Cranium, Thorax and Cranium, Thorax and SpineSpine

Cranium & SkullCranium & Skull The difference?The difference? The Skull are all the bones of The Skull are all the bones of

the head (including jawbone)the head (including jawbone) The Cranium are all the bones The Cranium are all the bones

of the head (excluding of the head (excluding jawbone).jawbone).

The Skull has 22 total bonesThe Skull has 22 total bones 8 Cranial bones 8 Cranial bones

The ones that enclose the The ones that enclose the brainbrain

14 Facial bones 14 Facial bones The ones that make up the The ones that make up the

faceface

All the bones of the skull are All the bones of the skull are fused together fused together

They are called suture jts.They are called suture jts. Except for the jaw (mandible) Except for the jaw (mandible)

which has a movable jt.which has a movable jt.

VocabularyVocabulary

To rue (v)- to regret (normally used with To rue (v)- to regret (normally used with “the day” after it).“the day” after it).

To laud (v)- to praise someoneTo laud (v)- to praise someone To deride (v)- to ridicule; make fun ofTo deride (v)- to ridicule; make fun of To abate (v) – to lessen the intensityTo abate (v) – to lessen the intensity To glower (v)- to scowl; to meanly stare at To glower (v)- to scowl; to meanly stare at

someone.someone. To gesticulate (v)- to overuse gestures while To gesticulate (v)- to overuse gestures while

speakingspeaking To glean (v)- to collect information bit by To glean (v)- to collect information bit by

bit.bit.

CraniumCranium There are 8 bones that There are 8 bones that

protect the brainprotect the brain Parietal Bone (Left and Parietal Bone (Left and

Right)Right) They are the largest of the They are the largest of the

cranial bones cranial bones They are the most superior They are the most superior

and posteriorand posterior Temporal Bone (Left and Temporal Bone (Left and

Right)Right) It is the most lateralIt is the most lateral It is the bone that houses It is the bone that houses

the ear cavitythe ear cavity It is the bone that the jaw It is the bone that the jaw

bone (mandible) bone (mandible) articulates witharticulates with

Occipital Bone Occipital Bone It is the most posteriorIt is the most posterior It articulates with the It articulates with the

cervical spine cervical spine

Cranium (cont)Cranium (cont) Frontal Bone (forehead) (1)Frontal Bone (forehead) (1)

It is the most anteriorIt is the most anterior Sphenoid BoneSphenoid Bone (1) (1)

It sits on the base (or bottom) It sits on the base (or bottom) of the skullof the skull

The Ethmoid boneThe Ethmoid bone (1) (1) It is a a facial bone but It is a a facial bone but

part of it punctures its way part of it punctures its way through the frontal bone.through the frontal bone.

The Base of the skull is The Base of the skull is made up of the made up of the Occipital bone (posterior)Occipital bone (posterior) Temporal and sphenoid Temporal and sphenoid

(middle)(middle) Frontal (anterior)Frontal (anterior)

Sphenoid boneSphenoid bone Fontanelle-Fontanelle-

Squishy opening of cranium in babies before bones Squishy opening of cranium in babies before bones fuse together.fuse together.

Facial Bones (14)Facial Bones (14) The facial bones do not hold the brain.The facial bones do not hold the brain.

Maxilla boneMaxilla bone It is your upper lip bone and It is your upper lip bone and

around your nosearound your nose Your upper teeth are attached Your upper teeth are attached

to themto them Mandible boneMandible bone

Jaw boneJaw bone Your lower teeth are attached Your lower teeth are attached

to themto them It articulates c the temporal It articulates c the temporal

bone at the TMJ (temporo-bone at the TMJ (temporo-mandibular jt)mandibular jt)

Zygoma bone (aka Buccal Zygoma bone (aka Buccal bone)bone)

It is your cheek boneIt is your cheek bone Nasal BoneNasal Bone

Small bone at the bridge of Small bone at the bridge of nosenose

The Rest of nose is cartilageThe Rest of nose is cartilage

Facial Bones (14)Facial Bones (14) Other Facial BonesOther Facial Bones

Ethmoid boneEthmoid bone Bone of your nasal cavity Bone of your nasal cavity

and eye socketand eye socket Part of it pierces through Part of it pierces through

frontal bone to anchor the frontal bone to anchor the brain.brain.

Palatine (2)Palatine (2) bone that makes up the bone that makes up the

back top of your mouthback top of your mouth Lacrimal (2) “tear” boneLacrimal (2) “tear” bone

Bone of your inner eyeBone of your inner eye VomerVomer Inferior Nasal ConchaInferior Nasal Concha

Part of nasal cavityPart of nasal cavity It has a bunch of tunnels It has a bunch of tunnels

whose job is to warm up whose job is to warm up air to 1 degree of room air to 1 degree of room temperature.temperature.

