““Creation of the Hubble Creation of the Hubble Space Telescope”Space Telescope”

C. R. O’DellC. R. O’Dell 400 Years of Astronomical 400 Years of Astronomical

Telescopes.Telescopes.

““Creation of the Hubble Creation of the Hubble Space Telescope”Space Telescope”

C. R. O’DellC. R. O’Dell 400 Years of Astronomical 400 Years of Astronomical

Telescopes.Telescopes.A highly personal version of the A highly personal version of the

history of the program up through history of the program up through launch.launch.

A highly personal version of the A highly personal version of the history of the program up through history of the program up through

launch.launch.

1923192319231923 Hermann Oberth publishes “Die Rakete Hermann Oberth publishes “Die Rakete

zu den Planetenraumen”zu den Planetenraumen” In this small book he elucidates most of In this small book he elucidates most of

the modern reasons for putting the modern reasons for putting telescopes in space.telescopes in space.

The ability to exploit space for The ability to exploit space for astronomy was and continues to be astronomy was and continues to be closely dependent upon transportation.closely dependent upon transportation.

Hermann Oberth publishes “Die Rakete Hermann Oberth publishes “Die Rakete zu den Planetenraumen”zu den Planetenraumen”

In this small book he elucidates most of In this small book he elucidates most of the modern reasons for putting the modern reasons for putting telescopes in space.telescopes in space.

The ability to exploit space for The ability to exploit space for astronomy was and continues to be astronomy was and continues to be closely dependent upon transportation.closely dependent upon transportation.

The Berlin SpaceshipThe Berlin SpaceshipTravel SocietyTravel Society

The Berlin SpaceshipThe Berlin SpaceshipTravel SocietyTravel Society

The V2The V2 The V2The V2

19451945“Army Surplus” V-2 Rockets “Army Surplus” V-2 Rockets

come to the US.come to the US.

19451945“Army Surplus” V-2 Rockets “Army Surplus” V-2 Rockets

come to the US.come to the US.

1946194619461946

The first “Think-Tank”, the RAND The first “Think-Tank”, the RAND corporation commissions a study of corporation commissions a study of potential uses of rockets.potential uses of rockets.

Lyman Spitzer, then a 32 year old Lyman Spitzer, then a 32 year old professor at Yale performs this study.professor at Yale performs this study.

In this study he proposes building space In this study he proposes building space observatories, leading up to something observatories, leading up to something very similar to today’s HST.very similar to today’s HST.

The first “Think-Tank”, the RAND The first “Think-Tank”, the RAND corporation commissions a study of corporation commissions a study of potential uses of rockets.potential uses of rockets.

Lyman Spitzer, then a 32 year old Lyman Spitzer, then a 32 year old professor at Yale performs this study.professor at Yale performs this study.

In this study he proposes building space In this study he proposes building space observatories, leading up to something observatories, leading up to something very similar to today’s HST.very similar to today’s HST.

• 19571957 Soviets launch Sputnik. Soviets launch Sputnik.• 19581958 NASA created as the civilian NASA created as the civilian

space agency to counter the Soviets.space agency to counter the Soviets.• 19621962 The NAS’s SSB identifies as a The NAS’s SSB identifies as a

goal for NASA the creation of a large goal for NASA the creation of a large space observatory.space observatory.

• 19571957 Soviets launch Sputnik. Soviets launch Sputnik.• 19581958 NASA created as the civilian NASA created as the civilian

space agency to counter the Soviets.space agency to counter the Soviets.• 19621962 The NAS’s SSB identifies as a The NAS’s SSB identifies as a

goal for NASA the creation of a large goal for NASA the creation of a large space observatory.space observatory.

