earliest computing devices designed to aid numeric computation

abacus, first developed in Babylonia over 5,000 years ago

Origins of Digital Computers

William Schickard (1592–1635), mechanical calculator

Blaise Pascal (1623–1662), addition and subtraction decimal calculator

G. W. F. Leibniz (1646–1716), “Stepped Reckoner,” full-featured calculator,(“Leibniz wheel” for multiplication) Pascaline

Early Calculating Machines

first true pioneer of modern digital computing machines

built two prototype calculating machines

Difference Engine

Analytical Engine

Charles Babbage (1791–1871)

Charles Babbage Analytical Machine

He was explicitly inspired by Jacquard’s use of punch cards to control a machine.

Unfortunately the only way to build it was using rods and gears and it was never made to work.

In addition, it was powered by STEAM !

automated both the computation of tables and their printing

employed the method of differences to calculate polynomials

special-purpose calculating machine

Babbage’s Difference Engine

World’s First Programmer

Ada King, daughter of Lord Byron wrote the programs for the Difference Engine, thus making her the first programmer….ever

Designed the first, general-purpose digital computing device

Unfortunately his ideas and achieve-ments were lost on his successors

Legacy of Babbage

1880-1901 The Birth of the Modern Mechanical Calculator

..\x100TriumphatorCNser113763.jpg

Early Pocket Calculators

Claude Shannon 1916-2001 In 1937, Claude Shannon introduces the concept of binary logic for use in creating digital computing machines

In 1948 he publishes “A mathematical theory of communication” which sets forth the principals for encoding information so that it might be transmitted electronically

He is affectionately thought of as the Father of the modern information age

designed the “Z” series of automatic general-purpose computing machines

electro-mechanical devices

binary internal encoding

Z3 (1941) was programmed using punched 35mm film

Konrad Zuse (1910–1995)

led the WWII research group that broke the code for the Enigma machine

proposed a simple abstract universal machine model for defining computability

devised the “Turing hypothesis” for AI

Alan M. Turing (1912–1954)

The Enigma Machine

Invented in 1918, it was the most sophisticated code system of its day, and was a priority of the Allies to decipher before D-Day so that they could be certain that they had fooled the Germans about the Invasion of France

constructed an electronic computing machine (1943) used to decrypt German coded messages

Alan Turing and his Colossus

IBM Harvard Mark I- 1944

The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator after installation at Harvard University, 1944. It is 51 feet long, weighs 5 tons, and incorporates 750,000 parts, including 72 accumulators and 60 sets of rotary switches

John W. Mauchly (1907–1980) and J. Presper Eckert (1919– ) headed the ENIAC team at the Moore School of Engineering, University of Pennsylvannia

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), the first electronic general-purpose digital computer

commissioned by the Army for computing ballistic firing tables

Mauchly and Eckert

noted for massive scale and redundant design

decimal internal coding

operational in 1946

ENIAC

• manual programming of boards, switches, and “function table”

ENIAC

Early Computer Programming was slow, tedious and repetitious

Von Neumann visits the Moore School in 1944

prepares a draft for an automatic programmable device (later called EDVAC)

“stored program” concept

publishes ideas (with Goldstine and Burks) in 1946

designed the IAS (Institute for Advanced Studies) machine which became operational in 1951

John Von Neumann (1903–1954)

“stored program”

serial uniprocessor design

binary internal encoding

CPU–Memory–I/O orgranization

“fetch-decode-execute” instruction cycle

Von Neumann Architecture

first commercial general-purpose computer system

delivered in 1951

used to forecast the 1952 presidential election

UNIVAC I

Even in the 1950’s, computers got smaller over time

Four different generations of tube computer circuits showing the reduction in size over several generations of systems during the 1950’s

Early Bell Labs Transistor 1947 / 1952

“The most important invention of the 20th century…”

A hearing aid ! ….1953

Zenith Royal-T “Tubeless” hearing aid. 3” tall, 2.5” widexdftrd

A prehistoric iPod?

Followed immediately by the first “pocket radio” in 1954

Jack Kilby - Invents the Integrated Circuit at TI….1957

      

            

First commercial use of the IC was in a pocket calculator - 1961

built using solid-state circuitry

family of computer systems with backward compatibility

established the standard for mainframes for a decade

1960’s….IBM System/360

Gordon Bell, Father of the Minicomputer, Digital Equipment Corporation

Developed the first “Mini” computers 1960-83

Brought computing to small businesses

Created major competition for IBM, UNIVAC, who only built Mainframes at the time

“minicomputers”

offered mainframe performance at a fraction of the cost

PDP-8 introduced at $20,000! Vs. $1M for a Mainframe

DEC PDP series

IBM fights back!

