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Cranial morphology of the first South Americans
Implications for the settlement of
the New World
Walter NevesMark Hubbe
Laboratório de Estudos Evolutivos HumanosDepartamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva
Instituto de Biociências – Universidade de São Paulo
Models for the Settlement of the Americas
Molecular Biology: genetic variation of extant Native Americans
indicates that a single human biological population entered the New World
Cranial Morphology: late prehistoric, recent and present Native
Americans tend to exhibit a cranial morphology similar to late and modern Northern Asians
earliest South Americans tend to be more similar to present Australians, Melanesians, and Sub-Saharan Africans
Aim In this study morphological affinities of
early South Americans are investigated using the largest sample of early American skulls ever studied. All recovered from the Lagoa Santa Karst.
Geographic Location of the Lagoa Santa Karst
The SampleSite
N Males
N Females
Institutions Chief archaeologist
Lapa da Amoreira 1 - MNRJ Padberg Drenkpol
Lapa de Carrancas 2 - MNRJ Bastos d`Ávila
Lapa Mortuária (Rockshelter)
2 2 MNRJ Padberg Drenkpol
Santana do Riacho
2 4 MHN-UFMG André Prous
Cerca Grande 6 2 3 MNRJWesley Hurt and
Oldemar Blasi
Cerca Grande 7 - 1 MNRJWesley Hurt and
Oldemar Blasi
Lapa Mortuária (Cave)
1 - MHN-UFMG Harold Walter
Escrivânia 3 - 1 ZMUC Peter Lund
Sumidouro 17 14ZMUC /
MNH / IHG
Peter Lund
Cerca Grande 2 1 - MNRJWesley Hurt and
Oldemar Blasi
Cerca Grande 5 2 - MNRJWesley Hurt and
Oldemar Blasi
Lapa do Caetano 1 1 MNRJPadberg Drenkpol
and Cássio Lanari
Lapa D’Água - 1 MNRJ Padberg Drenkpol
Harold Walter Collection
11 11 MHN-UFMG Harold Walter
Lapa Vermelha IV - 1 MNRJ Annete Emperaire
Total 42 39
Fieldwork at Lagoa Santa
Paleoindian Burial exhumated last week at Lapa do Santo (Lagoa
Santa)
Archaeological excavation at Lapa do Santo (Rockshelter) during this
month
One of Sumidouro’s skulls, recovered by Lund at Sumidouro
Cave, Lagoa Santa
Chronological Context of Lagoa Santa human skeletons
Peter Lund (1843) & Harold Walter (1935) Coexistence between humans and
megafauna
Wesley Hurt & Oldemar Blasi (1969) Radiocarbon dates for the human
occupation at Cerca Grande Rockshelter 6: 9720+/-128 and 9028+/-120
French-Brazilian Mission (1970s) Excavations at Lapa Vermelha IV: charcoals
found above and below the skeleton of Luzia were dated to between 11 and 11,5 BP, respectively
Peter W. Lund (1801-1880)
Danish naturalist
Recent efforts (1994-present) Direct dating of human skeletons by AMS Generation of minimum ages through the
dating of calcite layers Excavation of new archaeological sites Visit to key sites looking for remnants of the
original stratigraphy
Poor collagen preservation in Lagoa Santa 22 human skeletons directly dated by AMS to
between 8,5 and 7,5 BP
Chronological Context of Lagoa Santa
Site Sample Material dated Lab number C12/C13Conventional
C14 age (uncalibrated)
Cerca Grande 6 MN-1369 Human bone Beta 161668 -25,7 ‰ 8240 ± 40 BP
Cerca Grande 6 MN-1329 Human bone Beta 161666 -28,0 ‰ 8230 ± 50 BP
Cerca Grande 7 MN-1384 Charcoal Beta 84446 -25,0 ‰ 9130 ± 60 BP
Lapa da Amoreira MN-815 Human bone Beta 161657 NA 7070 ± 40 BP
Lapa da Lagoa Funda MNH-HW294 Human bone Beta 165379 -25,3 ‰ 7870 ± 40 BP
Lapa de Boleiras BL-K10 No.12 Charcoal Beta 159242 -25,0 ‰ 8820 ± 150 BP