Space Astronomy,Space Astronomy,The Earliest Years-IThe Earliest Years-I

• 1960-1970 1960-1970 Numerous Rockets and Balloons.Numerous Rockets and Balloons.• 1966 1966 Gemini 11 Objective Prism spectroscopyGemini 11 Objective Prism spectroscopy.. • 19681968 OAO-A2 launched (Wisconsin & Smithsonian). OAO-A2 launched (Wisconsin & Smithsonian).• 19721972 OAO-C (Copernicus) launched (Princeton). OAO-C (Copernicus) launched (Princeton).• 19731973 Skylab Objective Prism Spectroscopy. Skylab Objective Prism Spectroscopy.• 11972 972 TD-1A (ESA) launched.TD-1A (ESA) launched.• 19741974 Astronomical Netherlands Satellite launched. Astronomical Netherlands Satellite launched.• 19781978 International Ultraviolet Explorer launched. International Ultraviolet Explorer launched.

• 1960-1970 1960-1970 Numerous Rockets and Balloons.Numerous Rockets and Balloons.• 1966 1966 Gemini 11 Objective Prism spectroscopyGemini 11 Objective Prism spectroscopy.. • 19681968 OAO-A2 launched (Wisconsin & Smithsonian). OAO-A2 launched (Wisconsin & Smithsonian).• 19721972 OAO-C (Copernicus) launched (Princeton). OAO-C (Copernicus) launched (Princeton).• 19731973 Skylab Objective Prism Spectroscopy. Skylab Objective Prism Spectroscopy.• 11972 972 TD-1A (ESA) launched.TD-1A (ESA) launched.• 19741974 Astronomical Netherlands Satellite launched. Astronomical Netherlands Satellite launched.• 19781978 International Ultraviolet Explorer launched. International Ultraviolet Explorer launched.

Space Astronomy,Space Astronomy,The Earliest Years-IIThe Earliest Years-II

1971-72 NASA begins to 1971-72 NASA begins to consider the HST.consider the HST.

1971-72 NASA begins to 1971-72 NASA begins to consider the HST.consider the HST.

One of the first things NASA did was to One of the first things NASA did was to establish if the project was feasible (a establish if the project was feasible (a Phase-A Study).Phase-A Study).

In parallel with studies by multiple In parallel with studies by multiple contractors a group of scientists was contractors a group of scientists was convened at NASA HQ by Nancy G. convened at NASA HQ by Nancy G. Roman to provide feedback.Roman to provide feedback.

One of the first things NASA did was to One of the first things NASA did was to establish if the project was feasible (a establish if the project was feasible (a Phase-A Study).Phase-A Study).

In parallel with studies by multiple In parallel with studies by multiple contractors a group of scientists was contractors a group of scientists was convened at NASA HQ by Nancy G. convened at NASA HQ by Nancy G. Roman to provide feedback.Roman to provide feedback.

1972-3mCrossSection1972-3mCrossSection1972-3mCrossSection1972-3mCrossSection

1972-3mConfiguration1972-3mConfiguration1972-3mConfiguration1972-3mConfiguration

1971-72 NASA begins to 1971-72 NASA begins to consider the HST.consider the HST.

1971-72 NASA begins to 1971-72 NASA begins to consider the HST.consider the HST.

One of the first things NASA did was to establish One of the first things NASA did was to establish if the project was feasible (a Phase-A Study).if the project was feasible (a Phase-A Study).

In parallel with studies by multiple contractors a In parallel with studies by multiple contractors a group of scientists was convened at NASA HQ group of scientists was convened at NASA HQ by Nancy G. Roman to provide feedback.by Nancy G. Roman to provide feedback.

At the end of this study I was nominated by At the end of this study I was nominated by Lyman Spitzer to become the Project Scientist Lyman Spitzer to become the Project Scientist (September 1972).(September 1972).

One of the first things NASA did was to establish One of the first things NASA did was to establish if the project was feasible (a Phase-A Study).if the project was feasible (a Phase-A Study).

In parallel with studies by multiple contractors a In parallel with studies by multiple contractors a group of scientists was convened at NASA HQ group of scientists was convened at NASA HQ by Nancy G. Roman to provide feedback.by Nancy G. Roman to provide feedback.

At the end of this study I was nominated by At the end of this study I was nominated by Lyman Spitzer to become the Project Scientist Lyman Spitzer to become the Project Scientist (September 1972).(September 1972).

