervention in the next 5 year

Based on situation analysis and existing the formulated the Short Term Five – Year

Plan, the present achievements of Myanmar millennium development goals and on-going

FAO programs implemented in Myanmar, the following 7 priority outcomes of FAO's

intervention, in the next five years in Myanmar have been selected.



22

(1) Increasing production and ensuring food security

(2) Food safety and quality improvement

(3)

Sustainable management of natural resources and environment

(4) Human resource development and Institutional capacity building

(5) Rural Development

(6) Disaster preparedness and risk management

(7) Mitigation and adaptation to climate change

3.1.1 Priority outcome 1: Increasing production to ensure food security

Food security means ensuring everyone has enough to eat. Myanmar had set food

security program giving priority on expanding the production of agriculture, livestock and

fishery for self sufficiency and only the surplus for export. Food security depends in the three

main sources, such as crop plants, livestock products and marine and fresh water products,

generally known as fish and fish products. Food security in Myanmar means ensuring that all

people at all times have access to the food they need for a healthy, active life. In Myanmar,

there are many promising agricultural products in addition to rice. For examples, such

products have big potential as oil- producing plants ( sesame, sunflower, peanuts, palms, etc),

industrial agricultural products ( sugar cane, cotton, rubber, etc.) Fish and fish products play

a pivotal role in food security. Food produced from agriculture sector such as cereals,

vegetables and meat and fish from livestock sector provided enough calorie intakes for the

people. At current, for fishery sector, the major constraint for aquaculture development is the

inadequate supply of seed for short period to expand culture purpose. The development of

hatchery technology with appropriate culture systems and development of appropriate

formulated feed would ensure greater consistency in quality, steady supply and reduction of

the pollution problem.

Major priority outputs/ focused activities

(i) Ensuring food security in food insecure region through twin-track approaches

including (a) the improvement of current food assistance and distribution

system, (b) secondary crop development, (c) the empowerment of farmers to



23

control over resources, access to opportunities and improved governance, (d)

rehabilitation and restoring sustainable livelihood in Cyclone Nargis affected

areas,(e) sustainable water sector development for promoting access to

irrigation water, (f) reestablishment of plantation and perennial tree crops

through the use of applied biotechnology in the context of transforming

resources based to knowledge based agriculture in Cyclone Nargis affected

areas, (g) development of food related enterprises from small to medium scale

through effective supply chain and management, (h) provision and

arrangement of essential seed supply of rice and other crops as well as

vegetable crops, (i) the development of integrated farm mechanization:

combined use of animal and machine power,

(ii) Developing measures for poverty reduction through (a) the formulation of risk

preparedness and risk spreading guidelines for possible market crisis and (b)

diverting resources and investment to agricultural development,

(iii) Strengthening agricultural information system through institutionalizing of

agricultural information system, application of ICT for knowledge sharing and

upgrading existing market information service,

(iv) Improvement of livestock farming by developing of commercial farming,

bio-security and disease control,

(v) Improvement of livestock industry by developing of commercial livestock

industry, animal products and diagnostic capacity and capability of animal

disease,

(vi) Improvement of food safety by upgrading of the quality assurance in

livestock and livestock products,

(vii) Ensuring food security by increasing fish production through providing

essential support services, development of rural infrastructure, intensive peri-

urban food production system

(viii) Ensuring greater availability of seed supply and hatchery development for

grouper, sea bass and mud crab through the development of hatchery

technologies, including disease prevention and control, development of larval

nutrition and feeds, water quality management for a variety of species,

particularly marine finfish, through basic and applied research and testing in

pilot effects,



24

(ix) Development of feeds for culture of marine finfish by study of nutritional

requirements of culture species of interest, development of formulated feeds

in laboratory and pilot scale, feeding trials, appraisal of performance and

technology transfer to private sector,

(x) To develop freshwater aquaculture by taking genetic management and

improvement of brood stock of farmed Rohu through utilization of good

quality brood stock, selection for better food conversion ratio,

(xi) To meet food security standards for export fisheries products, it is needed

improvement of processing practice on small and medium scale processing

plants by providing inputs, establish fish landing jetty, conduct on site training

on Good Manufacture Practices (GMPs), Sanitation Standard Operation

Procedure ( SSOP ), and on-board fish processing, replacement of fish storage

insulated boxes, machinery and equipments for fish preservation processing

plants,

(xii) Reduction of pressure on teak through promote utilization of lesser-used

species (LUS), develop wood-based industry and non-wood forest products,

raise awareness about conservation and utilization of forest resources,

3.1.2 Priority outcome 2: Food safety and quality improvement

Regarding the quality improvement, Myanmar needs to develop post harvest

technology with particular emphasis on some crops. For food safety, it is needed the

provision and arrangement of essential seed supply of rice and other major crops as

well as vegetable crops through strengthening exiting quality seed production and

distribution system. And the effective supply chain and management for food related

rural enterprises are essential for quality improvement. The environment assessment

for food safety as regards to pesticides and other hazardous substances called for to

develop in laboratory practices for bio safety and bio security diagnostics.