Identify parts of the skullIdentify parts of the skull

SinusesSinuses Four sets of air-filled Four sets of air-filled

cavities in craniumcavities in cranium Maxillary Sinus (2)Maxillary Sinus (2)

One behind each cheekOne behind each cheek Ethmoid (2)Ethmoid (2)

They are behind the They are behind the nosenose

Sphenoid (2)Sphenoid (2) They are behind the They are behind the

ethmoid sinusesethmoid sinuses Frontal (1)Frontal (1)

It is in the foreheadIt is in the forehead Purpose of sinusesPurpose of sinuses

To lessen the weight of To lessen the weight of the facial bones.the facial bones.

CraniumCranium

The Orbit The Orbit and Socketand Socket

The orbit is the opening of the The orbit is the opening of the eye socket. eye socket.

The socket of the remainder of The socket of the remainder of the cavity which holds the the cavity which holds the eyeball.eyeball.

Orbit/Socket is made up of 8 Orbit/Socket is made up of 8 bonesbones

Zygoma on the inferiorZygoma on the inferior Frontal on the superiorFrontal on the superior Sphenoid/Ethmoid on the Sphenoid/Ethmoid on the

posteriorposterior Lacrimal on the medialLacrimal on the medial

Holds lacrimal ducts to allow us Holds lacrimal ducts to allow us to cryto cry

Blow out fxBlow out fx Fx to zygoma; eyeball falls into Fx to zygoma; eyeball falls into

maxillary sinus or falls out of maxillary sinus or falls out of orbit.orbit.

Suture LinesSuture Lines Suture Lines are the borders between Suture Lines are the borders between

cranial bones cranial bones Sagittal sutureSagittal suture

Separates the two parietal bones on top of Separates the two parietal bones on top of headhead

Coronal sutureCoronal suture Separates parietal and frontal bonesSeparates parietal and frontal bones

Lamboidal sutureLamboidal suture Separates parietal and occipital bones.Separates parietal and occipital bones.

Squamosal sutureSquamosal suture Separates parietal and temporal bones.Separates parietal and temporal bones.

The BregmaThe Bregma The point on the top of your head where The point on the top of your head where

the coronal suture meets the sagittal the coronal suture meets the sagittal suturesuture

The LambdaThe Lambda The point of the back of the head where The point of the back of the head where

the sagittal suture meets the squamosal the sagittal suture meets the squamosal suture.suture.

bregma lambda

SpineSpine

Otherwise known as Otherwise known as The Vertebrae or The Vertebrae or Spinal ColumnSpinal Column

It is 24 individual It is 24 individual vertebrae with vertebrae with intervertebral discs intervertebral discs between each onebetween each one

Cervical (7)-NeckCervical (7)-Neck Thoracic (12)- ChestThoracic (12)- Chest Lumbar (5) – Lower Lumbar (5) – Lower

BackBack

Spine also includesSpine also includes Sacrum (1)-PelvisSacrum (1)-Pelvis Coccyx (1)-TailboneCoccyx (1)-Tailbone

VertebraeVertebrae All vertebrae are made up of 2 partsAll vertebrae are made up of 2 parts

BodyBody- Main part of spine in which the discs sit on- Main part of spine in which the discs sit on ArchArch- Posterior part that encloses the spinal cord- Posterior part that encloses the spinal cord

Spinous Process-Spinous Process- part of vertebrae you can touch part of vertebrae you can touch Zygapophyseal Joint- Zygapophyseal Joint- Joint b/t two vertebrae on the arch.Joint b/t two vertebrae on the arch.

DiscsDiscs

Between each of the 24 Between each of the 24 vertebrae are cushy discs vertebrae are cushy discs above and below itabove and below it Made of cartilageMade of cartilage Serves as shock absorberServes as shock absorber

Compression fracturesCompression fractures

Sometimes disc will Sometimes disc will rupture or herniaterupture or herniate Pain due to disc touching Pain due to disc touching

the spinal cord or other the spinal cord or other nervesnerves

Also called Also called sciaticasciatica

Cervical Spine “C-spine”Cervical Spine “C-spine” 7 Neck bones 7 Neck bones

Cervical 1-Cervical 7 (C1-C7)Cervical 1-Cervical 7 (C1-C7) Articulate with occipital bone Articulate with occipital bone

of craniumof cranium C1 is called the C1 is called the AtlasAtlas

Where C1 articulates with Where C1 articulates with the occipital bone, it is called the occipital bone, it is called the Atlanto-occipital jointthe Atlanto-occipital joint

Allows us to nodAllows us to nod C2 is called the C2 is called the AxisAxis

C1-C2 joint allows us to turn C1-C2 joint allows us to turn our headsour heads

C-spine vertebrae are the C-spine vertebrae are the smallest, weakest of all smallest, weakest of all vertebraevertebrae

Thoracic Spine “T-spine”Thoracic Spine “T-spine”

There are 12 There are 12 thoracic vertebraethoracic vertebrae

Each T-spine Each T-spine vertebrae vertebrae articulates with a articulates with a pair of ribspair of ribs

It makes up the It makes up the posterior section of posterior section of the thorax the thorax

Lumbar Spine “L-spine”Lumbar Spine “L-spine”