Lyman SpitzerLyman SpitzerLyman SpitzerLyman Spitzer

ResolutionResolutionversus Timeversus TimeResolutionResolution

versus Timeversus Time

1973-A broad Scientific Base is 1973-A broad Scientific Base is established.established.

1973-A broad Scientific Base is 1973-A broad Scientific Base is established.established.

In December,1972 NASA issued an AO for In December,1972 NASA issued an AO for creation of Instrument Definition Teams, the creation of Instrument Definition Teams, the leaders plus a few generalists would form a leaders plus a few generalists would form a Science Working Group during Phase-B, the Science Working Group during Phase-B, the preliminary design phase.preliminary design phase.

This is when the HST began to involve This is when the HST began to involve scientists throughout the USA and Europe.scientists throughout the USA and Europe.

ESA (ESRO) had been after a LAS, which ESA (ESRO) had been after a LAS, which evolved into IUE.evolved into IUE.

In December,1972 NASA issued an AO for In December,1972 NASA issued an AO for creation of Instrument Definition Teams, the creation of Instrument Definition Teams, the leaders plus a few generalists would form a leaders plus a few generalists would form a Science Working Group during Phase-B, the Science Working Group during Phase-B, the preliminary design phase.preliminary design phase.

This is when the HST began to involve This is when the HST began to involve scientists throughout the USA and Europe.scientists throughout the USA and Europe.

ESA (ESRO) had been after a LAS, which ESA (ESRO) had been after a LAS, which evolved into IUE.evolved into IUE.

We had $$ problems from the We had $$ problems from the beginning.beginning.

We had $$ problems from the We had $$ problems from the beginning.beginning.

The original $300M price-tag was a The original $300M price-tag was a dictated price. dictated price.

Different configurations were considered.Different configurations were considered. Different sizes (1.8-m, 2.4-m, 3.0-m) were Different sizes (1.8-m, 2.4-m, 3.0-m) were

considered.considered. The 2.4-m configuration was chosen in The 2.4-m configuration was chosen in

June, 1975.June, 1975. ESA became a 15% partner in late 1976.ESA became a 15% partner in late 1976.

The original $300M price-tag was a The original $300M price-tag was a dictated price. dictated price.

Different configurations were considered.Different configurations were considered. Different sizes (1.8-m, 2.4-m, 3.0-m) were Different sizes (1.8-m, 2.4-m, 3.0-m) were

considered.considered. The 2.4-m configuration was chosen in The 2.4-m configuration was chosen in

June, 1975.June, 1975. ESA became a 15% partner in late 1976.ESA became a 15% partner in late 1976.

HST CutawayHST CutawayCroppedCropped

HST CutawayHST CutawayCroppedCropped

NBSNBSAxial SI ReplacementAxial SI Replacement

NBSNBSAxial SI ReplacementAxial SI Replacement

SM1SM1Axial SI ReplacementAxial SI Replacement

SM1SM1Axial SI ReplacementAxial SI Replacement

FY1978 HST is given its New FY1978 HST is given its New Start (Phase C/D) funding.Start (Phase C/D) funding.

FY1978 HST is given its New FY1978 HST is given its New Start (Phase C/D) funding.Start (Phase C/D) funding.

This was anticipated by the selection of This was anticipated by the selection of the contractors to build the optical system the contractors to build the optical system (Perkin-Elmer) and the overall observatory (Perkin-Elmer) and the overall observatory (Lockheed-Martin).(Lockheed-Martin).

To the scientists, the greater impact was To the scientists, the greater impact was the selection of science-teams (with the selection of science-teams (with associated contractors) to provide the SI’s associated contractors) to provide the SI’s (scientific instruments).(scientific instruments).

This was anticipated by the selection of This was anticipated by the selection of the contractors to build the optical system the contractors to build the optical system (Perkin-Elmer) and the overall observatory (Perkin-Elmer) and the overall observatory (Lockheed-Martin).(Lockheed-Martin).