(i) Setting SPS standard in harmony with ASEAN standard through institutional

strengthening and capacity building



25

(ii) Improvement of food safety by (a) upgrading of existing veterinary assay lab,

(b) upgrading of food safety and bio-security in livestock and livestock

products and (c) food safety and bio-security of honey and honey products

(iii)

Production of quality safety fisheries products from (a) the improvement of

processing practice on small and medium scale processing plants,(b) from the

provision of fish processing inputs, (c) by conduction of on-site training on

Good Manufacture Practice (GMPs), Sanitation Standard Operation Procedure

( SSOP), and on-board fish processing, (d) by establishing fish landing jetties,

(e) by establishing guidelines on SME fishery products (f) through the

replacement of fish storage insulated boxes, machinery and equipments for

fish preservation processing plants.

3.1.3 Priority outcome 3: Sustainable management of natural resources and

environment

At current, a number of resources management measures for coastal fisheries are

introduced at several countries to abundance of aquatic organism. Appropriate methodologies

are needed to assess the biological impact of these interventions for fishery conservation and

potential income generation from ecotourism. To control, monitor and surveillance the

natural resources especially for coastal resources are capital intensive and time- consuming.

Community –based management is a relatively new concept in the fisheries sector and hence

to be introduced through building awareness, the development of technologies, training and

pilot efforts.


(i)

Promoting agricultural biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization

by (a) strengthening existing ex situ plant genetic resources activities and

establishing in situ plant genetic resources conservation activities,

(ii) Sustainable land use towards sustainable agriculture and food security from

soil fertility maintenance and conservation

(iii) Judicious use of agro-chemicals by enhancing (a) innovative use of integrated

pest and disease management in crop production, (b) plant nutrient use

efficiency



26

(iv) Socio-economy improvement through Livestock sector development from the

development of livestock breeding zones, abattoirs, bio-gas using practice,

(v) Research and Human Development by developing not only higher education

but also para-vet training and animal health worker training.

(vi) To enable and facilitate community-based coastal fisheries management

through to develop and test methodologies of and approaches for community-

based coastal fisheries management, to strengthen skills of the Government

officials to undertake such management.

(vii) To develop appropriate methodologies for assessing the biological impacts

and cost-effectiveness of fisheries conservation and management measures,

such as construction of artificial reefs, establishment of marine parks and

closed areas and closed seasons.

(viii) Development and strengthening of regional networks to support coastal

communities in livelihood diversification and co-management, promote

Regional Code of Conduct on Responsible Fisheries ( RCCRF ) practice.

(ix) To conserve environment and mangrove conservation measures by promoting

Mangrove Friendly Aquaculture practice.

(x) Conservation of forests by establishment of plantation

(xi) Biodiversity conservation through the conservation of protected and rare

endangered, rare and threaten species

(xii) Development Database management system for planning for land use

3.1.4 Priority outcome 4: Human resources development and Institutional

capacity building

With the growth of the economy and improvement in the standard of living of the

people, the relative importance of human resource development can not be ignored. In order

to strengthen the research and development programs, it is necessary to enhance both

quantity and quality of the value-added products. To meet the country economic

development, Myanmar has been focusing on the value added products. Local procession of

raw products into value added products will create employment opportunities, to raise the

export income of the nations, and strengthen to investigate different kinds of research areas at

the university and research institution on utilization of potential market access products.



27


(i) Institutional reform and strengthening national agricultural research,

education, and extension system by designing a mechanism to promote

linkages among relevant institutions within MOAI and beyond MOAI

(ii) Research and human development by developing not only higher education

but also para-vet training and animal health worker training.

(iii) Study visit of expert on cold water fish aquaculture, to learn technical know-

how about cold water fish farming from some BIMSTEC member countries

such as Nepal and Bhutan and to introduce cold water fish farming in some

appropriate areas of hilly region in pilot scale

(iv)

Enhance the capacity human resource from the competent staff/skilled

laborers of staff/skilled laborers

3.1.5 Priority outcome 5: Rural Development

To further develop the economic and social conditions of the rural population,

amenities and facilities for production of foods and goods should be provided. The rural

people build their livelihoods based on the exploitation of the physical (infrastructure),

natural ( land, forests, fisheries) and human assets( such as health, fitness and skills.) Further

assets which play a vital role include financial capital ( including access to credit), and the

relationships of trust which link people with each other and which can be also affect their

access to services and support from service providers. Activities such as animal husbandry

and fisheries development can reduce the reliance of the rural population in farming alone,

and can also broaden the base of economic activities which generate income and

employment.


