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Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

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Page 1: Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

Creating the “Virtuous Republic”

The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson

1789-1803

Page 2: Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

Creating the “Virtuous Republic”

1. Govt. gets its authority from the citizens.

2. A selfless, educated citizenry.

3. Elections should be frequent.

4. Govt. should guarantee individual rights & freedoms.

5. Govt.’s power should be limited [checks & balances].

6. The need for a written Constitution.

7. “E Pluribus Unum.” [“Out of many, one”]

8. An important role for women raise good, virtuous citizens.[“Republican Womanhood”].

Class

ical

view

of

a m

odel

republic

Enlightenment

Thinking

The“VirtuousRepublic”

Ideal citizen

[Cincinnatus]“City

on a hill”

[John W

inthrop]

Page 3: Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

Washington is elected

Asked to serve as president in 1789

Reluctant leader

Page 4: Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

Judiciary Act of 1789 Why?

Needed to define court system established by Constitution.

Supreme Court

Chief Justice

5 associates

3 Federal Circuit Courts

13 federal district courts

Section 25

Allowed State court decisions to appeal to federal courts

Page 5: Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

Cabinet

3 initial Departments

State: Foreign Affairs

Thomas Jefferson

War: Military Affairs

Henry Knox

Treasury: Financial Affairs

Alexander Hamilton

Cabinet Members

Page 6: Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

Hamilton vs. Jefferson

Hamilton’s Views Jefferson’s Views

Concentrate power in federal government

Share power with state & local government

Republic led by a well educated few

Democracy of virtuous farmers & trades people

Loose interpretation of Constitution

Strict interpretation of Constitution

Favors National Bank Anti-National Bank

Later called Dem.-Republicans

Today’s Democrats

Page 7: Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

Bank of the United States

Controversial!

Tied wealthy investors to government

Opponents stated the Constitution had no provision to allow government to create Bank

“Loose” vs. “Strict”

“Elastic Clause” (pg 158)

Article 1, Section 8, Clause 18

Page 8: Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

Hamilton’s Economic Plan

Resolve Debt

2/3 Federal:

Foreign & Private Citizens War Bonds

1/3 State

Pay Off Foreign Debt

Assume State’s Debts

Needed State support for government

Issue New Bonds to pay Citizens Back

Page 9: Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

Debt Bill Southern states upset most had paid back debt did

not want to pay taxes to pay off Northern debt

Compromise to allow Hamilton’s economic plan to pass

Capital moved to Washington, DC to get southern states to agree to Debt bill

Page 10: Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

Foreign Relations 1. The French Revolution

Views:

Democrat Republicans

Federalists

President Washington

Jefferson resigns his post in 1793

Page 11: Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

2. Spain Pickney’s Treaty

3. England The Jay Treaty

Page 12: Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

Whiskey Rebellion 2 causes

Protective Tariff instituted on imported goods from Europe

Excise Tax on domestic manufactured whiskey

Effect

Western frontiersmen rebel

Were met by 15,000 militia men led by Washington & Hamilton

Demonstrated Federal Government’s power

Page 13: Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

Issues with Native Americans

Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1792

Treaty of Grenville

Page 14: Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

John Adams1796-1800

Page 15: Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

Election of 1796 Washington does

not run for a 3rd term

The issue of the 1796 election

Page 16: Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803
Page 17: Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

Early Troubles for a New Nation

Domestic Foreign

Judiciary Act 1789 Pickney Treaty w/ Spain

Eliminating Debt Battle of Fallen Timbers

Establishing a National Bank Jay’s Treaty

Whiskey Rebellion XYZ Affair

Creation of 2-party politics Alien & Sedition Acts

Page 18: Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

“XYZ” Affair - 1798 Jay Treaty leads to increased tensions with France

Adams sends 3 diplomats to French foreign minister

Instead, diplomats see 3 low-level officials Adams refers to as “Agent X, Y, Z” in report to Congress

Diplomats demand $250,000 to see Foreign Minister

Scandal becomes known as XYZ Affair

Effect:

Great Anti-French sentiments

Creation of Navy department

George Washington comes out of retirement to head 50,000 troops

Alien & Sedition Acts -1798

Page 19: Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

Alien & Sedition Acts vs. Virginia & Kentucky Resolution

Alien & Sedition Acts

Raised residence acts for American citizenship to 14 years

President could deport any undesirable

Set fines/jail terms for anyone expressing “false, scandalous, or malicious statements” against government

Virginia & Kentucky Resolution were reaction

Allowed state governments to nullify – consider void – any act of Congress they felt unconstitutional

Page 20: Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

Thomas Jefferson

1800-1810

Page 21: Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

Election of 1800 Adams & Pinckney

(Federalists)

Jefferson & Burr (Dem.-Republicans)

Dem.-Republicans win

However, Jefferson & Burr tie with electoral votes

Expose Flaw in system

Page 22: Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

Election of 1800 Tally

Jefferson

Burr

Adams

Pinckney

Jay

Page 23: Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

Effects of Election of 1800

2 distinct political parties

12th Amendment

Electors cast separate ballots for president & vice-president

Defined American political system still used today

Page 24: Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

Jeffersonian Presidency

Simplifying the presidency

Reduced the government

Cut costs

Reduced army & navy

Eliminated internal taxes

Reduced role of National bank

Favored Free Trade

Replaced Federalist judges with Dem-Repub ones

Foreign Policy

Page 25: Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

Marbury vs. Madison - 1803

Result of Judiciary Act of 1801

Adams packed court w/ Midnight Judges

Why?

Supreme Court ruled “Midnight Judges” were unconstitutional

Why?

Set precedent of judicial review What is this?

Page 26: Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

Louisiana Purchase Causes:

Spain gives land to France

France decides not to pursue American empire

Napoleon sells land for 15 million

Effects:

Doubles America’s size

Lewis & Clark appointed to lead expedition of new territory

Page 27: Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

Louisiana Purchase

Louisiana Purchase doubled US size Lewis & Clark exploration

Page 28: Creating the “Virtuous Republic” The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson 1789-1803

Publicity Stunt Gone Wrong

Burr challenges Hamilton to a duel

Long standing hatred of each other

July 11, 1804, Burr and Hamilton toss dice to see who goes first Hamilton shoots, but shoots in the air

Burr shoots Hamilton right in the chest

Hamilton’s death further weakens the Federalist Party presence in Congress