To the scientists, the greater impact was To the scientists, the greater impact was the selection of science-teams (with the selection of science-teams (with associated contractors) to provide the SI’s associated contractors) to provide the SI’s (scientific instruments).(scientific instruments).

HST SWGHST SWGPhase C/DPhase C/DHST SWGHST SWGPhase C/DPhase C/D

How was the Science to be How was the Science to be Managed?Managed?

How was the Science to be How was the Science to be Managed?Managed?

American Astronomers were used to the national American Astronomers were used to the national facilities being run by consortia of universities.facilities being run by consortia of universities.

KPNO+CTIO-AURA, NRAO-AUI.KPNO+CTIO-AURA, NRAO-AUI. The idea of the STScI was first advocated by an ad hoc The idea of the STScI was first advocated by an ad hoc

Ramsey Committee in 1965, before HST was started. Ramsey Committee in 1965, before HST was started. Within the HST project, an STScI was first advocated Within the HST project, an STScI was first advocated

by the Project Scientist in 1972, eventually this idea by the Project Scientist in 1972, eventually this idea was embraced by the Phase B SWG.was embraced by the Phase B SWG.

A National Academy of Science study in July, 1976 A National Academy of Science study in July, 1976 endorsed the concept and NASA reluctantly accepted it.endorsed the concept and NASA reluctantly accepted it.

ESA’s ST-ECF in Garching started in 1984.ESA’s ST-ECF in Garching started in 1984.

American Astronomers were used to the national American Astronomers were used to the national facilities being run by consortia of universities.facilities being run by consortia of universities.

KPNO+CTIO-AURA, NRAO-AUI.KPNO+CTIO-AURA, NRAO-AUI. The idea of the STScI was first advocated by an ad hoc The idea of the STScI was first advocated by an ad hoc

Ramsey Committee in 1965, before HST was started. Ramsey Committee in 1965, before HST was started. Within the HST project, an STScI was first advocated Within the HST project, an STScI was first advocated

by the Project Scientist in 1972, eventually this idea by the Project Scientist in 1972, eventually this idea was embraced by the Phase B SWG.was embraced by the Phase B SWG.

A National Academy of Science study in July, 1976 A National Academy of Science study in July, 1976 endorsed the concept and NASA reluctantly accepted it.endorsed the concept and NASA reluctantly accepted it.

ESA’s ST-ECF in Garching started in 1984.ESA’s ST-ECF in Garching started in 1984.

Name ChangesName ChangesName ChangesName Changes

1971 Large Space Telescope1971 Large Space Telescope 1975 Space Telescope1975 Space Telescope 1983 Hubble Space Telescope1983 Hubble Space Telescope

1971 Large Space Telescope1971 Large Space Telescope 1975 Space Telescope1975 Space Telescope 1983 Hubble Space Telescope1983 Hubble Space Telescope

WF/PC PrelaunchWF/PC PrelaunchWF/PC PrelaunchWF/PC Prelaunch

OTA Development ProblemsOTA Development ProblemsOTA Development ProblemsOTA Development Problems

The manufacture of a light-weight, highly precise The manufacture of a light-weight, highly precise mirror was considered to be an established mirror was considered to be an established technology by the project managers.technology by the project managers.

As the primary mirror was being tested and As the primary mirror was being tested and finished, the FGS was shown to be inadequate.finished, the FGS was shown to be inadequate.

This all occurred as a new Project Manager This all occurred as a new Project Manager came on-board, whose mandate was to control came on-board, whose mandate was to control the escalating costs.the escalating costs.

The manufacture of a light-weight, highly precise The manufacture of a light-weight, highly precise mirror was considered to be an established mirror was considered to be an established technology by the project managers.technology by the project managers.

As the primary mirror was being tested and As the primary mirror was being tested and finished, the FGS was shown to be inadequate.finished, the FGS was shown to be inadequate.

This all occurred as a new Project Manager This all occurred as a new Project Manager came on-board, whose mandate was to control came on-board, whose mandate was to control the escalating costs.the escalating costs.

