Upload
trinhnhan
View
215
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
A Confederation of States
Chapter 5
Creating the Constitution
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
• Explain how the states’ new constitutions reflected republican ideals.
• Describe the structure and powers of the
national government under the Articles of Confederation.
• Summarize the Congress’s plan for the
settlement and governance of western lands. • List the main weaknesses of the Articles.
Objectives
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
A Confederation of States
Terms and People
• republic – a government in which the people
elect their representatives
• unicameral legislature – a lawmaking body
with a single house whose representatives are
elected by the people
• bicameral legislature – a lawmaking body with
two houses, a Senate and a House of
Representatives
• Articles of Confederation – the original federal
constitution drafted by the Continental Congress
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
A Confederation of States
Terms and People (continued)
• John Dickinson – a member of the Continental
Congress and leader of the committee that wrote
The Articles of Confederation
• federal – national
• Northwest Territory – vast territory north of
Ohio and west of Pennsylvania to the Mississippi
River, which was key to expanding the republic
• Land Ordinance of 1785 – plan to dispense and
distribute public land in the Northwest Territory
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
A Confederation of States
Terms and People (continued)
• Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – plan for
governing and creating new states carved out of
the Northwest Territory
• Shays’ Rebellion – an uprising of armed farmers
marching on a federal arsenal in Springfield,
Massachusetts, in protest against higher taxes
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
A Confederation of States
What form of national government did the Patriots create initially, and what events revealed that a new government was necessary?
After the Revolutionary War, the Patriots feared entrusting the Congress with too much power. Most authority remained with the states.
But strong state governments and a weak national government led to problems.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
A Confederation of States
Congress encouraged the former colonies to create state constitutions.
• Patriots disagreed over the design of these republics, especially over how much power to give the common people.
• Although state constitutions varied, each provided for a republic where people voted for their representatives.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
A Confederation of States
• weak state governments with most of their power in a popularly elected legislature.
• unicameral or one house legislature with either a weak governor or none at all.
• a large House of Representatives with small districts so that the people had more control.
Democratic Patriots like Thomas Paine wanted more power for common people.
They favored:
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
A Confederation of States
• a governor with broad powers.
• bicameral legislature, with two houses.
• an upper house or senate made up of wealthy, well-educated gentlemen who would balance a lower house elected by the common people.
Conservative Patriots like John Adams feared giving power to the common people.
They favored:
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
A Confederation of States
• Democratic states like Pennsylvania allowed all male taxpayers over age 21 to vote.
• Conservative states preserved colonial requirements of property ownership for voting.
• None gave the vote to women or to slaves.
• In time, most grew more democratic with the lower house gaining more power.
There was also debate over who should vote.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
A Confederation of States
Most new state constitutions guaranteed freedom of religion.
Previously, colonies collected taxes for religious institutions.
Now, religious freedom and pluralism became the norm.
The Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom set the example. It allowed for religious liberty free of state influence.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
A Confederation of States
• This first national
constitution created a
loose confederation or
league of states in 1777.
• Congress drafted the
Articles under John
Dickinson of
Pennsylvania.
• Congress’s power was
limited to prevent the
problems experienced
under Britain.
The Articles of Confederation was created by the Continental Congress.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
A Confederation of States
• Congress implemented and enforced laws.
• Executive power was shared by committees.
• Each state had one vote in Congress.
• Minor issues were passed by a simple majority. Major issues, like declaring war, required 9 states.
• Amendments to the Articles required the agreement of all 13 states.
With the Articles, government power was limited.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
A Confederation of States
Congress had a limited role.
There was also no federal court system.
Congress could: Congress could not:
Declare war or conduct foreign policy.
Tax
Administer relations with Indian nations.
Regulate commerce between states or states and foreign nations
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
A Confederation of States
The Articles created a method to settle and govern the Northwest Territory.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
A Confederation of States
• Surveyors divided the territory into a N-S and E-W grid to establish hundreds of townships.
• Each township was subdivided into one square mile (640 acre) squares to sell at $1 each.
• Many farmers couldn’t afford the $1 an acre, and some land speculators got special deals.
The Land Ordinance of 1785 established a method to distribute public land.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
A Confederation of States
The Land Ordinance of 1785 grid system is still evident today.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
A Confederation of States
Northwest Ordinance of 1787 set up a system to govern territories and create states.
Congress established a territorial government and appointed a governor.
Settlers were guaranteed freedom of religion, trial by jury, and rights of common law.
Once there were 5,000 men, an assembly could be elected. The appointed governor retained veto power.
Once there were 60,000 residents, a territory could apply for statehood.