IBM 1130, their “small” computer, designed to compete with DEC’s minis

First developed in the late 1970’s

high-performance systems used for scientific applications

advanced special purpose designs

Control Data Corporation, Cray Research, NEC, IBM and others

Specialized Supercomputers

Intel 4004 Microprocessor - 1972

First commercially available micro-processor – first used in a programmable calculator

This technology made the personal computer possible

Contained 2300 transistors and ran at 100 khz

Microprocessors

all-in-one designs, performance/price tradeoffs

aimed at mass audiences

personal computers

workstations

Desktop and Portable Computers1975-

Developed in the family garage, Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs with the First Apple

Computer 1976

Radio Shack TRS-80, 1978 The first plug and

play personal computer available at retail

Programmed in BASIC

Very successful Very affordable Limited commercial

software Created a cottage

industry

The Apple II - 1978

The first commercially available Apple

Initially sold to Wall St. bankers who wanted the Spread-sheet program called Visicalc which ran on the Apple II

Put Apple on the Map

The Osborne 1 - 1981

The first “portable” personal computer

Came with lot’s of software bundled

Only weighed about 40 lbs and sold for $1795

Note the large 5” screen!

IBM PC - 1982

IBM’s first PC Signaled a significant

shift for the giant manufacturer

Established a new standard which is still being built on today

Operating system written by Bill Gates & Co. at Microsoft

                        

The Computer Company that Wasn’t, Xerox

Many of the innovations that became part of the Personal Computer scene were actually invented at XEROX Parc (Palo Alto Research Center)

Xerox was never able to successfully exploit those innovations that included the mouse, graphic user interface and the concept of WYSIWYG,

(What you see is what you get)

Apple MacIntosh - 1984

First PC with GUI interface

Adopted from the work that was done at Xerox

Designed to be a computer appliance for “Real People”

Introduced at the 1984 Superbowl

Video

MacIntosh 1984 Superbowl Ad

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYecfV3ubP8

1984 MacIntosh Ad

Directed by Ridley Scott • (Alien, Blade Runner)

Cost $1.5 M Shown ONCE during ‘84 Superbowl at

a cost of $500K Considered to be the best TV ad ever! Launched the Mac in grand style! http://www.uiowa.edu/~commstud/

adclass/1984.apple_ad.mov

Just Some of the Companies that defined the Personal Computer Business early on

Xerox IBM Commodore Texas Instrument Osborne MITS AT&T Compaq

ToshibaHitachiSinclairHewlett PackardSonyAppleMicrosoftSWTP

Yea r Na me Perfo rma n ce Memo ry Price Price/Perfo rma n ce(a d d s/sec) (KB) (d o lla rs) (v s. UNIVAC)

1 9 5 1 Un iv a c I 1 ,9 0 0 4 8 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 11 9 6 4 IBM S 3 6 0 5 0 0 ,0 0 0 6 4 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 2 6 31 9 6 5 PDP-8 3 3 0 ,0 0 0 4 1 6 ,0 0 0 1 0 ,8 5 51 9 7 6 Cra y -1 1 6 6 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 03 2 ,7 6 8 4 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 2 1 ,8 4 21 9 8 1 IBM PC 2 4 0 ,0 0 0 2 5 6 3 ,0 0 0 4 2 ,1 0 51 9 9 1 HP9 0 0 0 /7 5 05 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 01 6 ,3 8 4 7 ,4 0 0 3 ,5 5 6 ,1 8 8

How do they rate in cost and performance?

Comparison Shopping

• In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors that can be integrated on a die would double every 18 to 24 months (i.e., grow exponentially with time).

• Amazing visionary – million transistor/chip barrier was crossed in the 1980’s.

– 2300 transistors, 1 MHz clock (Intel 4004) - 1971

– 42 Million, 2 GHz clock (Intel P4) - 2001

– 140 Million transistor (HP PA-8500)

Moore’s Law

Source: Intel web page (www.intel.com)

Clock FrequencyLead microprocessors frequency doubles every 2 years

P6

Pentium ® proc486

38628680868085

8080

80084004

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Year

Fre

qu

ency

(M

hz)

2X every 2 years

Courtesy, Intel

Growth Speed of Key Technologies Obeys Moore’s Law

Today’s Price/Performance Over 3 Billion adds per second costs less than $1000

Memory is measured in Megabytes/Gigabytes….not Kilobytes

Magnetic Storage is measured in Gigabytes, not Megabytes or Kilobytes…soon to be Terabytes

Communications speeds are measured in Megabits per second, not Kilobits or even lower

And so it continues !!!

Web Resources for Computing History

http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/t http://www.digitalcentury.com/

encyclo/update/comp_hd.html http://www.hitmill.com/computers/

computerhx1.html