Primary MirrorPrimary MirrorAfter Aluminizing After Aluminizing

Primary MirrorPrimary MirrorAfter Aluminizing After Aluminizing

HST-LMSCHST-LMSCHorizontal MoveHorizontal Move

HST-LMSCHST-LMSCHorizontal MoveHorizontal Move

Schedule HistorySchedule HistorySchedule HistorySchedule History

LaunchLaunchLaunchLaunch

HST in OrbitHST in OrbitHST in OrbitHST in Orbit

JAW CartoonJAW CartoonJAW CartoonJAW Cartoon

Spherical AberrationSpherical AberrationSpherical AberrationSpherical Aberration

This was discovered as the first images This was discovered as the first images were made.were made.

The cause was a misaligned optical device The cause was a misaligned optical device used to measure the shape of the primary used to measure the shape of the primary mirror.mirror.

This device made the mirror appear to be This device made the mirror appear to be flat when it was of the right shape.flat when it was of the right shape.

This was discovered as the first images This was discovered as the first images were made.were made.

The cause was a misaligned optical device The cause was a misaligned optical device used to measure the shape of the primary used to measure the shape of the primary mirror.mirror.

This device made the mirror appear to be This device made the mirror appear to be flat when it was of the right shape.flat when it was of the right shape.

The Reflective The Reflective Null CorrectorNull CorrectorThe Reflective The Reflective Null CorrectorNull Corrector

The Direct The Direct MistakeMistake

The Direct The Direct MistakeMistake

Contributing FactorsContributing FactorsContributing FactorsContributing Factors

The primary mirror was not considered the most The primary mirror was not considered the most demanding part of the HST.demanding part of the HST.

The method of testing had become routine.The method of testing had become routine. Management was concentrating on a redesign of Management was concentrating on a redesign of

the FGS, which WAS new.the FGS, which WAS new. The resident MSFC QA person had not been The resident MSFC QA person had not been

changed.changed. The report on the anomaly with the alignment The report on the anomaly with the alignment

was not forwarded to MSFC.was not forwarded to MSFC.

The primary mirror was not considered the most The primary mirror was not considered the most demanding part of the HST.demanding part of the HST.

The method of testing had become routine.The method of testing had become routine. Management was concentrating on a redesign of Management was concentrating on a redesign of

the FGS, which WAS new.the FGS, which WAS new. The resident MSFC QA person had not been The resident MSFC QA person had not been

changed.changed. The report on the anomaly with the alignment The report on the anomaly with the alignment

was not forwarded to MSFC.was not forwarded to MSFC.

Contributing FactorsContributing FactorsContributing FactorsContributing Factors

The primary mirror was not considered the most The primary mirror was not considered the most demanding part of the HST.demanding part of the HST.

The method of testing had become routine.The method of testing had become routine. Management was concentrating on a redesign of Management was concentrating on a redesign of

the FGS, which WAS new.the FGS, which WAS new. The resident MSFC QA person had not been The resident MSFC QA person had not been

changed.changed. The report on the anomaly with the alignment The report on the anomaly with the alignment

was not forwarded to MSFC.was not forwarded to MSFC.

The primary mirror was not considered the most The primary mirror was not considered the most demanding part of the HST.demanding part of the HST.

The method of testing had become routine.The method of testing had become routine. Management was concentrating on a redesign of Management was concentrating on a redesign of

the FGS, which WAS new.the FGS, which WAS new. The resident MSFC QA person had not been The resident MSFC QA person had not been

changed.changed. The report on the anomaly with the alignment The report on the anomaly with the alignment

was not forwarded to MSFC.was not forwarded to MSFC.