It abandoned the British model of keeping colonies permanently subordinate.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
A Confederation of States
The Northwest Ordinance:
• barred slavery.
• required a republican constitution.
• promised settlers basic freedoms.
• ignored the rights of Native Americans.
• resulted in five new states: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
A Confederation of States
European nations did not take the new nation seriously.
Spain forbade American trade with New Orleans.
Britain denied American ships access to the British West Indies and the right to export goods to Britain on American ships.
Britain kept soldiers in frontier forts located in the Northwest Territory.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
A Confederation of States
Growing
problems led
to calls for a
revision of the
Articles of
Confederation.
• The nation’s debt was mounting.
• The economic depression was deepening as debts, bankruptcies, and foreclosures grew.
• Shays’ Rebellion demonstrated the Federal government’s weakness.
• Foreign nations did not respect the United States.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
Section Review
Know It, Show It Quiz QuickTake Quiz
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
• Understand the reasons leaders called for the Constitutional Convention.
• Summarize the rival plans of government
proposed at the convention. • Describe the compromises made in order to
reach agreement on the Constitution.
Objectives
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
Terms and People
• Alexander Hamilton – New York delegate,
favored strong central government
• James Madison – “Father of the Constitution,”
proposed the Virginia Plan
• Virginia Plan – Madison’s proposal for a strong
federal government divided power between
executive, legislative, and judicial branches
• New Jersey Plan – William Paterson’s proposal
for a unicameral legislature gave each state one
vote and retained most features of the Articles of
Confederation
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
Terms and People (continued)
• Great Compromise – Roger Sherman’s proposal,
which included a House based on population and a
Senate with two votes per state
• federalism – a system that divides power between
state governments and the federal government
• Three-Fifths Compromise – in return for Southern
support of the Constitution, northerners agreed to
count each slave as 3/5ths of a person for
determining electoral votes and seats in Congress
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
What new system of national
government did the delegates agree
upon at the Constitutional Convention
of 1787?
After Shays’ Rebellion, Congress called for a
convention to revise the Articles of
Confederation.
Instead, they created an entirely new
constitution.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
By 1787 most citizens agreed that the Articles were flawed and needed at least two major changes:
In May, delegates from 12 states met in Philadelphia to propose Amendments to the Articles.
• The power to regulate interstate and international commerce
• The power to tax
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
53 of the nation’s top leaders convened at the Pennsylvania State House.
• Most helped to write their state constitutions.
• Most were rich.
• All were white males.
• 21 fought in the Revolution.
• 8 were signers of the Declaration of Independence.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
• Missing: Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. They were serving as diplomats in Europe.
• George Washington was chosen as president of the Convention.
James Madison
Roger Sherman
George Mason
Elbridge Gerry
William Paterson
James Wilson
John Dickinson
Charles Pinckney
Benjamin Franklin
Alexander Hamilton
Edmund Randolph
Gouverneur Morris
Leaders present:
Who came?
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
Alexander Hamilton advocated a powerful central government.
Ben Franklin contributed experience, wisdom, and prestige.
Framers of the Constitution
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
Called the Father of the Constitution, James Madison already had a plan of government in mind.
Called the Father of our Country, George Washington attracted crowds when he arrived in Philadelphia.
Framers of the Constitution
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
Hamilton and Madison emerged as leaders.
• Conservative; he
feared too much
democracy
• Favored a balance
of aristocracy,
monarchy, and
republicanism
Alexander Hamilton James Madison • Favored a large republic
with diverse interests to
preserve the common
good
• Favored a system where
different interests would
“check” each other’s
power to ensure liberty
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
• A strong federal government with power to tax, regulate commerce, and veto state laws
• A Senate and a House of Representatives, both based on population
• A strong President to command the military and manage foreign relations
James Madison
proposed his
Virginia Plan:
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
• An executive by committee rather than one leader
• A unicameral legislature with one vote per state regardless of population
• States retain sovereignty except for a few powers granted to the federal government
William Patterson proposed the New Jersey Plan:
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
Roger Sherman proposed The Great Compromise to break the impasse:
• Two Houses in Congress: The lower house was based on a state’s population. In the upper house, each state had two senators.
• A system of federalism: Power would be divided between the federal government and the states. Certain powers, such as issuing money, were forbidden to states.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
• Southern states feared larger free states would dominate Congress and threaten slavery.
• They saw slavery as essential for their economy and demanded protections in the Constitution.
• Delegates from Georgia and South Carolina threatened to walk out.
Slavery proved to be a divisive issue.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
• A slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in Congress and electoral votes for presidential elections.
• Importation of slaves could not be forbidden for twenty years.
• Northern states could not pass laws to help runaway slaves.