(i) Promoting rural development through establishment of model villages and

strengthening local farmer organizations from (a) the rural infrastructures

development (b) the expending sustainable rural livelihood options

(ii) Formulation of sustainable rural development and agriculture policy from

capacity building and institutional strengthening in rural development and

agricultural policy analysis and strategy formulation and farm sector

readjustment, restructuring



28

(iii) Development of Rural Livestock from the development of livelihood in real

area by improvement of smallholder farm.

(iv) Development of small and medium scale aquaculture as well as better

processing methods for the rural communities,

(v) To provide employments as forest workers in plantations and creation of the

alternate jobs such as from ecotourism sites, cultural handicrafts and other

transactions for the indigenous people to increase earnings,

(vi) Rehabilitate mangrove forests to ensure serving sufficient source of food, fuel,

post and timber for rural people while also essential breeding and feeding

grounds for diverse aquatic species,

(vii) Develop sustainable biomass and biogas energy

3.1.6 Priority outcome 6: Disaster preparedness and risk management

Myanmar has suffered from unprecedented natural disaster caused by the Cyclone

Nargis in May 2008. It was the worst in the history of Myanmar by inflicting extended

damages and losing human lives, properties and livelihoods. In tropical waters, impacts of

climate change, are generally found such as sea level rise and increases in sea-surface

temperature, which are the most probable major climate-related stress on coastal ecosystems.

Since the climate change phenomena is well evident and did not spare Myanmar, future

agriculture is vulnerable especially in delta areas. The Cyclone Nargis highlighted the

Myanmar vulnerability to high- impact, low frequency natural hazard, and also the need for

the country to undertake a range of action for reducing, mitigating and managing disaster

risks.


(i)

Formation of special taskforce for disaster preparedness and risk

management from the development of natural disaster preparedness

and risk management standard guideline in relation to food security

and livelihood and by participation in post disaster management in

food security and sustainable livelihood

(ii) Rehabilitation in severely Nargis affected areas through the provision

of buffaloes, pig, chicken and duck to the Nargis affected area by

extension of livestock breeding zone.



29

(iii) To access and disseminate weather focus and weather report in time

for fishers and farmers by setting up network system for immediate

communication and access information among fishing boats and based

stations, that is to assist widely utilization and upgrade capacity

building for currently use coastal CDMA phone system.

(iv) Restoration of forests from the conservation of degraded forest

(v) Monitoring and Assessment from the analysis of an organization’s

strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats

3.2.4 Priority outcome 7: Mitigation and adaptation to climate change

Myanmar has obligated to mitigate climate change by agreeing to the Vienna

Convention, Montreal Protocol, and London Amendment to the Montreal Protocol. Although

typical law for climate change has not yet had in the country, there are a number of

environment – related laws which are applicable for climate change. Myanmar as the

member of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has already acceded

Kyoto Protocol to the Convention on Climate Change. Today climate change is a reality, not

a myth. The impacts of climate change on economic and social development of the people

are obvious. The powerful tropical cyclone Nargis recently hit the lower parts of Myanmar,

causing several thousands of causalities and enormous damages. The contribution of forests

as a sink to mitigate of the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide is significant. On the

other hand, the forests are a source of carbon dioxide when depleted mainly by

anthropogenic activities.


(i) Formulation of strategic framework for adaptation to climate change in

relation to sustainable agriculture and food security (a) from the

Impact assessment on the effect of climate change in relation to food

security in major agro-climatic zones in Myanmar, (b) through

sustainable water sector development particularly in rainfall scarce

area and dry zone to promote access to irrigation water to ensure high

food crop production and diversification, (c) from Integrated dry zone

greening:dry zone food-feed-fiber-fuel-forest program in collaboration

with forest sub-sector, (d) by enhancing innovative dry land farming

system Enhancing crop-water use efficiency(e) through the



30

development of coping strategies for possible sea level rise in relation

to food crop production in coastal and delta areas (f) from the

development of coping strategies for frequent flash flood encountering

during cropping season

(ii) Formulation of strategic framework for mitigation to climate change in

relation to sustainable agriculture and food security by developing

alternative and eco-friendly agricultural practices to counter

anthropogenic GHG,

(iii) Protect environment by promotion of reforestation and afforestation

3.3 Functions of FAO in assisting the Government of Myanmar

FAO has a long history of partnership with the Government of Myanmar in its quest

to eradicate hunger, malnutrition and poverty through the development of the agriculture

sector. FAO has also been an active partner of the Government of Myanmar in protecting the

environment and promoting sustainable development and disaster risk management

strategies. Moreover, FAO has gained valuable experience through implementation of the

above mentioned livelihood protection and rehabilitation projects in the cyclone-affected

areas of the Ayeyarwady Delta during 2008.

4. IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION

4.1. Financial resources

The total financial resource requirement for the implementation of NMPTF is

provisionally estimated at approximately US$ million. The full implementation of the

NMPTF depends very much on the availability of financial resources for which various types

of resources, including those from FAO's regular programme ( TCP, TCP Facility), Trust

Funds from external donors should be explored and tapped. FAO's TCP resources can be

utilized for the implementation of small and medium size national projects which meet TCP

criteria.

TCP Facility will be used for the implementation of projects which fall under the

following categories:

(1) rapidly solve a specific technical problem for which the expertise may not

be immediately available within government services,



31

(2) formulate project proposals or documents in the areas of FAO' mandate,

required for submission to potential funding sources, including to the TCP,

(3) prepare background documents required by the Government, and

(4)

carry out small sector and sub sector related studies or assessments as

required by the Government, including facilitating field programme

development and participation in related UN process.

4.2. Coordination and implementation mechanisms including monitoring and

evaluation

The NMTPF will be implemented largely in cooperation with FAO for the priority

outcome where FAO has comparative advantage. Since Myanmar is a country of transition in

economy, whose economic development largely depends on its agricultural development, the

priority area and the need for development is very comprehensive. The NMTPF for 2010 to

2014 is actually designed to serve as the priority outcomes for the development of

agricultural sector aiming to serve as a package which contains several priority activities in

which some activity will be in similar nature and found in more than one package. Therefore,

each priority package serves as all in one and relates to each other. These packages are

supposed to be formulated for better cooperation between Myanmar Government and FAO

through efficient allocation of scare resources.

Actual implementation will depend on the availability of funding from the

Government of Myanmar as well as FAO and other sources. Each priority package will be

subjected to operational level and formulated the program and project accordingly to meet

the desired objectives. The NMTPF is co-owned by the Government of Myanmar and the

FAO and the coordination and implementation mechanism is established based on the

following principle.

In order to implement effectively, a national level project steering committee and

technical sub-committee will be formed. The national level project steering committee will

be comprised the head of concerned institutions under the line ministries. The technical sub-

committee will be involved the senior officials with well verse on relevant subject matters

from all institutions under the line ministries and project personals from both concerned



32

ministries and FAO. The technical sub- committee is the implementation body of the priority

package.

The evaluation of the project implementation will be carried out by holding regular

meeting of steering committee at quarterly basic followed by technical sub- committee. The

ad hoc committee meeting will be held if it is needed. The technical sub-committee will

prepare the annual progress report of the implementation of the NMTPF which will be and

discussed at the annual NMTPF Implementation Review Workshop prior to its finalization

and submission to the NMPTF Implementation Committee for clearance and further

submission to the project steering committee.

4.3.

Short-term implementation plan for the next 12 months

There is no doubt that agriculture will remain the leading industry in the future. Even

though there is a problem that agriculture is vulnerable to changes of weather, for the time

being, emphasis should be placed on agriculture in order to promote the industrial

development. Also, since it is highly likely that the worldwide demand-supply balance for

foods will be tight in the future, agriculture is a promising industry.

Immediately after submission to the NMTRF steering committee, final consultation

on various partners including the officials of line ministries and departments, UN agencies,

donors, aid agencies, INGOs and academic institutions, NMTPF document is proposed to be

finalized jointly by FAO and concerned ministries. Once finalized the NMTPF by relevant

authority, holding Government and donor briefing meeting is suggested to be organized,

aiming to brief donors and partners on the content of the NMTPF document and its priority

interventions and seek their collaboration and financial support on the implementation of

NMPTF.

5. CONCLUSION

Myanmar welcomes NMTPF which are an ambitious agenda for agricultural

development in Myanmar. Myanmar, as an agro –based economy, the agriculture sector

plays a dominant force in national economic development. It has a significant role in

providing overall domestic food self-sufficiency, promoting external trade and also providing

raw materials to meet the domestic agro-based industries.

Hunger and poverty often compel the poor to over-exploit the resources on which

their own livelihood. Like other developing countries, Myanmar faces many environmental



33

issues as the result of sustainable land use practices, need of clear-cut land use policy, illegal

wildlife trade along transboundary, weak law enforcement, inadequacy of trained staff and

human resources, insufficient availability of fund and equipment, etc.

Documents

CPF 201014 Myanmar.pdf FAO