Servicing MissionsServicing MissionsServicing MissionsServicing Missions

SM1-12/93 COSTAR, WFPC2,Solar SM1-12/93 COSTAR, WFPC2,Solar ArraysArrays

SM2-02/97 STIS,NICMOS,FGSSM2-02/97 STIS,NICMOS,FGS SM3A-12/99 FGS,Gyros,ComputerSM3A-12/99 FGS,Gyros,Computer SM3B-03/02 ACS,Solar SM3B-03/02 ACS,Solar

Arrays,CryoCoolerArrays,CryoCooler SM4-10/10 WFC3,COS,(STIS+ACS SM4-10/10 WFC3,COS,(STIS+ACS

Repairs),Batteries,GyrosRepairs),Batteries,Gyros

SM1-12/93 COSTAR, WFPC2,Solar SM1-12/93 COSTAR, WFPC2,Solar ArraysArrays

SM2-02/97 STIS,NICMOS,FGSSM2-02/97 STIS,NICMOS,FGS SM3A-12/99 FGS,Gyros,ComputerSM3A-12/99 FGS,Gyros,Computer SM3B-03/02 ACS,Solar SM3B-03/02 ACS,Solar

Arrays,CryoCoolerArrays,CryoCooler SM4-10/10 WFC3,COS,(STIS+ACS SM4-10/10 WFC3,COS,(STIS+ACS

Repairs),Batteries,GyrosRepairs),Batteries,Gyros

Scientific ProductivityScientific ProductivityScientific ProductivityScientific Productivity

ShuttleShuttleScheduleScheduleShuttleShuttle

ScheduleSchedule

Reading MaterialReading MaterialReading MaterialReading Material ““The Space Telescope” by Robert W. The Space Telescope” by Robert W.

Smith. Cambridge University Press, Smith. Cambridge University Press, 1989(pre-launch) & 1993(post-launch).1989(pre-launch) & 1993(post-launch).

““The Orion Nebula” by C. Robert O’Dell, The Orion Nebula” by C. Robert O’Dell, Harvard University Press, 2003 (Chapter 10).Harvard University Press, 2003 (Chapter 10).

““The Universe in Mirror: The Saga of the HST The Universe in Mirror: The Saga of the HST and the Visionaries Who Built It.” by Robert and the Visionaries Who Built It.” by Robert Zimmerman, Princeton University Press, Zimmerman, Princeton University Press, 2008.2008.

““The Space Telescope” by Robert W. The Space Telescope” by Robert W. Smith. Cambridge University Press, Smith. Cambridge University Press, 1989(pre-launch) & 1993(post-launch).1989(pre-launch) & 1993(post-launch).

““The Orion Nebula” by C. Robert O’Dell, The Orion Nebula” by C. Robert O’Dell, Harvard University Press, 2003 (Chapter 10).Harvard University Press, 2003 (Chapter 10).

““The Universe in Mirror: The Saga of the HST The Universe in Mirror: The Saga of the HST and the Visionaries Who Built It.” by Robert and the Visionaries Who Built It.” by Robert Zimmerman, Princeton University Press, Zimmerman, Princeton University Press, 2008.2008.

Don’t you just love a story with Don’t you just love a story with a happy ending?a happy ending?

Don’t you just love a story with Don’t you just love a story with a happy ending?a happy ending?

So what has been your involvement So what has been your involvement since stepping out as PS?since stepping out as PS?

So what has been your involvement So what has been your involvement since stepping out as PS?since stepping out as PS?

In 1982 launch was expected in 1985 and the PS didn’t have In 1982 launch was expected in 1985 and the PS didn’t have to be at MSFC.to be at MSFC.

I took a professorship at Rice University in September, 1982.I took a professorship at Rice University in September, 1982. In 1983 the schedule slipped and MSFC wanted a resident In 1983 the schedule slipped and MSFC wanted a resident

PS. I was unwilling to relocate and stepped out, becoming PS. I was unwilling to relocate and stepped out, becoming the Observatory Scientist Team Leader.the Observatory Scientist Team Leader.

After launch, I served on GSFC’s Telescope Time Steering After launch, I served on GSFC’s Telescope Time Steering Group, deciding on non-science uses of the telescope in Group, deciding on non-science uses of the telescope in shaking down the problems.shaking down the problems.