L-spine are the5 L-spine are the5 lower back lower back vertebraevertebrae Biggest, strongest Biggest, strongest

of all vertebraeof all vertebrae Must likely part of Must likely part of

spine to have a spine to have a rupture discrupture disc

Sacrum and CoccyxSacrum and Coccyx

Most inferior part of Most inferior part of spine (vertebrae)spine (vertebrae) SacrumSacrum- 5 vertebrae - 5 vertebrae

fused togetherfused together It Forms posterior It Forms posterior

section of pelvic cavitysection of pelvic cavity Coccyx Coccyx – 4 vertebrae – 4 vertebrae

fused togetherfused togetherOtherwise known as Otherwise known as

tailbonetailbone

Pelvis BonesPelvis Bones

Pelvis onnects the spine to the Pelvis onnects the spine to the legslegs

Holds the organs of the gutsHolds the organs of the guts Made up of three bones that fuse Made up of three bones that fuse

together at your agetogether at your age The IliumThe Ilium-Top aspect-Top aspect

Iliac crestIliac crest Most suporior part of bone Most suporior part of bone

you can touchyou can touch The PubicThe Pubic- bone of genital area- bone of genital area The Ischium-The Ischium- bone of butt area bone of butt area

Acetabulum-Acetabulum-Cavity that femur fits Cavity that femur fits intointo

Pubic Symphisis-Pubic Symphisis- Cartilage in the Cartilage in the pubic region that connects the left pubic region that connects the left and right sides of pelvisand right sides of pelvis

The pelvis articulates with the The pelvis articulates with the Sacrum on the posterior side. Sacrum on the posterior side.

They are called the SI joints They are called the SI joints (sacroiliac jts)(sacroiliac jts)

Open Book Fx- Pubic bones are separated and pelvis looks like an open book.

ThoraxThorax The Thorax (or thoracic cage) consists of which bones?The Thorax (or thoracic cage) consists of which bones?

SternumSternum 12 Thoracic Vertebrae12 Thoracic Vertebrae RibsRibs

Which connect vertebrae to sternumWhich connect vertebrae to sternum

Sternum (Breastbone)Sternum (Breastbone)

Protects the heartProtects the heart Made up of 3 Made up of 3

sectionssections ManubriumManubrium

Part of sternum that Part of sternum that articulates with collar articulates with collar bone (clavicle)bone (clavicle)

BodyBodyMost ribs connect Most ribs connect

herehere Xiphoid ProcessXiphoid Process

Bony tip at endBony tip at end

RibsRibs 12 pairs of ribs (24 total ribs)12 pairs of ribs (24 total ribs) Articulate with T-spine in the back and Articulate with T-spine in the back and

sternum in the frontsternum in the front 12 T-spine vertebrae=12 ribs12 T-spine vertebrae=12 ribs 3 sections3 sections

Ribs 1-7 are Ribs 1-7 are True RibsTrue Ribs They connect directly with They connect directly with

sternumsternum Ribs 8-10 are Ribs 8-10 are False RibsFalse Ribs

They don’t connect directly They don’t connect directly with sternumwith sternum

They connect through the rib They connect through the rib cartilagecartilage

Ribs 11-12 are Ribs 11-12 are Floating RibsFloating Ribs They don’t connect to They don’t connect to

sternum at allsternum at all They are short and stubbyThey are short and stubby

Note: most ribs do not touch Note: most ribs do not touch the sternum directly.the sternum directly. It is their It is their cartilage that touches.cartilage that touches.

CARTILAGECARTILAGE

Vertebral discsVertebral discs Pubic SymphisisPubic Symphisis Rib CartilageRib Cartilage Nose and EarsNose and Ears Ends of all bonesEnds of all bones

AbbreviationsAbbreviations

a= beforea= beforep= afterp= afterRR= Respiratory RateRR= Respiratory RateUA= Urine AnalysisUA= Urine Analysisc/o= complaints ofc/o= complaints ofr/o= rule outr/o= rule outDx= diagnosisDx= diagnosis

Total BonesTotal Bones

27 hand bones X 2= 5427 hand bones X 2= 54 26 feet bones X 2= 5226 feet bones X 2= 52 22 Cranial bones 2222 Cranial bones 22 10 Upper Extremity bones 1010 Upper Extremity bones 10 8 Lower Extremity bones 88 Lower Extremity bones 8 24 vertebrae 2424 vertebrae 24 5 fused Sacrum, 4 fused Coccyx 95 fused Sacrum, 4 fused Coccyx 9 24 ribs + Sternum 2524 ribs + Sternum 25 Fused pelvis 2= 206!! Fused pelvis 2= 206!!

QuizQuiz

Know major bones of cranium and facial Know major bones of cranium and facial bones. What is the orbit?bones. What is the orbit?

How many C-spine, T-spine, L-spine How many C-spine, T-spine, L-spine vertebrae? Atlas, Axis, which does vertebrae? Atlas, Axis, which does what?what?

The 3 Parts of pelvis and sternumThe 3 Parts of pelvis and sternumThe 3 rib sections (true, false, floating)The 3 rib sections (true, false, floating)2 parts of a vertebrae2 parts of a vertebraeBonus: Name the minor facial bonesBonus: Name the minor facial bones