Lapa de Boleiras MN-1389 Human bone Beta 155658 -17,9 ‰ 8420 ± 100 BP
Lapa de Boleiras BL-K12 No.14 Charcoal Beta 159244 -25,4 ‰ 8360 ± 50 BP
Lapa de Boleiras MN-1390 Human bone Beta 155659 -20,8 ‰ 8300 ± 50 BP
Lapa de Boleiras BL-K10 No.13 Charcoal Beta 159243 -25,0 ‰ 7560 ± 110 BP
Lapa de Carrancas MN-627 Human bone Beta 161656 -21,8 ‰ 7970 ± 40 BP
Lapa de Escrivânia 3 ZMUCESC3HS Human bone Beta 174734 -19,6 ‰ 7740 ± 80 BP
Lapa do Baú 2 ZMUC 2358 Human bone Beta 174735 -19,2 ‰ 8830 ± 50 BP
Lapa do Braga ZMUC 4725 Human bone Beta 174736 -19,2 ‰ 9780 ± 70BP
Lapa do Sumidouro ZMUCBR789C Charcoal Beta 172187 -29,5 ‰ 7650 ± 50 BP
Lapa do Sumidouro ZMUCBR789S Shell Beta 172187 -9,1 ‰ 8960 ± 50 BP
Lapa do Sumidouro ZMUCBR247C Charcoal Beta 174730 -26,4 ‰ 7680 ± 40 BP
Lapa do Sumidouro ZMUCBR321S Shell Beta 174732 -9,5 ‰ 7590 ± 80 BP
Lapa do Sumidouro ZMUCBR789A Calcite - - >8150 ± 450 BP
Lapa do Sumidouro ZMUCBR789B Calcite - - >7674 ± 456 BP
Lapa Mortuária MN-834 Human bone Beta 161658 -18,6 ‰ 8810 ± 50 BP
Lapa Mortuária MN-928 Human bone Beta 161663 -19,4 ‰ 8350 ± 40 BP
Lapa Mortuária MN-923 Human bone Beta 161662 -19,2 ‰ 8290 ± 40 BP
Lapa Mortuária MN-847 Human bone Beta 161659 -19,1‰ 7190 ± 50 BP
Lapa Mortuária (Cave) MN-Confins Human bone Beta 174680 -33,4 ‰ 11990 ± 50 BP
Santana do Riacho Sep XIII Charcoal Gif 4508 NA 9460 ± 110 BP
Santana do Riacho SR1-XX Human bone Beta 162014 -24,9 ‰ 8280 ± 40 BP
Santana do Riacho Sep XXIII Charcoal Gif 5088 NA 8230 ± 150 BP
Santana do Riacho Sep IV Charcoal Gif 5087 NA 8150 ± 150 BP
Radiometric dates for human skeletons from Lagoa Santa area, Minas Gerais (all human bones by AMS).
Chronology of the human occupation at Lagoa Santa
11,5 kyr – 10,0 kyr – Scarce human presence, without formal occupation of the rockshelters.
10,0 kyr - 7,5 kyr – First signs of permanent occupation of the rockshelters.
8,5 kyr – 7,5 kyr – Peak of burials in the rockshelters.
7,0 kyr – 2,5 kyr – Scarce human presence in Lagoa Santa, with no burial found (Archaic Gap).
2,5 kyr – Arrival of ceramists at the region.
Chronology assumedSite
N Males
N Females
Chronological Range (years BP)
Institutions Chief archaeologists
Lapa da Amoreira 1 - 7000 MNRJ Padberg Drenkpol
Lapa de Carrancas 2 - 8000 MNRJ Bastos d`Ávila
Lapa Mortuária (Rockshelter)
2 2 7000 to 9000 MNRJ Padberg Drenkpol
Santana do Riacho
2 4 8000 to 9500 MHN-UFMG André Prous
Cerca Grande 6 2 3 8000 to 8500 MNRJWesley Hurt and
Oldemar Blasi
Cerca Grande 7 - 1 9000 MNRJWesley Hurt and
Oldemar Blasi
Lapa Mortuária (Cave)
1 - 11000 to 12000 MHN-UFMG Harold Walter
Escrivânia 3 - 1 7700 ZMUC Peter Lund
Sumidouro 17 14 > 8000ZMUC /
MNH / IHG
Peter Lund
Cerca Grande 2 1 - 8000 to 8500 MNRJWesley Hurt and
Oldemar Blasi
Cerca Grande 5 2 - 8000 to 8500 MNRJWesley Hurt and
Oldemar Blasi
Lapa do Caetano 1 1 8000 to 8500 MNRJPadberg Drenkpol
and Cássio Lanari
Lapa D’Água - 1 8000 to 8500 MNRJ Padberg Drenkpol
Harold Walter Collection
11 11 8000 to 8500 MHN-UFMG Harold Walter
Lapa Vermelha IV - 1 11000 to 11500 MNRJ Annete Emperaire
Total 42 39
Material and Methods
Comparative Samples Howells’ samples representing 6 global regions
Asia Recent America Europe Africa Polynesia Australia/Melanesia
Two late archaic Brazilian samples (shellmounds) Base Aérea Tapera
Multivariate Analyses presented here Principal Coordinates Analyses assuming heritability
0,55 (size and shape, and shape alone) – 55 best preserved skulls.