I’ve served on four Science Proposal review panels and I’ve served on four Science Proposal review panels and currently serve on the STUC.currently serve on the STUC.

I retired from Rice in 2000 and relocated to Vanderbilt.I retired from Rice in 2000 and relocated to Vanderbilt.

In 1982 launch was expected in 1985 and the PS didn’t have In 1982 launch was expected in 1985 and the PS didn’t have to be at MSFC.to be at MSFC.

I took a professorship at Rice University in September, 1982.I took a professorship at Rice University in September, 1982. In 1983 the schedule slipped and MSFC wanted a resident In 1983 the schedule slipped and MSFC wanted a resident

PS. I was unwilling to relocate and stepped out, becoming PS. I was unwilling to relocate and stepped out, becoming the Observatory Scientist Team Leader.the Observatory Scientist Team Leader.

After launch, I served on GSFC’s Telescope Time Steering After launch, I served on GSFC’s Telescope Time Steering Group, deciding on non-science uses of the telescope in Group, deciding on non-science uses of the telescope in shaking down the problems.shaking down the problems.

I’ve served on four Science Proposal review panels and I’ve served on four Science Proposal review panels and currently serve on the STUC.currently serve on the STUC.

I retired from Rice in 2000 and relocated to Vanderbilt.I retired from Rice in 2000 and relocated to Vanderbilt.

Science ActivityScience ActivityScience ActivityScience Activity

As a Civil Servant who helped select the GTO’s I As a Civil Servant who helped select the GTO’s I couldn’t be an early user.couldn’t be an early user.

However, in 1984 the Phase C/D science teams However, in 1984 the Phase C/D science teams all chipped-in a portion of their time and I was all chipped-in a portion of their time and I was made a GTO.This enabled me to have 3 GTO made a GTO.This enabled me to have 3 GTO programs. I shared equally my GTO time with programs. I shared equally my GTO time with Lyman Spitzer.Lyman Spitzer.

Since launch, I’ve been PI or co-I on 22 GO Since launch, I’ve been PI or co-I on 22 GO programs.programs.

As a Civil Servant who helped select the GTO’s I As a Civil Servant who helped select the GTO’s I couldn’t be an early user.couldn’t be an early user.

However, in 1984 the Phase C/D science teams However, in 1984 the Phase C/D science teams all chipped-in a portion of their time and I was all chipped-in a portion of their time and I was made a GTO.This enabled me to have 3 GTO made a GTO.This enabled me to have 3 GTO programs. I shared equally my GTO time with programs. I shared equally my GTO time with Lyman Spitzer.Lyman Spitzer.

Since launch, I’ve been PI or co-I on 22 GO Since launch, I’ve been PI or co-I on 22 GO programs.programs.

HST in OrbitHST in OrbitHST in OrbitHST in Orbit

O’Dell&StuhlingerO’Dell&Stuhlinger20052005

O’Dell&StuhlingerO’Dell&Stuhlinger20052005

Alice Book Jacket.Alice Book Jacket.Alice Book Jacket.Alice Book Jacket.

Alice and theAlice and theCheshire CatCheshire CatAlice and theAlice and theCheshire CatCheshire Cat

Alice’s PredictionAlice’s PredictionAlice’s PredictionAlice’s Prediction

Proplyds in OrionProplyds in OrionProplyds in OrionProplyds in Orion

1972-MSFC becomes 1972-MSFC becomes the Lead Centerthe Lead Center

1972-MSFC becomes 1972-MSFC becomes the Lead Centerthe Lead Center

The Associate Administrator for Science was The Associate Administrator for Science was convinced that MSFC would do a better job convinced that MSFC would do a better job on a task of this magnitude, although GSFC on a task of this magnitude, although GSFC would retain responsibility for the SI’s and would retain responsibility for the SI’s and operations.operations.

The problem was that MSFC had no optical The problem was that MSFC had no optical astronomers.astronomers.