Solution: Three-fifths Compromise
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
Southerners such as Charles C. Pinckney feared the inclusion of anti-slavery phrases, such as “all men are by nature free.”
No Bill of Rights
• George Mason
• Edmund Randolph
• Elbridge Gerry, who called it “flawed”
Some delegates refused to sign in protest:
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
39 delegates signed and the Constitution was sent to the states for ratification.
On September 17th; 42 delegates remained at the convention.
Alexander Hamilton accepted the Constitution as the only alternative to “anarchy and convulsion.”
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
Section Review
Know It, Show It Quiz
QuickTake Quiz
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
• Summarize the arguments for and against
ratification of the Constitution.
• Describe how the Constitution was ratified.
• Explain the principles of the Constitution.
Objectives
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
Terms and People
• ratification – official approval
• Federalist – a person who favored ratification of
the new Constitution of 1787
• Antifederalist – a person who opposed
ratification of the new Constitution
• The Federalist – a series of 85 essays, written
primarily by Alexander Hamilton and James
Madison, that supported ratification (The
Federalist Papers)
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
Terms and People (continued)
• John Jay – contributed 5 essays to The Federalist
arguing for a strong federal government
• Bill of Rights – the first 10 amendments to the
Constitution guaranteeing individual rights
• popular sovereignty – the principle that all
government power comes from the people
• limited government – where the powers of the
government are specifically described and officials
may not act above the law
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
Terms and People (continued)
• separation of powers – where political power is
specifically defined and divided between three
branches of government
• checks and balances – a system in which each
branch of government has the power to monitor
and limit the actions of the other two
• electoral college – a group of persons chosen
from each state who then indirectly elect the
president
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
How did Americans ratify the Constitution, and what are its basic principles?
Although many delegates to the Constitutional Convention felt the Constitution was imperfect, all but three delegates signed it. Would the states accept the proposed plan? If not, what would become of the new nation?
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
By drafting a new Constitution, the delegates had exceeded their mandate to amend the Articles.
Not expecting passage in all 13 states, they changed the rules for ratification:
• to be by special conventions in each state,
not by state legislatures
• required approval of only 9 states
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
Federalists favored the Constitution.
• They stressed the weaknesses of the Articles.
• They argued that only the proposed Constitution could remedy these weaknesses.
• They were led by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton who, along with John Jay, published a series of essays called The Federalist.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
In Federalist No.10 and Federalist No. 51, Madison argued that a strong national government and the Constitution’s system of checks and balances would strengthen liberty.
In Federalist No. 78, Hamilton wrote of the importance of a judicial branch to protect liberty.
A copy of The Federalist signed by George Washington
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
Frontiersmen felt a stronger government provided protection against the Native Americans and the British in the Northwest.
Artisans in the cities and most newspapers supported ratification as well.
The two most trusted Americans George Washington and Benjamin Franklin favored ratification.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
• They feared a loss of liberties and distrusted the absence of a bill of rights.
• They feared concentration of power in a distant elite, believing instead that power should remain in democratically elected state governments.
• Leading Antifederalists included Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and Patrick Henry.
Antifederalists were opponents of ratification.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
Antifederalists included many farmers.
• They feared the Constitution threatened state debtor relief laws that rescued many from foreclosure.
• Farmers also distrusted lawyers, merchants, and the wealthy, who were largely Federalists.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
The Federalists pushed for fast approval.
By mid-January 1788, five states had ratified, but nine states were needed.
Federalists gained the support of Massachusetts Gov. John Hancock by hinting he may be picked as the first vice president.
When the Federalists agreed to add a bill of rights, four more states quickly ratified.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
While nine states were the minimum, the two largest states, Virginia and New York, were necessary for the nation to survive.
Virginia finally ratified, despite Patrick Henry’s opposition.
New York ratified after New York City threatened to secede from the state.
New York City celebrated ratification with a parade.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
The last two states, Rhode Island and North Carolina, now reconsidered earlier rejections and ratified as well, bringing the total to 13 states.
Congress convened in New York’s Federal Hall on March 4, 1789 to:
• Elect a first president (George Washington) and vice president (John Adams).
• Add a Bill of Rights.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
• He used Virginia’s Bill of Rights as a model.
• Madison avoided any statements about equality that might offend the slave states.
• Ten amendments guaranteed individual freedoms.
• To prevent future abuse or limitations on freedom, any unmentioned rights were retained by the people.
James Madison was assigned to create a Bill of Rights.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
The Constitution established a representative government based on six principles.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins A Confederation of States
Section 1
Section Review
Know It, Show It Quiz
QuickTake Quiz