Principal Components Analyses with heritability 1,0 (size and shape, and shape alone) – centroids of the 81 skulls.
Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) applied to Mahalanobis Distance assuming heritability 0,55 (size and shape, and shape alone) - 55 best preserved skulls.
Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) applied to Mahalanobis Distance assuming heritability 1,0 (size and shape, and shape alone) - 55 best preserved skulls.
Principal Components Analyses taking into account the individual dispersion of the sample (size and shape, and shape alone) - 55 best preserved skulls.
Material and Methods
Principal Coordinate Analysis (h2=0,55)M
ale
s si
ze a
nd S
hape
Fem
ale
s Shape a
lone
Fem
ale
s si
ze a
nd S
hape
Male
s Shape a
lone
Multivariate Analyses presented here Principal Coordinates Analyses assuming heritability
0,55 (size and shape, and shape alone) – 55 best preserved skulls.
Principal Components Analyses with heritability 1,0 (size and shape, and shape alone) – centroids of the 81 skulls.
Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) applied to Mahalanobis Distance assuming heritability 0,55 (size and shape, and shape alone) - 55 best preserved skulls.
Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) applied to Mahalanobis Distance assuming heritability 1,0 (size and shape, and shape alone) - 55 best preserved skulls.
Principal Components Analyses taking into account the individual dispersion of the sample (size and shape, and shape alone) - 55 best preserved skulls.
Material and Methods
Principal Components Analyses (h2=1,0)M
ale
s si
ze a
nd S
hape
Fem
ale
s Shape a
lone
Fem
ale
s si
ze a
nd S
hape
Male
s Shape a
lone
Multivariate Analyses presented here Principal Coordinates Analyses assuming heritability
0,55 (size and shape, and shape alone) – 55 best preserved skulls.
Principal Components Analyses with heritability 1,0 (size and shape, and shape alone) – centroids of the 81 skulls.
Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) applied to Mahalanobis Distance assuming heritability 0,55 (size and shape, and shape alone) - 55 best preserved skulls.
Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) applied to Mahalanobis Distance assuming heritability 1,0 (size and shape, and shape alone) - 55 best preserved skulls.
Principal Components Analyses taking into account the individual dispersion of the sample (size and shape, and shape alone) - 55 best preserved skulls.
Material and Methods
MDS based on Mahalanobis Distance (h2=0,55)M
ale
s si
ze a
nd S
hape
Fem
ale
s Shape a
lone
Fem
ale
s si
ze a
nd S
hape
Male
s Shape a
lone
MDS based on Mahalanobis Distance (h2=1,0)M
ale
s si
ze a
nd S
hape
Fem
ale
s Shape a
lone
Fem
ale
s si
ze a
nd S
hape
Male
s Shape a
lone
Multivariate Analyses presented here Principal Coordinates Analyses assuming heritability
0,55 (size and shape, and shape alone) – 55 best preserved skulls.
Principal Components Analyses with heritability 1,0 (size and shape, and shape alone) – centroids of the 81 skulls.
Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) applied to Mahalanobis Distance assuming heritability 0,55 (size and shape, and shape alone) - 55 best preserved skulls.
Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) applied to Mahalanobis Distance assuming heritability 1,0 (size and shape, and shape alone) - 55 best preserved skulls.
Principal Components Analyses taking into account the individual dispersion of the sample (size and shape, and shape alone) - 55 best preserved skulls.
Material and Methods
Principal Components Analysis (h2=1,0)M
ale
s si
ze a
nd S
hape
Fem
ale
s Shape a
lone
Fem
ale
s si
ze a
nd S
hape
Male
s Shape a
lone
Discussion and Conclusions
the first South Americans exhibit a cranial morphology very different from late and modern Northeastern Asians and Amerindians
Two competing hypothesis local microevolutionary process mediated by
selection and/or drift transformed the Paleoamerican morphology into that prevailing today among Native Americans the New World was successively occupied by two morphologically differentiated human stocks, with the Paleoamerican morphology entering first
Discussion and Conclusionsthe New World was successively occupied by two morphologically differentiated human stocks, with the Paleoamerican morphology entering first
“The two main biological components model”
Cranial morphology of early Americans from
Lagoa Santa
Implications for the settlement of
the New World
Walter NevesMark Hubbe
Laboratório de Estudos Evolutivos HumanosDepartamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva
Instituto de Biociências – Universidade de São Paulo