Stuhlinger approached Spitzer about Stuhlinger approached Spitzer about becoming Project Scientist, which would have becoming Project Scientist, which would have involved spending lots of time in Huntsville. involved spending lots of time in Huntsville.

The Associate Administrator for Science was The Associate Administrator for Science was convinced that MSFC would do a better job convinced that MSFC would do a better job on a task of this magnitude, although GSFC on a task of this magnitude, although GSFC would retain responsibility for the SI’s and would retain responsibility for the SI’s and operations.operations.

The problem was that MSFC had no optical The problem was that MSFC had no optical astronomers.astronomers.

Stuhlinger approached Spitzer about Stuhlinger approached Spitzer about becoming Project Scientist, which would have becoming Project Scientist, which would have involved spending lots of time in Huntsville. involved spending lots of time in Huntsville.

Seeking Funding for Actual Seeking Funding for Actual Construction (Phase C/D)Construction (Phase C/D)

Seeking Funding for Actual Seeking Funding for Actual Construction (Phase C/D)Construction (Phase C/D)

The escalating identified costs caused many in The escalating identified costs caused many in the Congress to balk. Several times the program the Congress to balk. Several times the program was considered dead.was considered dead.

NASA negotiates its budgets internally, then with NASA negotiates its budgets internally, then with the White House, and then the Congress the White House, and then the Congress approves-modifies-rejects the submitted approves-modifies-rejects the submitted presidential budget.presidential budget.

NASA employees must support the submitted NASA employees must support the submitted budget and DO NOT make end-runs to Capitol budget and DO NOT make end-runs to Capitol Hill.Hill.

The escalating identified costs caused many in The escalating identified costs caused many in the Congress to balk. Several times the program the Congress to balk. Several times the program was considered dead.was considered dead.

NASA negotiates its budgets internally, then with NASA negotiates its budgets internally, then with the White House, and then the Congress the White House, and then the Congress approves-modifies-rejects the submitted approves-modifies-rejects the submitted presidential budget.presidential budget.

NASA employees must support the submitted NASA employees must support the submitted budget and DO NOT make end-runs to Capitol budget and DO NOT make end-runs to Capitol Hill.Hill.

Convincing the CongressConvincing the CongressConvincing the CongressConvincing the Congress Non-NASA scientists COULD go directly to the key Non-NASA scientists COULD go directly to the key

members of the House and Senate.members of the House and Senate. This was done with wisdom and vigor by Lyman This was done with wisdom and vigor by Lyman

Spitzer and John Bahcall.Spitzer and John Bahcall. The truth of their arguments won the day, which may The truth of their arguments won the day, which may

not have been the case without them.not have been the case without them. In the early years these efforts kept HST alive as In the early years these efforts kept HST alive as

congress stretched out the Phase B activities.congress stretched out the Phase B activities. In the final years, the lobbying efforts resulted in the In the final years, the lobbying efforts resulted in the

HST being included in the FY1978 budget almost in HST being included in the FY1978 budget almost in spite of NASA.spite of NASA.

Non-NASA scientists COULD go directly to the key Non-NASA scientists COULD go directly to the key members of the House and Senate.members of the House and Senate.

This was done with wisdom and vigor by Lyman This was done with wisdom and vigor by Lyman Spitzer and John Bahcall.Spitzer and John Bahcall.

The truth of their arguments won the day, which may The truth of their arguments won the day, which may not have been the case without them.not have been the case without them.

In the early years these efforts kept HST alive as In the early years these efforts kept HST alive as congress stretched out the Phase B activities.congress stretched out the Phase B activities.

In the final years, the lobbying efforts resulted in the In the final years, the lobbying efforts resulted in the HST being included in the FY1978 budget almost in HST being included in the FY1978 budget almost in spite of NASA.spite of NASA.

Model of the STScIModel of the STScIModel of the STScIModel of the STScI

Spitzer fingered me as “the man” and the Spitzer fingered me as “the man” and the AA backed this idea.AA backed this idea.

Spitzer fingered me as “the man” and the Spitzer fingered me as “the man” and the AA backed this idea.AA backed this idea.